| Variable . | Concordant, Both Co-twins (n = 28) . | BMI-Discordant Lean (n = 26) . | BMI-Discordant Heavy (n = 26) . | P for BMI-Discordant Heavy Versus Lean . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 31.9 ± 3.3 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | |
| Female, % | 36% | 65% | 65% | |
| Height, cm | 171 ± 11 | 172 ± 10 | 172 ± 10 | .349 |
| Weight, kg | 79.3 ± 13.3 | 75.4 ± 18.0 | 93.3 ± 20.4 | <.001 |
| BMI | 27.0 ± 3.6 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 31.3 ± 5.2 | <.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87.4 ± 9.3 | 83.6 ± 12.9 | 99.8 ± 14.6 | <.001 |
| Body fat, % | 29.2 ± 9.1 | 32.3 ± 9.2 | 41.1 ± 6.8 | <.001 |
| sc fat, cm3 | 2850 (2420–4000) | 3230 (2440–4910) | 5710 (4310–7950) | <.001 |
| Intra-abdominal fat, cm3 | 1040 (448–1480) | 571 (327–805) | 1200 (743–2210) | <.001 |
| Liver fat, % | 0.97 (0.51–2.01) | 0.58 (0.42–0.97) | 2.73 (0.64–7.28) | <.001 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 55.9 (45.8–61.2) | 46.0 (41.2–57.7) | 51.7 (41.9–63.9) | <.001 |
| Adipocyte diameter, μma | 84.0 ± 11.0 | 80.9 ± 12.7 | 95.0 ± 14.1 | <.001 |
| fP-glucose, mmol/L | 5.40 (4.90–5.60) | 5.05 (4.90–5.50) | 5.40 (4.90–5.70) | .059 |
| AUC glucose, mmol/L × h | 13.9 (12.1–15.9) | 13.8 (12.5–15.3) | 14.6 (13.3–17.3) | .728 |
| fS-insulin, mU/L | 5.2 (3.0–6.9) | 4.5 (3.2–6.7) | 7.5 (4.9–9.9) | <.001 |
| AUC insulin, pmol/L × h | 66.2 (47.7–86.0) | 76.5 (58.1–103) | 111 (86.3–134) | .047 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 (0.64–1.72) | 1.05 (0.69–1.51) | 1.75 (1.02–2.38) | <.001 |
| Matsuda index | 7.51 (5.86–12.4) | 8.01 (6.04–11.2) | 4.82 (3.92–7.57) | .001 |
| fP-Leptin, pg/mL | 7500 (3740–15200) | 12200 (7460–27100) | 27000 (18800–55700) | <.001 |
| fP-Adiponectin, ng/mL | 2520 (1920–3970) | 3710 (2360–4800) | 2600 (1760–3520) | <.001 |
| fS-eNampt, ng/mL | 3.06 ± 1.71 | 2.87 ± 1.48 | 3.24 ± 1.67 | .357 |
| fS-hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.80 (0.32–1.48) | 1.01 (0.45–3.93) | 1.58 (0.8–6.32) | .015 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.80 (2.35–3.35) | 2.55 (2.10–2.90) | 2.75 (2.50–3.40) | .035 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.24 (1.09–1.50) | 1.64 (1.28–1.94) | 1.27 (1.12–1.42) | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.72 (0.57–1.11) | 0.87 (0.68–1.17) | 1.13 (0.78–1.43) | .014 |
| Physical activity | 8.65 ± 1.89 | 8.64 ± 1.51 | 7.99 ± 1.42 | .037 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 2180.6 ± 550.2 | 2072.9 ± 542.5 | 2132.5 ± 531.2 | .663 |
| Protein intake, g | 97.9 ± 33.4 | 90.0 ± 38.4 | 86.2 ± 25.4 | .674 |
| Fat intake, g | 82.6 ± 27.6 | 82.8 ± 30.8 | 84.8 ± 22.5 | .764 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g | 228.5 ± 62.9 | 219.7 ± 61.3 | 221.6 ± 70.3 | .899 |
| Variable . | Concordant, Both Co-twins (n = 28) . | BMI-Discordant Lean (n = 26) . | BMI-Discordant Heavy (n = 26) . | P for BMI-Discordant Heavy Versus Lean . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 31.9 ± 3.3 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | |
| Female, % | 36% | 65% | 65% | |
| Height, cm | 171 ± 11 | 172 ± 10 | 172 ± 10 | .349 |
| Weight, kg | 79.3 ± 13.3 | 75.4 ± 18.0 | 93.3 ± 20.4 | <.001 |
| BMI | 27.0 ± 3.6 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 31.3 ± 5.2 | <.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87.4 ± 9.3 | 83.6 ± 12.9 | 99.8 ± 14.6 | <.001 |
| Body fat, % | 29.2 ± 9.1 | 32.3 ± 9.2 | 41.1 ± 6.8 | <.001 |
| sc fat, cm3 | 2850 (2420–4000) | 3230 (2440–4910) | 5710 (4310–7950) | <.001 |
| Intra-abdominal fat, cm3 | 1040 (448–1480) | 571 (327–805) | 1200 (743–2210) | <.001 |
| Liver fat, % | 0.97 (0.51–2.01) | 0.58 (0.42–0.97) | 2.73 (0.64–7.28) | <.001 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 55.9 (45.8–61.2) | 46.0 (41.2–57.7) | 51.7 (41.9–63.9) | <.001 |
| Adipocyte diameter, μma | 84.0 ± 11.0 | 80.9 ± 12.7 | 95.0 ± 14.1 | <.001 |
| fP-glucose, mmol/L | 5.40 (4.90–5.60) | 5.05 (4.90–5.50) | 5.40 (4.90–5.70) | .059 |
| AUC glucose, mmol/L × h | 13.9 (12.1–15.9) | 13.8 (12.5–15.3) | 14.6 (13.3–17.3) | .728 |
| fS-insulin, mU/L | 5.2 (3.0–6.9) | 4.5 (3.2–6.7) | 7.5 (4.9–9.9) | <.001 |
| AUC insulin, pmol/L × h | 66.2 (47.7–86.0) | 76.5 (58.1–103) | 111 (86.3–134) | .047 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 (0.64–1.72) | 1.05 (0.69–1.51) | 1.75 (1.02–2.38) | <.001 |
| Matsuda index | 7.51 (5.86–12.4) | 8.01 (6.04–11.2) | 4.82 (3.92–7.57) | .001 |
| fP-Leptin, pg/mL | 7500 (3740–15200) | 12200 (7460–27100) | 27000 (18800–55700) | <.001 |
| fP-Adiponectin, ng/mL | 2520 (1920–3970) | 3710 (2360–4800) | 2600 (1760–3520) | <.001 |
| fS-eNampt, ng/mL | 3.06 ± 1.71 | 2.87 ± 1.48 | 3.24 ± 1.67 | .357 |
| fS-hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.80 (0.32–1.48) | 1.01 (0.45–3.93) | 1.58 (0.8–6.32) | .015 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.80 (2.35–3.35) | 2.55 (2.10–2.90) | 2.75 (2.50–3.40) | .035 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.24 (1.09–1.50) | 1.64 (1.28–1.94) | 1.27 (1.12–1.42) | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.72 (0.57–1.11) | 0.87 (0.68–1.17) | 1.13 (0.78–1.43) | .014 |
| Physical activity | 8.65 ± 1.89 | 8.64 ± 1.51 | 7.99 ± 1.42 | .037 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 2180.6 ± 550.2 | 2072.9 ± 542.5 | 2132.5 ± 531.2 | .663 |
| Protein intake, g | 97.9 ± 33.4 | 90.0 ± 38.4 | 86.2 ± 25.4 | .674 |
| Fat intake, g | 82.6 ± 27.6 | 82.8 ± 30.8 | 84.8 ± 22.5 | .764 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g | 228.5 ± 62.9 | 219.7 ± 61.3 | 221.6 ± 70.3 | .899 |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Data are shown as mean ± sd and median (interquartile range) for variables with a skewed distribution. P-values are from paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for skewed variables.
For Adipocyte diameter n = 16 for concordant, n = 25 for discordant pairs.
| Variable . | Concordant, Both Co-twins (n = 28) . | BMI-Discordant Lean (n = 26) . | BMI-Discordant Heavy (n = 26) . | P for BMI-Discordant Heavy Versus Lean . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 31.9 ± 3.3 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | |
| Female, % | 36% | 65% | 65% | |
| Height, cm | 171 ± 11 | 172 ± 10 | 172 ± 10 | .349 |
| Weight, kg | 79.3 ± 13.3 | 75.4 ± 18.0 | 93.3 ± 20.4 | <.001 |
| BMI | 27.0 ± 3.6 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 31.3 ± 5.2 | <.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87.4 ± 9.3 | 83.6 ± 12.9 | 99.8 ± 14.6 | <.001 |
| Body fat, % | 29.2 ± 9.1 | 32.3 ± 9.2 | 41.1 ± 6.8 | <.001 |
| sc fat, cm3 | 2850 (2420–4000) | 3230 (2440–4910) | 5710 (4310–7950) | <.001 |
| Intra-abdominal fat, cm3 | 1040 (448–1480) | 571 (327–805) | 1200 (743–2210) | <.001 |
| Liver fat, % | 0.97 (0.51–2.01) | 0.58 (0.42–0.97) | 2.73 (0.64–7.28) | <.001 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 55.9 (45.8–61.2) | 46.0 (41.2–57.7) | 51.7 (41.9–63.9) | <.001 |
| Adipocyte diameter, μma | 84.0 ± 11.0 | 80.9 ± 12.7 | 95.0 ± 14.1 | <.001 |
| fP-glucose, mmol/L | 5.40 (4.90–5.60) | 5.05 (4.90–5.50) | 5.40 (4.90–5.70) | .059 |
| AUC glucose, mmol/L × h | 13.9 (12.1–15.9) | 13.8 (12.5–15.3) | 14.6 (13.3–17.3) | .728 |
| fS-insulin, mU/L | 5.2 (3.0–6.9) | 4.5 (3.2–6.7) | 7.5 (4.9–9.9) | <.001 |
| AUC insulin, pmol/L × h | 66.2 (47.7–86.0) | 76.5 (58.1–103) | 111 (86.3–134) | .047 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 (0.64–1.72) | 1.05 (0.69–1.51) | 1.75 (1.02–2.38) | <.001 |
| Matsuda index | 7.51 (5.86–12.4) | 8.01 (6.04–11.2) | 4.82 (3.92–7.57) | .001 |
| fP-Leptin, pg/mL | 7500 (3740–15200) | 12200 (7460–27100) | 27000 (18800–55700) | <.001 |
| fP-Adiponectin, ng/mL | 2520 (1920–3970) | 3710 (2360–4800) | 2600 (1760–3520) | <.001 |
| fS-eNampt, ng/mL | 3.06 ± 1.71 | 2.87 ± 1.48 | 3.24 ± 1.67 | .357 |
| fS-hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.80 (0.32–1.48) | 1.01 (0.45–3.93) | 1.58 (0.8–6.32) | .015 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.80 (2.35–3.35) | 2.55 (2.10–2.90) | 2.75 (2.50–3.40) | .035 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.24 (1.09–1.50) | 1.64 (1.28–1.94) | 1.27 (1.12–1.42) | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.72 (0.57–1.11) | 0.87 (0.68–1.17) | 1.13 (0.78–1.43) | .014 |
| Physical activity | 8.65 ± 1.89 | 8.64 ± 1.51 | 7.99 ± 1.42 | .037 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 2180.6 ± 550.2 | 2072.9 ± 542.5 | 2132.5 ± 531.2 | .663 |
| Protein intake, g | 97.9 ± 33.4 | 90.0 ± 38.4 | 86.2 ± 25.4 | .674 |
| Fat intake, g | 82.6 ± 27.6 | 82.8 ± 30.8 | 84.8 ± 22.5 | .764 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g | 228.5 ± 62.9 | 219.7 ± 61.3 | 221.6 ± 70.3 | .899 |
| Variable . | Concordant, Both Co-twins (n = 28) . | BMI-Discordant Lean (n = 26) . | BMI-Discordant Heavy (n = 26) . | P for BMI-Discordant Heavy Versus Lean . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 31.9 ± 3.3 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | 30.2 ± 4.8 | |
| Female, % | 36% | 65% | 65% | |
| Height, cm | 171 ± 11 | 172 ± 10 | 172 ± 10 | .349 |
| Weight, kg | 79.3 ± 13.3 | 75.4 ± 18.0 | 93.3 ± 20.4 | <.001 |
| BMI | 27.0 ± 3.6 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 31.3 ± 5.2 | <.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87.4 ± 9.3 | 83.6 ± 12.9 | 99.8 ± 14.6 | <.001 |
| Body fat, % | 29.2 ± 9.1 | 32.3 ± 9.2 | 41.1 ± 6.8 | <.001 |
| sc fat, cm3 | 2850 (2420–4000) | 3230 (2440–4910) | 5710 (4310–7950) | <.001 |
| Intra-abdominal fat, cm3 | 1040 (448–1480) | 571 (327–805) | 1200 (743–2210) | <.001 |
| Liver fat, % | 0.97 (0.51–2.01) | 0.58 (0.42–0.97) | 2.73 (0.64–7.28) | <.001 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 55.9 (45.8–61.2) | 46.0 (41.2–57.7) | 51.7 (41.9–63.9) | <.001 |
| Adipocyte diameter, μma | 84.0 ± 11.0 | 80.9 ± 12.7 | 95.0 ± 14.1 | <.001 |
| fP-glucose, mmol/L | 5.40 (4.90–5.60) | 5.05 (4.90–5.50) | 5.40 (4.90–5.70) | .059 |
| AUC glucose, mmol/L × h | 13.9 (12.1–15.9) | 13.8 (12.5–15.3) | 14.6 (13.3–17.3) | .728 |
| fS-insulin, mU/L | 5.2 (3.0–6.9) | 4.5 (3.2–6.7) | 7.5 (4.9–9.9) | <.001 |
| AUC insulin, pmol/L × h | 66.2 (47.7–86.0) | 76.5 (58.1–103) | 111 (86.3–134) | .047 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.33 (0.64–1.72) | 1.05 (0.69–1.51) | 1.75 (1.02–2.38) | <.001 |
| Matsuda index | 7.51 (5.86–12.4) | 8.01 (6.04–11.2) | 4.82 (3.92–7.57) | .001 |
| fP-Leptin, pg/mL | 7500 (3740–15200) | 12200 (7460–27100) | 27000 (18800–55700) | <.001 |
| fP-Adiponectin, ng/mL | 2520 (1920–3970) | 3710 (2360–4800) | 2600 (1760–3520) | <.001 |
| fS-eNampt, ng/mL | 3.06 ± 1.71 | 2.87 ± 1.48 | 3.24 ± 1.67 | .357 |
| fS-hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.80 (0.32–1.48) | 1.01 (0.45–3.93) | 1.58 (0.8–6.32) | .015 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.80 (2.35–3.35) | 2.55 (2.10–2.90) | 2.75 (2.50–3.40) | .035 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.24 (1.09–1.50) | 1.64 (1.28–1.94) | 1.27 (1.12–1.42) | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.72 (0.57–1.11) | 0.87 (0.68–1.17) | 1.13 (0.78–1.43) | .014 |
| Physical activity | 8.65 ± 1.89 | 8.64 ± 1.51 | 7.99 ± 1.42 | .037 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 2180.6 ± 550.2 | 2072.9 ± 542.5 | 2132.5 ± 531.2 | .663 |
| Protein intake, g | 97.9 ± 33.4 | 90.0 ± 38.4 | 86.2 ± 25.4 | .674 |
| Fat intake, g | 82.6 ± 27.6 | 82.8 ± 30.8 | 84.8 ± 22.5 | .764 |
| Carbohydrate intake, g | 228.5 ± 62.9 | 219.7 ± 61.3 | 221.6 ± 70.3 | .899 |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Data are shown as mean ± sd and median (interquartile range) for variables with a skewed distribution. P-values are from paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for skewed variables.
For Adipocyte diameter n = 16 for concordant, n = 25 for discordant pairs.
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