Table 2. Open in new tab Changes in the...

	Control	Exercise	P^a
Body weight (kg)	64.1 ± 9.0	64.1 ± 8.6	0.0 ± 0.9	64.0 ± 8.8	64.0 ± 9.1	0.0 ± 0.8	.881
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 2.5	23.1 ± 2.5	0.0 ± 0.4	23.1 ± 2.5	23.0 ± 2.6	–0.1 ± 0.4	.750
Body fat (%)	20.9 ± 5.2	21.2 ± 5.3	0.3 ± 2.0	21.4 ± 5.3	20.8 ± 4.9	–0.6 ± 2.6	.346
VO₂max (ml/kg/min)	26.3 ± 4.4	25.0 ± 4.3	–1.0 (–1.8–0.0)	24.5 ± 4.1	27.1 ± 4.6	2.1 (0.8–3.7)	<.001
Visceral fat area (cm²)	102.3 ± 44.0	103.5 ± 44.7	1.6 (–4.8–5.8)	103.3 ± 43.2	102.5 ± 44.5	0.2 (–6.6 to 6.0)	.816
sc fat area (cm²)	115.3 ± 41.8	112.7 ± 39.0	–2.5 ± 14.7	114.4 ± 37.8	114.6 ± 42.7	0.2 ± 18.8	.440
Intrahepatic fat (%)	2.7 (1.5–5.6)	2.9 (1.8–6.4)	0.3 ± 1.2	2.9 (1.7–6.5)	2.3 (1.3–5.4)	–0.6 ± 1.4	.021
AST (IU/liter)	26.6 ± 8.6	28.2 ± 10.2	1.6 ± 4.6	28.5 ± 13.8	26.5 ± 8.7	–2.0 ± 7.5	.067
ALT (IU/liter)	20.0 (16.0–28.5)	19.0 (15.5–28.0)	–1.0 (–3.5 to 2.0)	19.0 (16.0–31.5)	19.0 (15.5–25.5)	–2.0 (–4.5 to 1.5)	.416
γ-GTP (IU/liter)	32.0 (21.5–46.0)	29.0 (20.0–47.0)	–2.0 (–4.0–1.4)	33.0 (21.0–51.5)	31.0 (21.5–42.5)	–2.0 (–5.5 to 1.0)	.447
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	115.5 ± 63.8	115.9 ± 74.4	0.4 (–21.5 to 19.5)	122.2 ± 74.1	111.7 ± 66.2	–6.0 (–19.0 to 11.0)	.843
FFA (mEq/liter)	0.6 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	–0.1 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.2	.721
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	94.0 (88.0–106.5)	96.0 (91.0–107.5)	1.3 ± 6.0	97.0 (91.5–108.5)	99.0 (93.0–106.5)	–0.7 ± 6.4	.267
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.1	5.5 ± 0.4	5.4 ± 0.4	–0.1 ± 0.2	.013
Fasting insulin (μU/ml)	7.0 ± 4.3	6.1 ± 4.1	–0.9 ± 2.2	7.0 ± 4.2	7.0 ± 4.2	0.0 ± 2.9	.194
HOMA-IR	1.6 (0.8–2.3)	1.0 (0.7–2.0)	–0.2 ± 0.6	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	1.5 (0.8–2.3)	0.0 ± 0.8	.349
FGF21 (pg/ml)	231.6 ± 81.6	252.0 ± 98.5	20.4 ± 65.5	248.1 ± 88.5	218.5 ± 94.2	–29.6 ± 65.1	.026

Control

Exercise

P^a

Pre

Post

⊿

Pre

Post

⊿

Body weight (kg)

64.1 ± 9.0

64.1 ± 8.6

0.0 ± 0.9

64.0 ± 8.8

64.0 ± 9.1

0.0 ± 0.8

.881

BMI (kg/m²)

23.1 ± 2.5

0.0 ± 0.4

23.1 ± 2.5

23.0 ± 2.6

–0.1 ± 0.4

.750

Body fat (%)

20.9 ± 5.2

21.2 ± 5.3

0.3 ± 2.0

21.4 ± 5.3

20.8 ± 4.9

–0.6 ± 2.6

.346

VO₂max (ml/kg/min)

26.3 ± 4.4

25.0 ± 4.3

–1.0 (–1.8–0.0)

24.5 ± 4.1

27.1 ± 4.6

2.1 (0.8–3.7)

<.001

Visceral fat area (cm²)

102.3 ± 44.0

103.5 ± 44.7

1.6 (–4.8–5.8)

103.3 ± 43.2

102.5 ± 44.5

0.2 (–6.6 to 6.0)

.816

sc fat area (cm²)

115.3 ± 41.8

112.7 ± 39.0

–2.5 ± 14.7

114.4 ± 37.8

114.6 ± 42.7

0.2 ± 18.8

.440

Intrahepatic fat (%)

2.7 (1.5–5.6)

2.9 (1.8–6.4)

0.3 ± 1.2

2.9 (1.7–6.5)

2.3 (1.3–5.4)

–0.6 ± 1.4

.021

AST (IU/liter)

26.6 ± 8.6

28.2 ± 10.2

1.6 ± 4.6

28.5 ± 13.8

26.5 ± 8.7

–2.0 ± 7.5

.067

ALT (IU/liter)

20.0 (16.0–28.5)

19.0 (15.5–28.0)

–1.0 (–3.5 to 2.0)

19.0 (16.0–31.5)

19.0 (15.5–25.5)

–2.0 (–4.5 to 1.5)

.416

γ-GTP (IU/liter)

32.0 (21.5–46.0)

29.0 (20.0–47.0)

–2.0 (–4.0–1.4)

33.0 (21.0–51.5)

31.0 (21.5–42.5)

–2.0 (–5.5 to 1.0)

.447

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

115.5 ± 63.8

115.9 ± 74.4

0.4 (–21.5 to 19.5)

122.2 ± 74.1

111.7 ± 66.2

–6.0 (–19.0 to 11.0)

.843

FFA (mEq/liter)

0.6 ± 0.2

0.5 ± 0.2

–0.1 ± 0.2

0.6 ± 0.2

0.0 ± 0.2

.721

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

94.0 (88.0–106.5)

96.0 (91.0–107.5)

1.3 ± 6.0

97.0 (91.5–108.5)

99.0 (93.0–106.5)

–0.7 ± 6.4

.267

HbA1c (%)

5.4 ± 0.4

5.5 ± 0.4

0.1 ± 0.1

5.5 ± 0.4

5.4 ± 0.4

–0.1 ± 0.2

.013

Fasting insulin (μU/ml)

7.0 ± 4.3

6.1 ± 4.1

–0.9 ± 2.2

7.0 ± 4.2

0.0 ± 2.9

.194

HOMA-IR

1.6 (0.8–2.3)

1.0 (0.7–2.0)

–0.2 ± 0.6

1.4 (0.8–2.4)

1.5 (0.8–2.3)

0.0 ± 0.8

.349

FGF21 (pg/ml)

231.6 ± 81.6

252.0 ± 98.5

20.4 ± 65.5

248.1 ± 88.5

218.5 ± 94.2

–29.6 ± 65.1

.026

	Control	Exercise	P^a
Body weight (kg)	64.1 ± 9.0	64.1 ± 8.6	0.0 ± 0.9	64.0 ± 8.8	64.0 ± 9.1	0.0 ± 0.8	.881
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 2.5	23.1 ± 2.5	0.0 ± 0.4	23.1 ± 2.5	23.0 ± 2.6	–0.1 ± 0.4	.750
Body fat (%)	20.9 ± 5.2	21.2 ± 5.3	0.3 ± 2.0	21.4 ± 5.3	20.8 ± 4.9	–0.6 ± 2.6	.346
VO₂max (ml/kg/min)	26.3 ± 4.4	25.0 ± 4.3	–1.0 (–1.8–0.0)	24.5 ± 4.1	27.1 ± 4.6	2.1 (0.8–3.7)	<.001
Visceral fat area (cm²)	102.3 ± 44.0	103.5 ± 44.7	1.6 (–4.8–5.8)	103.3 ± 43.2	102.5 ± 44.5	0.2 (–6.6 to 6.0)	.816
sc fat area (cm²)	115.3 ± 41.8	112.7 ± 39.0	–2.5 ± 14.7	114.4 ± 37.8	114.6 ± 42.7	0.2 ± 18.8	.440
Intrahepatic fat (%)	2.7 (1.5–5.6)	2.9 (1.8–6.4)	0.3 ± 1.2	2.9 (1.7–6.5)	2.3 (1.3–5.4)	–0.6 ± 1.4	.021
AST (IU/liter)	26.6 ± 8.6	28.2 ± 10.2	1.6 ± 4.6	28.5 ± 13.8	26.5 ± 8.7	–2.0 ± 7.5	.067
ALT (IU/liter)	20.0 (16.0–28.5)	19.0 (15.5–28.0)	–1.0 (–3.5 to 2.0)	19.0 (16.0–31.5)	19.0 (15.5–25.5)	–2.0 (–4.5 to 1.5)	.416
γ-GTP (IU/liter)	32.0 (21.5–46.0)	29.0 (20.0–47.0)	–2.0 (–4.0–1.4)	33.0 (21.0–51.5)	31.0 (21.5–42.5)	–2.0 (–5.5 to 1.0)	.447
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	115.5 ± 63.8	115.9 ± 74.4	0.4 (–21.5 to 19.5)	122.2 ± 74.1	111.7 ± 66.2	–6.0 (–19.0 to 11.0)	.843
FFA (mEq/liter)	0.6 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	–0.1 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.2	.721
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	94.0 (88.0–106.5)	96.0 (91.0–107.5)	1.3 ± 6.0	97.0 (91.5–108.5)	99.0 (93.0–106.5)	–0.7 ± 6.4	.267
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.1	5.5 ± 0.4	5.4 ± 0.4	–0.1 ± 0.2	.013
Fasting insulin (μU/ml)	7.0 ± 4.3	6.1 ± 4.1	–0.9 ± 2.2	7.0 ± 4.2	7.0 ± 4.2	0.0 ± 2.9	.194
HOMA-IR	1.6 (0.8–2.3)	1.0 (0.7–2.0)	–0.2 ± 0.6	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	1.5 (0.8–2.3)	0.0 ± 0.8	.349
FGF21 (pg/ml)	231.6 ± 81.6	252.0 ± 98.5	20.4 ± 65.5	248.1 ± 88.5	218.5 ± 94.2	–29.6 ± 65.1	.026

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Changes in the Variables During 5-Week Control and Training Periods

	Control			Exercise			P^a
	Pre	Post	⊿	Pre	Post	⊿	P^a
Body weight (kg)	64.1 ± 9.0	64.1 ± 8.6	0.0 ± 0.9	64.0 ± 8.8	64.0 ± 9.1	0.0 ± 0.8	.881
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 2.5	23.1 ± 2.5	0.0 ± 0.4	23.1 ± 2.5	23.0 ± 2.6	–0.1 ± 0.4	.750
Body fat (%)	20.9 ± 5.2	21.2 ± 5.3	0.3 ± 2.0	21.4 ± 5.3	20.8 ± 4.9	–0.6 ± 2.6	.346
VO₂max (ml/kg/min)	26.3 ± 4.4	25.0 ± 4.3	–1.0 (–1.8–0.0)	24.5 ± 4.1	27.1 ± 4.6	2.1 (0.8–3.7)	<.001
Visceral fat area (cm²)	102.3 ± 44.0	103.5 ± 44.7	1.6 (–4.8–5.8)	103.3 ± 43.2	102.5 ± 44.5	0.2 (–6.6 to 6.0)	.816
sc fat area (cm²)	115.3 ± 41.8	112.7 ± 39.0	–2.5 ± 14.7	114.4 ± 37.8	114.6 ± 42.7	0.2 ± 18.8	.440
Intrahepatic fat (%)	2.7 (1.5–5.6)	2.9 (1.8–6.4)	0.3 ± 1.2	2.9 (1.7–6.5)	2.3 (1.3–5.4)	–0.6 ± 1.4	.021
AST (IU/liter)	26.6 ± 8.6	28.2 ± 10.2	1.6 ± 4.6	28.5 ± 13.8	26.5 ± 8.7	–2.0 ± 7.5	.067
ALT (IU/liter)	20.0 (16.0–28.5)	19.0 (15.5–28.0)	–1.0 (–3.5 to 2.0)	19.0 (16.0–31.5)	19.0 (15.5–25.5)	–2.0 (–4.5 to 1.5)	.416
γ-GTP (IU/liter)	32.0 (21.5–46.0)	29.0 (20.0–47.0)	–2.0 (–4.0–1.4)	33.0 (21.0–51.5)	31.0 (21.5–42.5)	–2.0 (–5.5 to 1.0)	.447
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	115.5 ± 63.8	115.9 ± 74.4	0.4 (–21.5 to 19.5)	122.2 ± 74.1	111.7 ± 66.2	–6.0 (–19.0 to 11.0)	.843
FFA (mEq/liter)	0.6 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	–0.1 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.2	.721
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	94.0 (88.0–106.5)	96.0 (91.0–107.5)	1.3 ± 6.0	97.0 (91.5–108.5)	99.0 (93.0–106.5)	–0.7 ± 6.4	.267
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.1	5.5 ± 0.4	5.4 ± 0.4	–0.1 ± 0.2	.013
Fasting insulin (μU/ml)	7.0 ± 4.3	6.1 ± 4.1	–0.9 ± 2.2	7.0 ± 4.2	7.0 ± 4.2	0.0 ± 2.9	.194
HOMA-IR	1.6 (0.8–2.3)	1.0 (0.7–2.0)	–0.2 ± 0.6	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	1.5 (0.8–2.3)	0.0 ± 0.8	.349
FGF21 (pg/ml)	231.6 ± 81.6	252.0 ± 98.5	20.4 ± 65.5	248.1 ± 88.5	218.5 ± 94.2	–29.6 ± 65.1	.026

	Control			Exercise			P^a
	Pre	Post	⊿	Pre	Post	⊿	P^a
Body weight (kg)	64.1 ± 9.0	64.1 ± 8.6	0.0 ± 0.9	64.0 ± 8.8	64.0 ± 9.1	0.0 ± 0.8	.881
BMI (kg/m²)	23.1 ± 2.5	23.1 ± 2.5	0.0 ± 0.4	23.1 ± 2.5	23.0 ± 2.6	–0.1 ± 0.4	.750
Body fat (%)	20.9 ± 5.2	21.2 ± 5.3	0.3 ± 2.0	21.4 ± 5.3	20.8 ± 4.9	–0.6 ± 2.6	.346
VO₂max (ml/kg/min)	26.3 ± 4.4	25.0 ± 4.3	–1.0 (–1.8–0.0)	24.5 ± 4.1	27.1 ± 4.6	2.1 (0.8–3.7)	<.001
Visceral fat area (cm²)	102.3 ± 44.0	103.5 ± 44.7	1.6 (–4.8–5.8)	103.3 ± 43.2	102.5 ± 44.5	0.2 (–6.6 to 6.0)	.816
sc fat area (cm²)	115.3 ± 41.8	112.7 ± 39.0	–2.5 ± 14.7	114.4 ± 37.8	114.6 ± 42.7	0.2 ± 18.8	.440
Intrahepatic fat (%)	2.7 (1.5–5.6)	2.9 (1.8–6.4)	0.3 ± 1.2	2.9 (1.7–6.5)	2.3 (1.3–5.4)	–0.6 ± 1.4	.021
AST (IU/liter)	26.6 ± 8.6	28.2 ± 10.2	1.6 ± 4.6	28.5 ± 13.8	26.5 ± 8.7	–2.0 ± 7.5	.067
ALT (IU/liter)	20.0 (16.0–28.5)	19.0 (15.5–28.0)	–1.0 (–3.5 to 2.0)	19.0 (16.0–31.5)	19.0 (15.5–25.5)	–2.0 (–4.5 to 1.5)	.416
γ-GTP (IU/liter)	32.0 (21.5–46.0)	29.0 (20.0–47.0)	–2.0 (–4.0–1.4)	33.0 (21.0–51.5)	31.0 (21.5–42.5)	–2.0 (–5.5 to 1.0)	.447
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	115.5 ± 63.8	115.9 ± 74.4	0.4 (–21.5 to 19.5)	122.2 ± 74.1	111.7 ± 66.2	–6.0 (–19.0 to 11.0)	.843
FFA (mEq/liter)	0.6 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	–0.1 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.0 ± 0.2	.721
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	94.0 (88.0–106.5)	96.0 (91.0–107.5)	1.3 ± 6.0	97.0 (91.5–108.5)	99.0 (93.0–106.5)	–0.7 ± 6.4	.267
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.1	5.5 ± 0.4	5.4 ± 0.4	–0.1 ± 0.2	.013
Fasting insulin (μU/ml)	7.0 ± 4.3	6.1 ± 4.1	–0.9 ± 2.2	7.0 ± 4.2	7.0 ± 4.2	0.0 ± 2.9	.194
HOMA-IR	1.6 (0.8–2.3)	1.0 (0.7–2.0)	–0.2 ± 0.6	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	1.5 (0.8–2.3)	0.0 ± 0.8	.349
FGF21 (pg/ml)	231.6 ± 81.6	252.0 ± 98.5	20.4 ± 65.5	248.1 ± 88.5	218.5 ± 94.2	–29.6 ± 65.1	.026

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Data are mean ± SD (for normally distributed data) or median (interquartile range) (for nonnormally distributed data) values. Nonnormally distributed data were log-transformed before analysis. Boldface indicates significance (P < .05).

P values were obtained by 2 × 2 crossover ANOVA for the factor treatment.

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