Table 1. Open in new tab Participant...

Characteristics	Total Sample (n = 32)	Focus Group
Age (years), mean (SD)	31.9 (4.3)	31.3 (3.0)	32.6 (5.3)	NS
Race				NS
White	21 (65.6%)	11 (68.8%)	10 (62.5%)
Black/African American	8 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)
Other	3 (9.4%)	1 (6.3%)	2 (12.6%)
Hispanic	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)	NS
Education				NS
High school	–	–	–
Trade/tech certification	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
Some college	5 (15.6%)	3 (18.8%)	2 (12.5%)
2-year degree	3 (9.4%)	2 (12.5%)	1 (6.3%)
4-year degree	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Grad/professional degree	8 (25.0%)	5 (31.3%)	3 (18.8%)
Employment status				NS
Not working	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)
Working	26 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)
Part time	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Full time	20 (62.5%)	9 (56.3%)	11 (68.8%)
Household income				NS
<$25K	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
$25 001-$50K	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)
$50 001-$75K	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.75%)	3 (18.8%)
$75 001-$100K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
$100 001-$150K	11 (34.4%)	4 (25.0%)	7 (43.8%)
>$150K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Marital status
Single/not married	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)	NS
Married	29 (90.6%)	16 (100.0%)	13 (81.3%)
Comfort in technology,^a mean (SD)	4.9 (0.3)	4.87 (0.4)	4.94 (0.3)	NS
Frequency of PP use				<.01
Yearly or less	–	–	–
Couple times a year	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)
Monthly	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Weekly	13 (40.6%)	10 (62.5%)	3 (18.8%)
PP use
To pay medical bills	21 (65.6%)	10 (62.5%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To view appointment notes	30 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To communicate with providers	27 (84.4%)	12 (75.0%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To schedule appointments	19 (59.4%)	8 (50.0%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To request prescription refills	14 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	NS
Other	1 (3.1%)	–	1 (6.3%)	NS
PP device
PP app	7 (21.9%)	4 (25.0%)	3 (18.8%)	NS
Phone	11 (34.4%)	8 (50.00%)	3 (18.8%)	<.05
Laptop or desktop	20 (62.5%)	7 (43.8%)	13 (81.3%)	<.05
Other	–	–	–

Characteristics

Total Sample (n = 32)

Focus Group

Prenatal (n = 16)

Postnatal (n = 16)

P-value^b

Age (years), mean (SD)

31.9 (4.3)

31.3 (3.0)

32.6 (5.3)

Race

White

21 (65.6%)

11 (68.8%)

10 (62.5%)

Black/African American

8 (25.0%)

4 (25.0%)

Other

3 (9.4%)

1 (6.3%)

2 (12.6%)

Hispanic

2 (6.3%)

–

2 (12.5%)

Education

High school

–

Trade/tech certification

1 (3.1%)

1 (6.3%)

–

Some college

5 (15.6%)

3 (18.8%)

2 (12.5%)

2-year degree

3 (9.4%)

2 (12.5%)

1 (6.3%)

4-year degree

15 (46.9%)

5 (31.3%)

10 (62.5%)

Grad/professional degree

8 (25.0%)

5 (31.3%)

3 (18.8%)

Employment status

Not working

6 (18.8%)

3 (18.8%)

Working

26 (81.3%)

13 (81.3%)

Part time

6 (18.8%)

4 (25.0%)

2 (12.5%)

Full time

20 (62.5%)

9 (56.3%)

11 (68.8%)

Household income

<$25K

1 (3.1%)

1 (6.3%)

–

$25 001-$50K

2 (6.3%)

–

2 (12.5%)

$50 001-$75K

6 (18.8%)

3 (18.75%)

3 (18.8%)

$75 001-$100K

6 (18.8%)

4 (25.0%)

2 (12.5%)

$100 001-$150K

11 (34.4%)

4 (25.0%)

7 (43.8%)

>$150K

6 (18.8%)

4 (25.0%)

2 (12.5%)

Marital status

Single/not married

3 (9.4%)

–

3 (18.8%)

Married

29 (90.6%)

16 (100.0%)

13 (81.3%)

Comfort in technology,^a mean (SD)

4.9 (0.3)

4.87 (0.4)

4.94 (0.3)

Frequency of PP use

<.01

Yearly or less

–

Couple times a year

3 (9.4%)

–

3 (18.8%)

Monthly

15 (46.9%)

5 (31.3%)

10 (62.5%)

Weekly

13 (40.6%)

10 (62.5%)

3 (18.8%)

PP use

To pay medical bills

21 (65.6%)

10 (62.5%)

11 (68.8%)

To view appointment notes

30 (93.8%)

15 (93.8%)

To communicate with providers

27 (84.4%)

12 (75.0%)

15 (93.8%)

To schedule appointments

19 (59.4%)

8 (50.0%)

11 (68.8%)

To request prescription refills

14 (43.8%)

7 (43.8%)

Other

1 (3.1%)

–

1 (6.3%)

PP device

PP app

7 (21.9%)

4 (25.0%)

3 (18.8%)

Phone

11 (34.4%)

8 (50.00%)

3 (18.8%)

<.05

Laptop or desktop

20 (62.5%)

7 (43.8%)

13 (81.3%)

<.05

Other

–

Characteristics	Total Sample (n = 32)	Focus Group
Age (years), mean (SD)	31.9 (4.3)	31.3 (3.0)	32.6 (5.3)	NS
Race				NS
White	21 (65.6%)	11 (68.8%)	10 (62.5%)
Black/African American	8 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)
Other	3 (9.4%)	1 (6.3%)	2 (12.6%)
Hispanic	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)	NS
Education				NS
High school	–	–	–
Trade/tech certification	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
Some college	5 (15.6%)	3 (18.8%)	2 (12.5%)
2-year degree	3 (9.4%)	2 (12.5%)	1 (6.3%)
4-year degree	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Grad/professional degree	8 (25.0%)	5 (31.3%)	3 (18.8%)
Employment status				NS
Not working	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)
Working	26 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)
Part time	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Full time	20 (62.5%)	9 (56.3%)	11 (68.8%)
Household income				NS
<$25K	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
$25 001-$50K	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)
$50 001-$75K	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.75%)	3 (18.8%)
$75 001-$100K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
$100 001-$150K	11 (34.4%)	4 (25.0%)	7 (43.8%)
>$150K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Marital status
Single/not married	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)	NS
Married	29 (90.6%)	16 (100.0%)	13 (81.3%)
Comfort in technology,^a mean (SD)	4.9 (0.3)	4.87 (0.4)	4.94 (0.3)	NS
Frequency of PP use				<.01
Yearly or less	–	–	–
Couple times a year	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)
Monthly	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Weekly	13 (40.6%)	10 (62.5%)	3 (18.8%)
PP use
To pay medical bills	21 (65.6%)	10 (62.5%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To view appointment notes	30 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To communicate with providers	27 (84.4%)	12 (75.0%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To schedule appointments	19 (59.4%)	8 (50.0%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To request prescription refills	14 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	NS
Other	1 (3.1%)	–	1 (6.3%)	NS
PP device
PP app	7 (21.9%)	4 (25.0%)	3 (18.8%)	NS
Phone	11 (34.4%)	8 (50.00%)	3 (18.8%)	<.05
Laptop or desktop	20 (62.5%)	7 (43.8%)	13 (81.3%)	<.05
Other	–	–	–

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Participant demographics.

Characteristics	Total Sample (n = 32)	Focus Group
Characteristics	Total Sample (n = 32)	Prenatal (n = 16)	Postnatal (n = 16)	P-value^b
Age (years), mean (SD)	31.9 (4.3)	31.3 (3.0)	32.6 (5.3)	NS
Race				NS
White	21 (65.6%)	11 (68.8%)	10 (62.5%)
Black/African American	8 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)
Other	3 (9.4%)	1 (6.3%)	2 (12.6%)
Hispanic	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)	NS
Education				NS
High school	–	–	–
Trade/tech certification	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
Some college	5 (15.6%)	3 (18.8%)	2 (12.5%)
2-year degree	3 (9.4%)	2 (12.5%)	1 (6.3%)
4-year degree	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Grad/professional degree	8 (25.0%)	5 (31.3%)	3 (18.8%)
Employment status				NS
Not working	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)
Working	26 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)
Part time	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Full time	20 (62.5%)	9 (56.3%)	11 (68.8%)
Household income				NS
<$25K	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
$25 001-$50K	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)
$50 001-$75K	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.75%)	3 (18.8%)
$75 001-$100K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
$100 001-$150K	11 (34.4%)	4 (25.0%)	7 (43.8%)
>$150K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Marital status
Single/not married	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)	NS
Married	29 (90.6%)	16 (100.0%)	13 (81.3%)
Comfort in technology,^a mean (SD)	4.9 (0.3)	4.87 (0.4)	4.94 (0.3)	NS
Frequency of PP use				<.01
Yearly or less	–	–	–
Couple times a year	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)
Monthly	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Weekly	13 (40.6%)	10 (62.5%)	3 (18.8%)
PP use
To pay medical bills	21 (65.6%)	10 (62.5%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To view appointment notes	30 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To communicate with providers	27 (84.4%)	12 (75.0%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To schedule appointments	19 (59.4%)	8 (50.0%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To request prescription refills	14 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	NS
Other	1 (3.1%)	–	1 (6.3%)	NS
PP device
PP app	7 (21.9%)	4 (25.0%)	3 (18.8%)	NS
Phone	11 (34.4%)	8 (50.00%)	3 (18.8%)	<.05
Laptop or desktop	20 (62.5%)	7 (43.8%)	13 (81.3%)	<.05
Other	–	–	–

Characteristics	Total Sample (n = 32)	Focus Group
Characteristics	Total Sample (n = 32)	Prenatal (n = 16)	Postnatal (n = 16)	P-value^b
Age (years), mean (SD)	31.9 (4.3)	31.3 (3.0)	32.6 (5.3)	NS
Race				NS
White	21 (65.6%)	11 (68.8%)	10 (62.5%)
Black/African American	8 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)	4 (25.0%)
Other	3 (9.4%)	1 (6.3%)	2 (12.6%)
Hispanic	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)	NS
Education				NS
High school	–	–	–
Trade/tech certification	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
Some college	5 (15.6%)	3 (18.8%)	2 (12.5%)
2-year degree	3 (9.4%)	2 (12.5%)	1 (6.3%)
4-year degree	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Grad/professional degree	8 (25.0%)	5 (31.3%)	3 (18.8%)
Employment status				NS
Not working	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)	3 (18.8%)
Working	26 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)	13 (81.3%)
Part time	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Full time	20 (62.5%)	9 (56.3%)	11 (68.8%)
Household income				NS
<$25K	1 (3.1%)	1 (6.3%)	–
$25 001-$50K	2 (6.3%)	–	2 (12.5%)
$50 001-$75K	6 (18.8%)	3 (18.75%)	3 (18.8%)
$75 001-$100K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
$100 001-$150K	11 (34.4%)	4 (25.0%)	7 (43.8%)
>$150K	6 (18.8%)	4 (25.0%)	2 (12.5%)
Marital status
Single/not married	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)	NS
Married	29 (90.6%)	16 (100.0%)	13 (81.3%)
Comfort in technology,^a mean (SD)	4.9 (0.3)	4.87 (0.4)	4.94 (0.3)	NS
Frequency of PP use				<.01
Yearly or less	–	–	–
Couple times a year	3 (9.4%)	–	3 (18.8%)
Monthly	15 (46.9%)	5 (31.3%)	10 (62.5%)
Weekly	13 (40.6%)	10 (62.5%)	3 (18.8%)
PP use
To pay medical bills	21 (65.6%)	10 (62.5%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To view appointment notes	30 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To communicate with providers	27 (84.4%)	12 (75.0%)	15 (93.8%)	NS
To schedule appointments	19 (59.4%)	8 (50.0%)	11 (68.8%)	NS
To request prescription refills	14 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	7 (43.8%)	NS
Other	1 (3.1%)	–	1 (6.3%)	NS
PP device
PP app	7 (21.9%)	4 (25.0%)	3 (18.8%)	NS
Phone	11 (34.4%)	8 (50.00%)	3 (18.8%)	<.05
Laptop or desktop	20 (62.5%)	7 (43.8%)	13 (81.3%)	<.05
Other	–	–	–

Abbreviations: NS, non-significant; SD, standard deviation.

5-point Likert scale: 1 = Not at all, 2 = A little bit, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Quite a bit, 5 = Extremely.

Statistical significance of P < .05 was conducted using a 2-sided, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Exact test for continuous/ordinal data and Fisher’s Exact test for categorical data.

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