| Author, year . | Study sample . | Study design, assessment timepoints, and targeted outcome . | Efficacy . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant pre/Post change . | Expected direction . | Effect size (Cohen’s d) . | |||
| Very strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Brody et al., 2006 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 332 dyads); 53.6% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: Efficacy trial Assessment: Pre-txt/3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Regulated-communicative parenting | Youth findings: Intervention youth demonstrated lower reports of risky behavior compared to control youth (P < .05) and youth-reported targeted parenting compared to control youth (P < .05). Parent findings: Intervention families also showed increased regulated-communicative parenting (P < .01). | Y | N |
| Brody et al., 2010 | Youth 17 y/o and their parent (N = 347 dyads); 58.5% youth female; Ethnicity: AA Income: 42% of pts lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 7-mos. after post-txt, long-term follow-up (~17 mos. after pre-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly lower levels of risky behavior [eg, substance use, sexual behavior] (independent of life stress levels) compared to the control group at long-term follow-up (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Flay et al., 2004 | Youth in 5th grade (M age = 10.8+/−0.6) and their parents (N = 1155 dyads) 49.5% male youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 77% of pts received federally subsidized school lunch Metropolitan Chicago, IL (school-based) | Design: Cluster randomized trial [Social Development Curriculum (SDC), School/Community Intervention (SCI), Health Enhancement control curriculum (HEC)] Assessment: Pre/post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Males in SCI had significantly lower engagement in problem behaviors (violence, provoking behavior, school delinquency, substance use, sexual intercourse, condom use) than males in HEC (P-values ranged < 0.001-0.05) Males in SDC had marginally lower engagement in problem behaviors than males in HEC (P-values ranged 0.05-0.08) No significant effects were shown with females (P > .05) | Y | Y; d = 0.52 (SDC); d = 0.82 (SCI) |
| Kogan, Brody, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% youth female Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological | Intervention families demonstrated increased protective family management skills [parent-child communication, problem-solving] compared to the control group at 2-months post-txt (P = .023) | Y | N |
| Kogan, Yu, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated decreased frequency of unprotected sex (P < .01) and increased condom efficacy (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Miller et al., 2014 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 272 dyads); 57% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: 8 years post-txt Outcome: Physical health Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly reduced inflammation composite scores compared to control group youth (P < .001). | Y | Y; d = −0.90 |
| Murry et al., 2005 | Youth 11 y/o and their mother (N = 332 dyads); 54% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 46.3% of pts. lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families showed greater changes in targeted parenting skills than the control group at 3-mos. post-txt (P < .01). Positive changes in youth’s self-pride and sexual self-concept at post-txt was directly and indirectly impacted by improved parenting skills | Y | N |
| Murry et al., 2007 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 284 dyads); ~50% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: ~40% received public assistance Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt, long-term follow-up (29 mos. post-txt) Outcomes: Psychological; Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families demonstrated increased adaptive parenting skills at 3-mos. post-txt compared to the control group (P < .01). Increased adaptive parenting skills contributed to increased youth self-pride at 29-month follow-up (P < .01), which indirectly improved peer orientation, sexual risk intention and behavior (P < .01). | Y | Y; d = 0.49 |
| Murry et al., 2019 | Youth (6th grade) aged M = 11.4 y/o and their parents (N = 421 dyads); 54% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 14% of pts. received public assistance Rural counties in TN | Design: Three-arm RCT Assessment: Pre/post-txt, long-term follow-up (~22 mos. post-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting | Youth findings: Tech-based youth showed a significant decrease in risky behavior engagement intention at post-txt (P = .04) and a decrease in risky behavior engagement at long-term follow-up (P = .04). Group-based youth demonstrated a significant increase in deviant peer affiliation at post-txt (P = .002) and a non-significant reduction in risky behavior at long-term follow-up (P = .58). Parent findings: Tech-based families showed significant improvements in parenting specific to sensitive topics (P = .03). Group-based families demonstrated significant increases in supportive parenting (P = .02). | Y (for tech youth) | N |
| Strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Ringwalt et al., 1996 | Youth 12-16 y/o and their parent (N = 260 dyads); 100% male youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 50% received free or reduced lunch Durham, NC | Design: Random assignment trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 18-mos. post-txt, 30-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | No significant pre/post change (P > .05). | – | – |
| Author, year . | Study sample . | Study design, assessment timepoints, and targeted outcome . | Efficacy . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant pre/Post change . | Expected direction . | Effect size (Cohen’s d) . | |||
| Very strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Brody et al., 2006 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 332 dyads); 53.6% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: Efficacy trial Assessment: Pre-txt/3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Regulated-communicative parenting | Youth findings: Intervention youth demonstrated lower reports of risky behavior compared to control youth (P < .05) and youth-reported targeted parenting compared to control youth (P < .05). Parent findings: Intervention families also showed increased regulated-communicative parenting (P < .01). | Y | N |
| Brody et al., 2010 | Youth 17 y/o and their parent (N = 347 dyads); 58.5% youth female; Ethnicity: AA Income: 42% of pts lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 7-mos. after post-txt, long-term follow-up (~17 mos. after pre-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly lower levels of risky behavior [eg, substance use, sexual behavior] (independent of life stress levels) compared to the control group at long-term follow-up (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Flay et al., 2004 | Youth in 5th grade (M age = 10.8+/−0.6) and their parents (N = 1155 dyads) 49.5% male youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 77% of pts received federally subsidized school lunch Metropolitan Chicago, IL (school-based) | Design: Cluster randomized trial [Social Development Curriculum (SDC), School/Community Intervention (SCI), Health Enhancement control curriculum (HEC)] Assessment: Pre/post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Males in SCI had significantly lower engagement in problem behaviors (violence, provoking behavior, school delinquency, substance use, sexual intercourse, condom use) than males in HEC (P-values ranged < 0.001-0.05) Males in SDC had marginally lower engagement in problem behaviors than males in HEC (P-values ranged 0.05-0.08) No significant effects were shown with females (P > .05) | Y | Y; d = 0.52 (SDC); d = 0.82 (SCI) |
| Kogan, Brody, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% youth female Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological | Intervention families demonstrated increased protective family management skills [parent-child communication, problem-solving] compared to the control group at 2-months post-txt (P = .023) | Y | N |
| Kogan, Yu, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated decreased frequency of unprotected sex (P < .01) and increased condom efficacy (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Miller et al., 2014 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 272 dyads); 57% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: 8 years post-txt Outcome: Physical health Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly reduced inflammation composite scores compared to control group youth (P < .001). | Y | Y; d = −0.90 |
| Murry et al., 2005 | Youth 11 y/o and their mother (N = 332 dyads); 54% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 46.3% of pts. lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families showed greater changes in targeted parenting skills than the control group at 3-mos. post-txt (P < .01). Positive changes in youth’s self-pride and sexual self-concept at post-txt was directly and indirectly impacted by improved parenting skills | Y | N |
| Murry et al., 2007 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 284 dyads); ~50% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: ~40% received public assistance Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt, long-term follow-up (29 mos. post-txt) Outcomes: Psychological; Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families demonstrated increased adaptive parenting skills at 3-mos. post-txt compared to the control group (P < .01). Increased adaptive parenting skills contributed to increased youth self-pride at 29-month follow-up (P < .01), which indirectly improved peer orientation, sexual risk intention and behavior (P < .01). | Y | Y; d = 0.49 |
| Murry et al., 2019 | Youth (6th grade) aged M = 11.4 y/o and their parents (N = 421 dyads); 54% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 14% of pts. received public assistance Rural counties in TN | Design: Three-arm RCT Assessment: Pre/post-txt, long-term follow-up (~22 mos. post-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting | Youth findings: Tech-based youth showed a significant decrease in risky behavior engagement intention at post-txt (P = .04) and a decrease in risky behavior engagement at long-term follow-up (P = .04). Group-based youth demonstrated a significant increase in deviant peer affiliation at post-txt (P = .002) and a non-significant reduction in risky behavior at long-term follow-up (P = .58). Parent findings: Tech-based families showed significant improvements in parenting specific to sensitive topics (P = .03). Group-based families demonstrated significant increases in supportive parenting (P = .02). | Y (for tech youth) | N |
| Strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Ringwalt et al., 1996 | Youth 12-16 y/o and their parent (N = 260 dyads); 100% male youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 50% received free or reduced lunch Durham, NC | Design: Random assignment trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 18-mos. post-txt, 30-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | No significant pre/post change (P > .05). | – | – |
Abbreviations: AA, African American; N, No; Y, Yes.
| Author, year . | Study sample . | Study design, assessment timepoints, and targeted outcome . | Efficacy . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant pre/Post change . | Expected direction . | Effect size (Cohen’s d) . | |||
| Very strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Brody et al., 2006 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 332 dyads); 53.6% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: Efficacy trial Assessment: Pre-txt/3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Regulated-communicative parenting | Youth findings: Intervention youth demonstrated lower reports of risky behavior compared to control youth (P < .05) and youth-reported targeted parenting compared to control youth (P < .05). Parent findings: Intervention families also showed increased regulated-communicative parenting (P < .01). | Y | N |
| Brody et al., 2010 | Youth 17 y/o and their parent (N = 347 dyads); 58.5% youth female; Ethnicity: AA Income: 42% of pts lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 7-mos. after post-txt, long-term follow-up (~17 mos. after pre-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly lower levels of risky behavior [eg, substance use, sexual behavior] (independent of life stress levels) compared to the control group at long-term follow-up (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Flay et al., 2004 | Youth in 5th grade (M age = 10.8+/−0.6) and their parents (N = 1155 dyads) 49.5% male youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 77% of pts received federally subsidized school lunch Metropolitan Chicago, IL (school-based) | Design: Cluster randomized trial [Social Development Curriculum (SDC), School/Community Intervention (SCI), Health Enhancement control curriculum (HEC)] Assessment: Pre/post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Males in SCI had significantly lower engagement in problem behaviors (violence, provoking behavior, school delinquency, substance use, sexual intercourse, condom use) than males in HEC (P-values ranged < 0.001-0.05) Males in SDC had marginally lower engagement in problem behaviors than males in HEC (P-values ranged 0.05-0.08) No significant effects were shown with females (P > .05) | Y | Y; d = 0.52 (SDC); d = 0.82 (SCI) |
| Kogan, Brody, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% youth female Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological | Intervention families demonstrated increased protective family management skills [parent-child communication, problem-solving] compared to the control group at 2-months post-txt (P = .023) | Y | N |
| Kogan, Yu, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated decreased frequency of unprotected sex (P < .01) and increased condom efficacy (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Miller et al., 2014 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 272 dyads); 57% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: 8 years post-txt Outcome: Physical health Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly reduced inflammation composite scores compared to control group youth (P < .001). | Y | Y; d = −0.90 |
| Murry et al., 2005 | Youth 11 y/o and their mother (N = 332 dyads); 54% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 46.3% of pts. lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families showed greater changes in targeted parenting skills than the control group at 3-mos. post-txt (P < .01). Positive changes in youth’s self-pride and sexual self-concept at post-txt was directly and indirectly impacted by improved parenting skills | Y | N |
| Murry et al., 2007 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 284 dyads); ~50% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: ~40% received public assistance Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt, long-term follow-up (29 mos. post-txt) Outcomes: Psychological; Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families demonstrated increased adaptive parenting skills at 3-mos. post-txt compared to the control group (P < .01). Increased adaptive parenting skills contributed to increased youth self-pride at 29-month follow-up (P < .01), which indirectly improved peer orientation, sexual risk intention and behavior (P < .01). | Y | Y; d = 0.49 |
| Murry et al., 2019 | Youth (6th grade) aged M = 11.4 y/o and their parents (N = 421 dyads); 54% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 14% of pts. received public assistance Rural counties in TN | Design: Three-arm RCT Assessment: Pre/post-txt, long-term follow-up (~22 mos. post-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting | Youth findings: Tech-based youth showed a significant decrease in risky behavior engagement intention at post-txt (P = .04) and a decrease in risky behavior engagement at long-term follow-up (P = .04). Group-based youth demonstrated a significant increase in deviant peer affiliation at post-txt (P = .002) and a non-significant reduction in risky behavior at long-term follow-up (P = .58). Parent findings: Tech-based families showed significant improvements in parenting specific to sensitive topics (P = .03). Group-based families demonstrated significant increases in supportive parenting (P = .02). | Y (for tech youth) | N |
| Strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Ringwalt et al., 1996 | Youth 12-16 y/o and their parent (N = 260 dyads); 100% male youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 50% received free or reduced lunch Durham, NC | Design: Random assignment trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 18-mos. post-txt, 30-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | No significant pre/post change (P > .05). | – | – |
| Author, year . | Study sample . | Study design, assessment timepoints, and targeted outcome . | Efficacy . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significant pre/Post change . | Expected direction . | Effect size (Cohen’s d) . | |||
| Very strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Brody et al., 2006 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 332 dyads); 53.6% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: Efficacy trial Assessment: Pre-txt/3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Regulated-communicative parenting | Youth findings: Intervention youth demonstrated lower reports of risky behavior compared to control youth (P < .05) and youth-reported targeted parenting compared to control youth (P < .05). Parent findings: Intervention families also showed increased regulated-communicative parenting (P < .01). | Y | N |
| Brody et al., 2010 | Youth 17 y/o and their parent (N = 347 dyads); 58.5% youth female; Ethnicity: AA Income: 42% of pts lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 7-mos. after post-txt, long-term follow-up (~17 mos. after pre-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly lower levels of risky behavior [eg, substance use, sexual behavior] (independent of life stress levels) compared to the control group at long-term follow-up (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Flay et al., 2004 | Youth in 5th grade (M age = 10.8+/−0.6) and their parents (N = 1155 dyads) 49.5% male youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 77% of pts received federally subsidized school lunch Metropolitan Chicago, IL (school-based) | Design: Cluster randomized trial [Social Development Curriculum (SDC), School/Community Intervention (SCI), Health Enhancement control curriculum (HEC)] Assessment: Pre/post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Males in SCI had significantly lower engagement in problem behaviors (violence, provoking behavior, school delinquency, substance use, sexual intercourse, condom use) than males in HEC (P-values ranged < 0.001-0.05) Males in SDC had marginally lower engagement in problem behaviors than males in HEC (P-values ranged 0.05-0.08) No significant effects were shown with females (P > .05) | Y | Y; d = 0.52 (SDC); d = 0.82 (SCI) |
| Kogan, Brody, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% youth female Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological | Intervention families demonstrated increased protective family management skills [parent-child communication, problem-solving] compared to the control group at 2-months post-txt (P = .023) | Y | N |
| Kogan, Yu, et al., 2012 | Youth 15-16 y/o and their parent (N = 502 dyads); 51% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 71.3% of pts. Lived within 150% of poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized attention-controlled trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 2 mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | Intervention youth demonstrated decreased frequency of unprotected sex (P < .01) and increased condom efficacy (P < .05) | Y | N |
| Miller et al., 2014 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 272 dyads); 57% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: Median income $1655 monthly Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: 8 years post-txt Outcome: Physical health Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention youth demonstrated significantly reduced inflammation composite scores compared to control group youth (P < .001). | Y | Y; d = −0.90 |
| Murry et al., 2005 | Youth 11 y/o and their mother (N = 332 dyads); 54% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 46.3% of pts. lived below poverty line Rural counties in GA | Design: Randomized trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt Outcome: Psychological Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families showed greater changes in targeted parenting skills than the control group at 3-mos. post-txt (P < .01). Positive changes in youth’s self-pride and sexual self-concept at post-txt was directly and indirectly impacted by improved parenting skills | Y | N |
| Murry et al., 2007 | Youth 11 y/o and their parent (N = 284 dyads); ~50% female youth Ethnicity: AA Income: ~40% received public assistance Rural counties in GA | Design: RCT Assessment: Pre-txt, 3-mos. post-txt, long-term follow-up (29 mos. post-txt) Outcomes: Psychological; Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting strategies | Intervention families demonstrated increased adaptive parenting skills at 3-mos. post-txt compared to the control group (P < .01). Increased adaptive parenting skills contributed to increased youth self-pride at 29-month follow-up (P < .01), which indirectly improved peer orientation, sexual risk intention and behavior (P < .01). | Y | Y; d = 0.49 |
| Murry et al., 2019 | Youth (6th grade) aged M = 11.4 y/o and their parents (N = 421 dyads); 54% female youth; Ethnicity: AA Income: 14% of pts. received public assistance Rural counties in TN | Design: Three-arm RCT Assessment: Pre/post-txt, long-term follow-up (~22 mos. post-txt) Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors Mechanism: Parenting | Youth findings: Tech-based youth showed a significant decrease in risky behavior engagement intention at post-txt (P = .04) and a decrease in risky behavior engagement at long-term follow-up (P = .04). Group-based youth demonstrated a significant increase in deviant peer affiliation at post-txt (P = .002) and a non-significant reduction in risky behavior at long-term follow-up (P = .58). Parent findings: Tech-based families showed significant improvements in parenting specific to sensitive topics (P = .03). Group-based families demonstrated significant increases in supportive parenting (P = .02). | Y (for tech youth) | N |
| Strong methodological rigor | |||||
| Ringwalt et al., 1996 | Youth 12-16 y/o and their parent (N = 260 dyads); 100% male youth Ethnicity: AA Income: 50% received free or reduced lunch Durham, NC | Design: Random assignment trial Assessment: Pre-txt, 18-mos. post-txt, 30-mos. post-txt Outcome: Health risk-taking behaviors | No significant pre/post change (P > .05). | – | – |
Abbreviations: AA, African American; N, No; Y, Yes.
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