Key baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes initiating SGLT-2i versus DPP-4i before and after IPTW.
| . | Before IPTW . | After IPTW . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Overall . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . |
| Number of patients | 29 849 | 14 523 | 15 326 | 14 546 | 15 516 | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 68.0 [58.0, 76.0] | 64.0 [56.0, 72.0] | 0.266 | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 66.0 [57.0, 74.5] | 0.027 |
| Female sex | 10 992 (36.8) | 5769 (39.7) | 5223 (34.1) | 0.117 | 5418 (37.2) | 5787 (37.3) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory measurements | |||||||
| eGFRa, median (IQR), ml/min/1.73 m² | 87.3 [68.7, 99.2] | 83.2 [60.4, 97.2] | 90.2 [75.8 100.6] | 0.397 | 88.4 [69.2, 99.8] | 86.7 [68.1, 98.9] | 0.039 |
| Potassiuma, median (IQR) mmol/l | 4.2 [4.0, 4.40] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.20 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.056 | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.015 |
| Albuminuria category (%) | 0.088 | 0.014 | |||||
| A1 | 21 396 (71.7) | 10 145 (69.9) | 11 251 (73.4) | 10 468 (71.9) | 11 206 (72.5) | ||
| A2 | 6583 (22.1) | 3347 (23.0) | 3236 (21.1) | 3194 (22.0) | 3350 (21.7) | ||
| A3 | 1870 (6.3) | 1031 (7.1) | 839 (5.5) | 887 (6.1) | 901 (5.8) | ||
| Burden of comorbidities | |||||||
| Heart failure/cardiomyopathy | 4193 (14.0) | 1883 (13.0) | 2310 (15.1) | 0.061 | 1863 (12.8) | 2122 (13.7) | 0.027 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 4265 (14.3) | 1626 (11.2) | 2639 (17.2) | 0.173 | 1920 (13.2) | 2165 (14.0) | 0.024 |
| Other ischemic heart disease | 6979 (23.4) | 2925 (20.1) | 4054 (26.5) | 0.150 | 3195 (22.0) | 3531 (22.8) | 0.021 |
| Psychiatric disorder | 9706 (32.5) | 4438 (30.6) | 5268 (34.4) | 0.082 | 4823 (33.1) | 5134 (33.2) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4041 (13.5) | 1978 (13.6) | 2063 (13.5) | 0.005 | 1893 (13.0) | 1973 (12.8) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes-related conditions | |||||||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1953 (6.5) | 991 (6.8) | 962 (6.3) | 0.022 | 915 (6.3) | 990 (6.4) | 0.004 |
| Diabetic retinopathy/cataract | 6969 (23.3) | 3078 (21.2) | 3891 (25.4) | 0.099 | 3387 (23.3) | 3626 (23.4) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 2243 (7.5) | 1007 (6.9) | 1236 (8.1) | 0.043 | 1113 (7.7) | 1195 (7.7) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic peripheral vascular complications | 2496 (8.4) | 1178 (8.1) | 1318 (8.6) | 0.018 | 1192 (8.2) | 1294 (8.3) | 0.005 |
| Medications | |||||||
| RASi | 19 809 (66.4) | 9217 (63.5) | 10 592 (69.1) | 0.120 | 9466 (65.1) | 10 147 (65.6) | 0.012 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 10 123 (33.9) | 4949 (34.1) | 5174 (33.8) | 0.007 | 4878 (33.5) | 5145 (33.3) | 0.005 |
| Loop diuretic | 4107 (13.8) | 2143 (14.8) | 1964 (12.8) | 0.056 | 1885.4 (13.0) | 2096 (13.6) | 0.018 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 1709 (5.7) | 709 (4.9) | 1000 (6.5) | 0.071 | 749 (5.1) | 831 (5.4) | 0.010 |
| Thiazide | 6995 (23.4) | 3410 (23.5) | 3585 (23.4) | 0.002 | 3378 (23.2) | 3657 (23.7) | 0.010 |
| Antiplatelet | 9042 (30.3) | 4107 (28.3) | 4935 (32.2) | 0.085 | 4250 (29.2) | 4609 (29.8) | 0.013 |
| Anticoagulant | 3831 (12.8) | 1804 (12.4) | 2027 (13.2) | 0.024 | 1786.5 (12.3) | 1882 (12.2) | 0.003 |
| Lipid lowering drug | 19 131 (64.1) | 8732 (60.1) | 10 399 (67.9) | 0.161 | 9121 (62.7) | 9743 (63.0) | 0.007 |
| Antidepressant | 4237 (14.2) | 2095 (14.4) | 2142 (14.0) | 0.013 | 2100 (14.4) | 2226 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Metformin | 23 318 (78.1) | 11 007 (75.8) | 12 311 (80.3) | 0.110 | 11 424 (78.5) | 12 092 (78.2) | 0.007 |
| Sulfonylurea | 5509 (18.5) | 3090 (21.3) | 2419 (15.8) | 0.142 | 2728 (18.7) | 2904 (18.8) | 0.001 |
| Insulin | 7948 (26.6) | 3280 (22.6) | 4668 (30.5) | 0.179 | 3912 (26.9) | 4090 (26.5) | 0.010 |
| Other diabetes drugs (glitazone, glinide, acarbose) | 839 (2.8) | 440 (3.0) | 399 (2.6) | 0.026 | 414 (2.8) | 468 (3.0) | 0.011 |
| Health care utilization markers | |||||||
| Hospitalizations due to diabetes-related causes | 582 (1.9) | 403 (2.8) | 179 (1.2) | 0.116 | 269 (1.8) | 243 (1.6) | 0.021 |
| Outpatient visits to diabetes specialist care | 5296 (17.7) | 2410 (16.6) | 2886 (18.8) | 0.059 | 2638 (18.1) | 2693 (17.4) | 0.018 |
| . | Before IPTW . | After IPTW . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Overall . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . |
| Number of patients | 29 849 | 14 523 | 15 326 | 14 546 | 15 516 | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 68.0 [58.0, 76.0] | 64.0 [56.0, 72.0] | 0.266 | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 66.0 [57.0, 74.5] | 0.027 |
| Female sex | 10 992 (36.8) | 5769 (39.7) | 5223 (34.1) | 0.117 | 5418 (37.2) | 5787 (37.3) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory measurements | |||||||
| eGFRa, median (IQR), ml/min/1.73 m² | 87.3 [68.7, 99.2] | 83.2 [60.4, 97.2] | 90.2 [75.8 100.6] | 0.397 | 88.4 [69.2, 99.8] | 86.7 [68.1, 98.9] | 0.039 |
| Potassiuma, median (IQR) mmol/l | 4.2 [4.0, 4.40] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.20 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.056 | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.015 |
| Albuminuria category (%) | 0.088 | 0.014 | |||||
| A1 | 21 396 (71.7) | 10 145 (69.9) | 11 251 (73.4) | 10 468 (71.9) | 11 206 (72.5) | ||
| A2 | 6583 (22.1) | 3347 (23.0) | 3236 (21.1) | 3194 (22.0) | 3350 (21.7) | ||
| A3 | 1870 (6.3) | 1031 (7.1) | 839 (5.5) | 887 (6.1) | 901 (5.8) | ||
| Burden of comorbidities | |||||||
| Heart failure/cardiomyopathy | 4193 (14.0) | 1883 (13.0) | 2310 (15.1) | 0.061 | 1863 (12.8) | 2122 (13.7) | 0.027 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 4265 (14.3) | 1626 (11.2) | 2639 (17.2) | 0.173 | 1920 (13.2) | 2165 (14.0) | 0.024 |
| Other ischemic heart disease | 6979 (23.4) | 2925 (20.1) | 4054 (26.5) | 0.150 | 3195 (22.0) | 3531 (22.8) | 0.021 |
| Psychiatric disorder | 9706 (32.5) | 4438 (30.6) | 5268 (34.4) | 0.082 | 4823 (33.1) | 5134 (33.2) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4041 (13.5) | 1978 (13.6) | 2063 (13.5) | 0.005 | 1893 (13.0) | 1973 (12.8) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes-related conditions | |||||||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1953 (6.5) | 991 (6.8) | 962 (6.3) | 0.022 | 915 (6.3) | 990 (6.4) | 0.004 |
| Diabetic retinopathy/cataract | 6969 (23.3) | 3078 (21.2) | 3891 (25.4) | 0.099 | 3387 (23.3) | 3626 (23.4) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 2243 (7.5) | 1007 (6.9) | 1236 (8.1) | 0.043 | 1113 (7.7) | 1195 (7.7) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic peripheral vascular complications | 2496 (8.4) | 1178 (8.1) | 1318 (8.6) | 0.018 | 1192 (8.2) | 1294 (8.3) | 0.005 |
| Medications | |||||||
| RASi | 19 809 (66.4) | 9217 (63.5) | 10 592 (69.1) | 0.120 | 9466 (65.1) | 10 147 (65.6) | 0.012 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 10 123 (33.9) | 4949 (34.1) | 5174 (33.8) | 0.007 | 4878 (33.5) | 5145 (33.3) | 0.005 |
| Loop diuretic | 4107 (13.8) | 2143 (14.8) | 1964 (12.8) | 0.056 | 1885.4 (13.0) | 2096 (13.6) | 0.018 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 1709 (5.7) | 709 (4.9) | 1000 (6.5) | 0.071 | 749 (5.1) | 831 (5.4) | 0.010 |
| Thiazide | 6995 (23.4) | 3410 (23.5) | 3585 (23.4) | 0.002 | 3378 (23.2) | 3657 (23.7) | 0.010 |
| Antiplatelet | 9042 (30.3) | 4107 (28.3) | 4935 (32.2) | 0.085 | 4250 (29.2) | 4609 (29.8) | 0.013 |
| Anticoagulant | 3831 (12.8) | 1804 (12.4) | 2027 (13.2) | 0.024 | 1786.5 (12.3) | 1882 (12.2) | 0.003 |
| Lipid lowering drug | 19 131 (64.1) | 8732 (60.1) | 10 399 (67.9) | 0.161 | 9121 (62.7) | 9743 (63.0) | 0.007 |
| Antidepressant | 4237 (14.2) | 2095 (14.4) | 2142 (14.0) | 0.013 | 2100 (14.4) | 2226 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Metformin | 23 318 (78.1) | 11 007 (75.8) | 12 311 (80.3) | 0.110 | 11 424 (78.5) | 12 092 (78.2) | 0.007 |
| Sulfonylurea | 5509 (18.5) | 3090 (21.3) | 2419 (15.8) | 0.142 | 2728 (18.7) | 2904 (18.8) | 0.001 |
| Insulin | 7948 (26.6) | 3280 (22.6) | 4668 (30.5) | 0.179 | 3912 (26.9) | 4090 (26.5) | 0.010 |
| Other diabetes drugs (glitazone, glinide, acarbose) | 839 (2.8) | 440 (3.0) | 399 (2.6) | 0.026 | 414 (2.8) | 468 (3.0) | 0.011 |
| Health care utilization markers | |||||||
| Hospitalizations due to diabetes-related causes | 582 (1.9) | 403 (2.8) | 179 (1.2) | 0.116 | 269 (1.8) | 243 (1.6) | 0.021 |
| Outpatient visits to diabetes specialist care | 5296 (17.7) | 2410 (16.6) | 2886 (18.8) | 0.059 | 2638 (18.1) | 2693 (17.4) | 0.018 |
Number of events, person-years, and incidence rates were calculated in the original unweighted population. Weights were calculated based on age, sex, calendar year at index date, and laboratory measurements (e.g. potassium level, eGFR, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio), comorbidities (e.g. acute coronary syndrome, heart failure), drugs use, other medications use (e.g. RASi, MRA), and health care utilization markers.
Key baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes initiating SGLT-2i versus DPP-4i before and after IPTW.
| . | Before IPTW . | After IPTW . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Overall . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . |
| Number of patients | 29 849 | 14 523 | 15 326 | 14 546 | 15 516 | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 68.0 [58.0, 76.0] | 64.0 [56.0, 72.0] | 0.266 | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 66.0 [57.0, 74.5] | 0.027 |
| Female sex | 10 992 (36.8) | 5769 (39.7) | 5223 (34.1) | 0.117 | 5418 (37.2) | 5787 (37.3) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory measurements | |||||||
| eGFRa, median (IQR), ml/min/1.73 m² | 87.3 [68.7, 99.2] | 83.2 [60.4, 97.2] | 90.2 [75.8 100.6] | 0.397 | 88.4 [69.2, 99.8] | 86.7 [68.1, 98.9] | 0.039 |
| Potassiuma, median (IQR) mmol/l | 4.2 [4.0, 4.40] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.20 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.056 | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.015 |
| Albuminuria category (%) | 0.088 | 0.014 | |||||
| A1 | 21 396 (71.7) | 10 145 (69.9) | 11 251 (73.4) | 10 468 (71.9) | 11 206 (72.5) | ||
| A2 | 6583 (22.1) | 3347 (23.0) | 3236 (21.1) | 3194 (22.0) | 3350 (21.7) | ||
| A3 | 1870 (6.3) | 1031 (7.1) | 839 (5.5) | 887 (6.1) | 901 (5.8) | ||
| Burden of comorbidities | |||||||
| Heart failure/cardiomyopathy | 4193 (14.0) | 1883 (13.0) | 2310 (15.1) | 0.061 | 1863 (12.8) | 2122 (13.7) | 0.027 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 4265 (14.3) | 1626 (11.2) | 2639 (17.2) | 0.173 | 1920 (13.2) | 2165 (14.0) | 0.024 |
| Other ischemic heart disease | 6979 (23.4) | 2925 (20.1) | 4054 (26.5) | 0.150 | 3195 (22.0) | 3531 (22.8) | 0.021 |
| Psychiatric disorder | 9706 (32.5) | 4438 (30.6) | 5268 (34.4) | 0.082 | 4823 (33.1) | 5134 (33.2) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4041 (13.5) | 1978 (13.6) | 2063 (13.5) | 0.005 | 1893 (13.0) | 1973 (12.8) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes-related conditions | |||||||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1953 (6.5) | 991 (6.8) | 962 (6.3) | 0.022 | 915 (6.3) | 990 (6.4) | 0.004 |
| Diabetic retinopathy/cataract | 6969 (23.3) | 3078 (21.2) | 3891 (25.4) | 0.099 | 3387 (23.3) | 3626 (23.4) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 2243 (7.5) | 1007 (6.9) | 1236 (8.1) | 0.043 | 1113 (7.7) | 1195 (7.7) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic peripheral vascular complications | 2496 (8.4) | 1178 (8.1) | 1318 (8.6) | 0.018 | 1192 (8.2) | 1294 (8.3) | 0.005 |
| Medications | |||||||
| RASi | 19 809 (66.4) | 9217 (63.5) | 10 592 (69.1) | 0.120 | 9466 (65.1) | 10 147 (65.6) | 0.012 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 10 123 (33.9) | 4949 (34.1) | 5174 (33.8) | 0.007 | 4878 (33.5) | 5145 (33.3) | 0.005 |
| Loop diuretic | 4107 (13.8) | 2143 (14.8) | 1964 (12.8) | 0.056 | 1885.4 (13.0) | 2096 (13.6) | 0.018 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 1709 (5.7) | 709 (4.9) | 1000 (6.5) | 0.071 | 749 (5.1) | 831 (5.4) | 0.010 |
| Thiazide | 6995 (23.4) | 3410 (23.5) | 3585 (23.4) | 0.002 | 3378 (23.2) | 3657 (23.7) | 0.010 |
| Antiplatelet | 9042 (30.3) | 4107 (28.3) | 4935 (32.2) | 0.085 | 4250 (29.2) | 4609 (29.8) | 0.013 |
| Anticoagulant | 3831 (12.8) | 1804 (12.4) | 2027 (13.2) | 0.024 | 1786.5 (12.3) | 1882 (12.2) | 0.003 |
| Lipid lowering drug | 19 131 (64.1) | 8732 (60.1) | 10 399 (67.9) | 0.161 | 9121 (62.7) | 9743 (63.0) | 0.007 |
| Antidepressant | 4237 (14.2) | 2095 (14.4) | 2142 (14.0) | 0.013 | 2100 (14.4) | 2226 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Metformin | 23 318 (78.1) | 11 007 (75.8) | 12 311 (80.3) | 0.110 | 11 424 (78.5) | 12 092 (78.2) | 0.007 |
| Sulfonylurea | 5509 (18.5) | 3090 (21.3) | 2419 (15.8) | 0.142 | 2728 (18.7) | 2904 (18.8) | 0.001 |
| Insulin | 7948 (26.6) | 3280 (22.6) | 4668 (30.5) | 0.179 | 3912 (26.9) | 4090 (26.5) | 0.010 |
| Other diabetes drugs (glitazone, glinide, acarbose) | 839 (2.8) | 440 (3.0) | 399 (2.6) | 0.026 | 414 (2.8) | 468 (3.0) | 0.011 |
| Health care utilization markers | |||||||
| Hospitalizations due to diabetes-related causes | 582 (1.9) | 403 (2.8) | 179 (1.2) | 0.116 | 269 (1.8) | 243 (1.6) | 0.021 |
| Outpatient visits to diabetes specialist care | 5296 (17.7) | 2410 (16.6) | 2886 (18.8) | 0.059 | 2638 (18.1) | 2693 (17.4) | 0.018 |
| . | Before IPTW . | After IPTW . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Overall . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . | DPP-4i . | SGLT-2i . | SMD . |
| Number of patients | 29 849 | 14 523 | 15 326 | 14 546 | 15 516 | ||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 68.0 [58.0, 76.0] | 64.0 [56.0, 72.0] | 0.266 | 66.0 [57.0, 74.0] | 66.0 [57.0, 74.5] | 0.027 |
| Female sex | 10 992 (36.8) | 5769 (39.7) | 5223 (34.1) | 0.117 | 5418 (37.2) | 5787 (37.3) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory measurements | |||||||
| eGFRa, median (IQR), ml/min/1.73 m² | 87.3 [68.7, 99.2] | 83.2 [60.4, 97.2] | 90.2 [75.8 100.6] | 0.397 | 88.4 [69.2, 99.8] | 86.7 [68.1, 98.9] | 0.039 |
| Potassiuma, median (IQR) mmol/l | 4.2 [4.0, 4.40] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.20 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.056 | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 4.2 [4.0, 4.4] | 0.015 |
| Albuminuria category (%) | 0.088 | 0.014 | |||||
| A1 | 21 396 (71.7) | 10 145 (69.9) | 11 251 (73.4) | 10 468 (71.9) | 11 206 (72.5) | ||
| A2 | 6583 (22.1) | 3347 (23.0) | 3236 (21.1) | 3194 (22.0) | 3350 (21.7) | ||
| A3 | 1870 (6.3) | 1031 (7.1) | 839 (5.5) | 887 (6.1) | 901 (5.8) | ||
| Burden of comorbidities | |||||||
| Heart failure/cardiomyopathy | 4193 (14.0) | 1883 (13.0) | 2310 (15.1) | 0.061 | 1863 (12.8) | 2122 (13.7) | 0.027 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 4265 (14.3) | 1626 (11.2) | 2639 (17.2) | 0.173 | 1920 (13.2) | 2165 (14.0) | 0.024 |
| Other ischemic heart disease | 6979 (23.4) | 2925 (20.1) | 4054 (26.5) | 0.150 | 3195 (22.0) | 3531 (22.8) | 0.021 |
| Psychiatric disorder | 9706 (32.5) | 4438 (30.6) | 5268 (34.4) | 0.082 | 4823 (33.1) | 5134 (33.2) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4041 (13.5) | 1978 (13.6) | 2063 (13.5) | 0.005 | 1893 (13.0) | 1973 (12.8) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes-related conditions | |||||||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1953 (6.5) | 991 (6.8) | 962 (6.3) | 0.022 | 915 (6.3) | 990 (6.4) | 0.004 |
| Diabetic retinopathy/cataract | 6969 (23.3) | 3078 (21.2) | 3891 (25.4) | 0.099 | 3387 (23.3) | 3626 (23.4) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 2243 (7.5) | 1007 (6.9) | 1236 (8.1) | 0.043 | 1113 (7.7) | 1195 (7.7) | 0.002 |
| Diabetic peripheral vascular complications | 2496 (8.4) | 1178 (8.1) | 1318 (8.6) | 0.018 | 1192 (8.2) | 1294 (8.3) | 0.005 |
| Medications | |||||||
| RASi | 19 809 (66.4) | 9217 (63.5) | 10 592 (69.1) | 0.120 | 9466 (65.1) | 10 147 (65.6) | 0.012 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 10 123 (33.9) | 4949 (34.1) | 5174 (33.8) | 0.007 | 4878 (33.5) | 5145 (33.3) | 0.005 |
| Loop diuretic | 4107 (13.8) | 2143 (14.8) | 1964 (12.8) | 0.056 | 1885.4 (13.0) | 2096 (13.6) | 0.018 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists | 1709 (5.7) | 709 (4.9) | 1000 (6.5) | 0.071 | 749 (5.1) | 831 (5.4) | 0.010 |
| Thiazide | 6995 (23.4) | 3410 (23.5) | 3585 (23.4) | 0.002 | 3378 (23.2) | 3657 (23.7) | 0.010 |
| Antiplatelet | 9042 (30.3) | 4107 (28.3) | 4935 (32.2) | 0.085 | 4250 (29.2) | 4609 (29.8) | 0.013 |
| Anticoagulant | 3831 (12.8) | 1804 (12.4) | 2027 (13.2) | 0.024 | 1786.5 (12.3) | 1882 (12.2) | 0.003 |
| Lipid lowering drug | 19 131 (64.1) | 8732 (60.1) | 10 399 (67.9) | 0.161 | 9121 (62.7) | 9743 (63.0) | 0.007 |
| Antidepressant | 4237 (14.2) | 2095 (14.4) | 2142 (14.0) | 0.013 | 2100 (14.4) | 2226 (14.4) | 0.001 |
| Metformin | 23 318 (78.1) | 11 007 (75.8) | 12 311 (80.3) | 0.110 | 11 424 (78.5) | 12 092 (78.2) | 0.007 |
| Sulfonylurea | 5509 (18.5) | 3090 (21.3) | 2419 (15.8) | 0.142 | 2728 (18.7) | 2904 (18.8) | 0.001 |
| Insulin | 7948 (26.6) | 3280 (22.6) | 4668 (30.5) | 0.179 | 3912 (26.9) | 4090 (26.5) | 0.010 |
| Other diabetes drugs (glitazone, glinide, acarbose) | 839 (2.8) | 440 (3.0) | 399 (2.6) | 0.026 | 414 (2.8) | 468 (3.0) | 0.011 |
| Health care utilization markers | |||||||
| Hospitalizations due to diabetes-related causes | 582 (1.9) | 403 (2.8) | 179 (1.2) | 0.116 | 269 (1.8) | 243 (1.6) | 0.021 |
| Outpatient visits to diabetes specialist care | 5296 (17.7) | 2410 (16.6) | 2886 (18.8) | 0.059 | 2638 (18.1) | 2693 (17.4) | 0.018 |
Number of events, person-years, and incidence rates were calculated in the original unweighted population. Weights were calculated based on age, sex, calendar year at index date, and laboratory measurements (e.g. potassium level, eGFR, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio), comorbidities (e.g. acute coronary syndrome, heart failure), drugs use, other medications use (e.g. RASi, MRA), and health care utilization markers.
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