| Layer Value . | Group . | ΔSleepiness on rising . | ΔInitiation and maintenance of sleep . | ΔFrequent dreaming . | ΔRefreshing on rising . | ΔSleep length . | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . |
| 50 | Placebo | 27 | 4.1 ± 6.3 | - | 28 | 4.3 ± 7.4 | - | 14 | 5.1 ± 10.1 | - | 26 | 4.9 ± 8.8 | - | 21 | 7.2 ± 10.9 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 28 | 7.5 ± 8.4 | .009 | 23 | 8.4 ± 8.1 | .003 | 7 | 8.0 ± 9.3 | .409 | 28 | 5.6 ± 9.4 | .839 | 20 | 6.8 ± 8.5 | .951 | |
| High D-BHB | 29 | 7.0 ± 7.5 | .027 | 26 | 7.9 ± 8.3 | .008 | 12 | 4.9 ± 8.3 | .996 | 26 | 8.3 ± 7.9 | .031 | 25 | 8.2 ± 10.3 | .807 | |
| 44.8 | Placebo | 21 | 4.6 ± 6.7 | - | 23 | 4.4 ± 7.4 | - | 9 | 5.0 ± 9.5 | - | 16 | 7.8 ± 7.0 | - | 11 | 7.9 ± 11.0 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 20 | 9.7 ± 7.7 | < .001 | 18 | 9.1 ± 8.0 | .002 | 4 | 7.6 ± 9.5 | .654 | 19 | 7.7 ± 10.1 | .992 | 11 | 6.2 ± 6.9 | .654 | |
| High D-BHB | 24 | 7.7 ± 7.6 | .032 | 23 | 8.7 ± 8.3 | .003 | 4 | 6.0 ± 6.9 | .938 | 21 | 9.3 ± 7.9 | .546 | 16 | 10.5 ± 9.2 | .363 | |
| Layer Value . | Group . | ΔSleepiness on rising . | ΔInitiation and maintenance of sleep . | ΔFrequent dreaming . | ΔRefreshing on rising . | ΔSleep length . | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . |
| 50 | Placebo | 27 | 4.1 ± 6.3 | - | 28 | 4.3 ± 7.4 | - | 14 | 5.1 ± 10.1 | - | 26 | 4.9 ± 8.8 | - | 21 | 7.2 ± 10.9 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 28 | 7.5 ± 8.4 | .009 | 23 | 8.4 ± 8.1 | .003 | 7 | 8.0 ± 9.3 | .409 | 28 | 5.6 ± 9.4 | .839 | 20 | 6.8 ± 8.5 | .951 | |
| High D-BHB | 29 | 7.0 ± 7.5 | .027 | 26 | 7.9 ± 8.3 | .008 | 12 | 4.9 ± 8.3 | .996 | 26 | 8.3 ± 7.9 | .031 | 25 | 8.2 ± 10.3 | .807 | |
| 44.8 | Placebo | 21 | 4.6 ± 6.7 | - | 23 | 4.4 ± 7.4 | - | 9 | 5.0 ± 9.5 | - | 16 | 7.8 ± 7.0 | - | 11 | 7.9 ± 11.0 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 20 | 9.7 ± 7.7 | < .001 | 18 | 9.1 ± 8.0 | .002 | 4 | 7.6 ± 9.5 | .654 | 19 | 7.7 ± 10.1 | .992 | 11 | 6.2 ± 6.9 | .654 | |
| High D-BHB | 24 | 7.7 ± 7.6 | .032 | 23 | 8.7 ± 8.3 | .003 | 4 | 6.0 ± 6.9 | .938 | 21 | 9.3 ± 7.9 | .546 | 16 | 10.5 ± 9.2 | .363 | |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations.
P value: Dunnett’s test (vs. placebo group).
Δ: The difference in standardized scores between day 0 and day 14.
Abbreviation: D-BHB: d-β-hydroxybutyric acid.
| Layer Value . | Group . | ΔSleepiness on rising . | ΔInitiation and maintenance of sleep . | ΔFrequent dreaming . | ΔRefreshing on rising . | ΔSleep length . | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . |
| 50 | Placebo | 27 | 4.1 ± 6.3 | - | 28 | 4.3 ± 7.4 | - | 14 | 5.1 ± 10.1 | - | 26 | 4.9 ± 8.8 | - | 21 | 7.2 ± 10.9 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 28 | 7.5 ± 8.4 | .009 | 23 | 8.4 ± 8.1 | .003 | 7 | 8.0 ± 9.3 | .409 | 28 | 5.6 ± 9.4 | .839 | 20 | 6.8 ± 8.5 | .951 | |
| High D-BHB | 29 | 7.0 ± 7.5 | .027 | 26 | 7.9 ± 8.3 | .008 | 12 | 4.9 ± 8.3 | .996 | 26 | 8.3 ± 7.9 | .031 | 25 | 8.2 ± 10.3 | .807 | |
| 44.8 | Placebo | 21 | 4.6 ± 6.7 | - | 23 | 4.4 ± 7.4 | - | 9 | 5.0 ± 9.5 | - | 16 | 7.8 ± 7.0 | - | 11 | 7.9 ± 11.0 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 20 | 9.7 ± 7.7 | < .001 | 18 | 9.1 ± 8.0 | .002 | 4 | 7.6 ± 9.5 | .654 | 19 | 7.7 ± 10.1 | .992 | 11 | 6.2 ± 6.9 | .654 | |
| High D-BHB | 24 | 7.7 ± 7.6 | .032 | 23 | 8.7 ± 8.3 | .003 | 4 | 6.0 ± 6.9 | .938 | 21 | 9.3 ± 7.9 | .546 | 16 | 10.5 ± 9.2 | .363 | |
| Layer Value . | Group . | ΔSleepiness on rising . | ΔInitiation and maintenance of sleep . | ΔFrequent dreaming . | ΔRefreshing on rising . | ΔSleep length . | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . | Sample size . | Score . | P value . |
| 50 | Placebo | 27 | 4.1 ± 6.3 | - | 28 | 4.3 ± 7.4 | - | 14 | 5.1 ± 10.1 | - | 26 | 4.9 ± 8.8 | - | 21 | 7.2 ± 10.9 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 28 | 7.5 ± 8.4 | .009 | 23 | 8.4 ± 8.1 | .003 | 7 | 8.0 ± 9.3 | .409 | 28 | 5.6 ± 9.4 | .839 | 20 | 6.8 ± 8.5 | .951 | |
| High D-BHB | 29 | 7.0 ± 7.5 | .027 | 26 | 7.9 ± 8.3 | .008 | 12 | 4.9 ± 8.3 | .996 | 26 | 8.3 ± 7.9 | .031 | 25 | 8.2 ± 10.3 | .807 | |
| 44.8 | Placebo | 21 | 4.6 ± 6.7 | - | 23 | 4.4 ± 7.4 | - | 9 | 5.0 ± 9.5 | - | 16 | 7.8 ± 7.0 | - | 11 | 7.9 ± 11.0 | - |
| Low D-BHB | 20 | 9.7 ± 7.7 | < .001 | 18 | 9.1 ± 8.0 | .002 | 4 | 7.6 ± 9.5 | .654 | 19 | 7.7 ± 10.1 | .992 | 11 | 6.2 ± 6.9 | .654 | |
| High D-BHB | 24 | 7.7 ± 7.6 | .032 | 23 | 8.7 ± 8.3 | .003 | 4 | 6.0 ± 6.9 | .938 | 21 | 9.3 ± 7.9 | .546 | 16 | 10.5 ± 9.2 | .363 | |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations.
P value: Dunnett’s test (vs. placebo group).
Δ: The difference in standardized scores between day 0 and day 14.
Abbreviation: D-BHB: d-β-hydroxybutyric acid.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
