Table 2. Open in new tab Standardized...

Group	Sample size	Sleepiness on rising	Initiation and maintenance of sleep	Frequent dreaming	Refreshing on rising	Sleep length
Baseline	Placebo	30	41.9 ± 6.8	.949	39.6 ± 8.5	.954	50.1 ± 9.7	.943	41.0 ± 6.1	.990	44.2 ± 7.2	.973
	Low D-BHB	30	42.3 ± 6.4		39.0 ± 11.3		50.5 ± 9.6		40.9 ± 6.8		44.6 ± 9.1
	High D-BHB	30	42.4 ± 6.7		38.9 ± 9.6		49.6 ± 10.5		40.8 ± 5.7		42.7 ± 9.5
0 day	Placebo	29	40.2 ± 5.0	P value*	40.7 ± 4.8	P value*	47.5 ± 8.0	P value*	42.7 ± 6.3	P value*	44.4 ± 6.4	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	42.6 ± 6.2	.201	42.3 ± 8.3	.600	53.3 ± 7.3	.009	43.1 ± 4.9	.952	47.2 ± 6.7	.225
	High D-BHB	30	40.4 ± 6.1	.987	40.8 ± 8.1	.997	51.5 ± 7.3	.087	42.7 ± 5.9	1.000	42.2 ± 7.9	.387
14 days	Placebo	29	44.5 ± 5.5	P value*	45.0 ± 5.2	P value*	48.9 ± 8.2	P value*	47.1 ± 5.2	P value*	49.3 ± 6.2	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	48.5 ± 6.0	.017	49.1 ± 7.4	.037	54.4 ± 5.5	.005	48.3 ± 5.0	.602	51.4 ± 8.4	.475
	High D-BHB	30	47.9 ± 5.8	.044	48.2 ± 6.8	.122	53.7 ± 6.4	.014	51.0 ± 5.3	.010	50.2 ± 7.7	.862

Group

Sample
size

Sleepiness
on rising

Initiation and maintenance
of sleep

Frequent dreaming

Refreshing
on rising

Sleep length

Standardized score

P value

Standardized score

P value

Standardized score

P value

Standardized score

P value

Standardized score

P value

Baseline

Placebo

41.9 ± 6.8

.949

39.6 ± 8.5

.954

50.1 ± 9.7

.943

41.0 ± 6.1

.990

44.2 ± 7.2

.973

Low D-BHB

42.3 ± 6.4

39.0 ± 11.3

50.5 ± 9.6

40.9 ± 6.8

44.6 ± 9.1

High D-BHB

42.4 ± 6.7

38.9 ± 9.6

49.6 ± 10.5

40.8 ± 5.7

42.7 ± 9.5

0 day

Placebo

40.2 ± 5.0

P
value*

40.7 ± 4.8

P
value*

47.5 ± 8.0

P
value*

42.7 ± 6.3

P
value*

44.4 ± 6.4

P
value*

Low D-BHB

42.6 ± 6.2

.201

42.3 ± 8.3

.600

53.3 ± 7.3

.009

43.1 ± 4.9

.952

47.2 ± 6.7

.225

High D-BHB

40.4 ± 6.1

.987

40.8 ± 8.1

.997

51.5 ± 7.3

.087

42.7 ± 5.9

1.000

42.2 ± 7.9

.387

14 days

Placebo

44.5 ± 5.5

P
value*

45.0 ± 5.2

P
value*

48.9 ± 8.2

P
value*

47.1 ± 5.2

P
value*

49.3 ± 6.2

P
value*

Low D-BHB

48.5 ± 6.0

.017

49.1 ± 7.4

.037

54.4 ± 5.5

.005

48.3 ± 5.0

.602

51.4 ± 8.4

.475

High D-BHB

47.9 ± 5.8

.044

48.2 ± 6.8

.122

53.7 ± 6.4

.014

51.0 ± 5.3

.010

50.2 ± 7.7

.862

Group	Sample size	Sleepiness on rising	Initiation and maintenance of sleep	Frequent dreaming	Refreshing on rising	Sleep length
Baseline	Placebo	30	41.9 ± 6.8	.949	39.6 ± 8.5	.954	50.1 ± 9.7	.943	41.0 ± 6.1	.990	44.2 ± 7.2	.973
	Low D-BHB	30	42.3 ± 6.4		39.0 ± 11.3		50.5 ± 9.6		40.9 ± 6.8		44.6 ± 9.1
	High D-BHB	30	42.4 ± 6.7		38.9 ± 9.6		49.6 ± 10.5		40.8 ± 5.7		42.7 ± 9.5
0 day	Placebo	29	40.2 ± 5.0	P value*	40.7 ± 4.8	P value*	47.5 ± 8.0	P value*	42.7 ± 6.3	P value*	44.4 ± 6.4	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	42.6 ± 6.2	.201	42.3 ± 8.3	.600	53.3 ± 7.3	.009	43.1 ± 4.9	.952	47.2 ± 6.7	.225
	High D-BHB	30	40.4 ± 6.1	.987	40.8 ± 8.1	.997	51.5 ± 7.3	.087	42.7 ± 5.9	1.000	42.2 ± 7.9	.387
14 days	Placebo	29	44.5 ± 5.5	P value*	45.0 ± 5.2	P value*	48.9 ± 8.2	P value*	47.1 ± 5.2	P value*	49.3 ± 6.2	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	48.5 ± 6.0	.017	49.1 ± 7.4	.037	54.4 ± 5.5	.005	48.3 ± 5.0	.602	51.4 ± 8.4	.475
	High D-BHB	30	47.9 ± 5.8	.044	48.2 ± 6.8	.122	53.7 ± 6.4	.014	51.0 ± 5.3	.010	50.2 ± 7.7	.862

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Standardized OSA-MA scores for the high D-BHB, low D-BHB, and placebo groups

Group		Sample size	Sleepiness on rising		Initiation and maintenance of sleep		Frequent dreaming		Refreshing on rising		Sleep length
			Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value
Baseline	Placebo	30	41.9 ± 6.8	.949	39.6 ± 8.5	.954	50.1 ± 9.7	.943	41.0 ± 6.1	.990	44.2 ± 7.2	.973
	Low D-BHB	30	42.3 ± 6.4		39.0 ± 11.3		50.5 ± 9.6		40.9 ± 6.8		44.6 ± 9.1
	High D-BHB	30	42.4 ± 6.7		38.9 ± 9.6		49.6 ± 10.5		40.8 ± 5.7		42.7 ± 9.5
0 day	Placebo	29	40.2 ± 5.0	P value*	40.7 ± 4.8	P value*	47.5 ± 8.0	P value*	42.7 ± 6.3	P value*	44.4 ± 6.4	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	42.6 ± 6.2	.201	42.3 ± 8.3	.600	53.3 ± 7.3	.009	43.1 ± 4.9	.952	47.2 ± 6.7	.225
	High D-BHB	30	40.4 ± 6.1	.987	40.8 ± 8.1	.997	51.5 ± 7.3	.087	42.7 ± 5.9	1.000	42.2 ± 7.9	.387
14 days	Placebo	29	44.5 ± 5.5	P value*	45.0 ± 5.2	P value*	48.9 ± 8.2	P value*	47.1 ± 5.2	P value*	49.3 ± 6.2	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	48.5 ± 6.0	.017	49.1 ± 7.4	.037	54.4 ± 5.5	.005	48.3 ± 5.0	.602	51.4 ± 8.4	.475
	High D-BHB	30	47.9 ± 5.8	.044	48.2 ± 6.8	.122	53.7 ± 6.4	.014	51.0 ± 5.3	.010	50.2 ± 7.7	.862

Group		Sample size	Sleepiness on rising		Initiation and maintenance of sleep		Frequent dreaming		Refreshing on rising		Sleep length
			Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value	Standardized score	P value
Baseline	Placebo	30	41.9 ± 6.8	.949	39.6 ± 8.5	.954	50.1 ± 9.7	.943	41.0 ± 6.1	.990	44.2 ± 7.2	.973
	Low D-BHB	30	42.3 ± 6.4		39.0 ± 11.3		50.5 ± 9.6		40.9 ± 6.8		44.6 ± 9.1
	High D-BHB	30	42.4 ± 6.7		38.9 ± 9.6		49.6 ± 10.5		40.8 ± 5.7		42.7 ± 9.5
0 day	Placebo	29	40.2 ± 5.0	P value*	40.7 ± 4.8	P value*	47.5 ± 8.0	P value*	42.7 ± 6.3	P value*	44.4 ± 6.4	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	42.6 ± 6.2	.201	42.3 ± 8.3	.600	53.3 ± 7.3	.009	43.1 ± 4.9	.952	47.2 ± 6.7	.225
	High D-BHB	30	40.4 ± 6.1	.987	40.8 ± 8.1	.997	51.5 ± 7.3	.087	42.7 ± 5.9	1.000	42.2 ± 7.9	.387
14 days	Placebo	29	44.5 ± 5.5	P value*	45.0 ± 5.2	P value*	48.9 ± 8.2	P value*	47.1 ± 5.2	P value*	49.3 ± 6.2	P value*
	Low D-BHB	30	48.5 ± 6.0	.017	49.1 ± 7.4	.037	54.4 ± 5.5	.005	48.3 ± 5.0	.602	51.4 ± 8.4	.475
	High D-BHB	30	47.9 ± 5.8	.044	48.2 ± 6.8	.122	53.7 ± 6.4	.014	51.0 ± 5.3	.010	50.2 ± 7.7	.862

Data are presented as means ± standard deviations.

P value: ANOVA.

P value*: Dunnett’s test (vs. placebo group).

Abbreviations: D-BHB: d-β-hydroxybutyric acid; OSA-MA: Oguri–Shirakawa–Azumi sleep inventory, middle-aged and aged version.

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