| Cell source . | EVs type . | Isolation protocol . | Cargoes . | Effects . | Mechanisms . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMSC | EVs | Gradient ultracentrifugation | Bgn | Promote osteoblast proliferation, migration, differentiation, and mineralization | PI3K/AKT | 81 |
| M2 Macrophage | Exos | Differential centrifugation | Let-7f-5p | Promote cementoblast mineralization | Downregulation of Ckip-1 by Let-7f-5p activates mitochondrial biogenesis | 118 |
| MSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-612 | Promote ECs migration, proliferation and angiogenesis | miR-612/TP53/HIF-1α | 121 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | BMP2 | Induce osteoinduction and bone regeneration | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 95 |
| DPSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | TUFM, TFEB | Promote ECs proliferation and angiogenesis | The TFEB-induced autophagy-lysosome pathway | 125 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | OPG | Promote PDLSCs proliferation, migration and differentiation; Inhibit osteoclast activity; promote M2 macrophage polarization | OPG/RANKL/RANK | 84 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Differential centrifugation | miR-31-5p | Inhibit osteoclast formation and reduce bone destruction | miR-31-5p/eNOS | 87 |
| GMSC | Exos | Immunoprecipitation, ultracentrifugation | miR-1260b/CD73 | Promote M2 macrophage polarization and enhance wound healing; Promote osteogenesis and inhibit bone loss | Wnt5a/JNK/RANKL | 53 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-1246 | Promote osteogenesis | Upregulation of miR-1246 | 107 |
| SCAP | EVs | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | miR-935 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs; inhibit inflammation and bone resorption | Upregulation of miR-935 | 109 |
| SHED | Exos | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | β-catenin, Wnt3a, BMP2 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | Wnt/β-catenin; BMP/Smad (the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8) | 98 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation,ultrafiltration | miR-424 | Promote bone formation | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 96 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | DPT-C, miR-26a | Promote osteogenesis, proliferation and migration of BMSCs | mTOR pathway/Wnt/autophagy | 91 |
| BMSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | miR-223-3P | Inhibit osteoclast activity and alleviate bone destruction | Target Itgb1 | 64 |
| BMSC, ASC | Exos | Gradient ultracentrifugation | let-7a-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-328a-5p, miR-31a-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs | Targeted Acvr2b/Acvr1 and regulate the balance of Bmpr2/Acvr2b for Bmpr-elicited Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation | 97 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-130a | Promote ECs migration | PTEN/AKT; Wnt/β-catenin NF-κB/AKT | 124 |
| SHED | EVs | Differential centrifugation | Chemotactic Factors (TGF-β1, IGF-1, FGF-2, PDGF-BB) | Promote migration of BMSCs | Chemotactic effect | 129 |
| DPSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-758-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | miR-758-5p/LMBR1/BMP2/4 | 94 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-17-5p | Increase VEGFA and promote tube formation of ECs | Downregulation of miR-17-5p | 122 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-378a | Promote ECs migration, proliferation, tube formation and angiogenesis | miR-378a/Sufu/Hedgehog/Gli1 | 123 |
| Cell source . | EVs type . | Isolation protocol . | Cargoes . | Effects . | Mechanisms . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMSC | EVs | Gradient ultracentrifugation | Bgn | Promote osteoblast proliferation, migration, differentiation, and mineralization | PI3K/AKT | 81 |
| M2 Macrophage | Exos | Differential centrifugation | Let-7f-5p | Promote cementoblast mineralization | Downregulation of Ckip-1 by Let-7f-5p activates mitochondrial biogenesis | 118 |
| MSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-612 | Promote ECs migration, proliferation and angiogenesis | miR-612/TP53/HIF-1α | 121 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | BMP2 | Induce osteoinduction and bone regeneration | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 95 |
| DPSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | TUFM, TFEB | Promote ECs proliferation and angiogenesis | The TFEB-induced autophagy-lysosome pathway | 125 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | OPG | Promote PDLSCs proliferation, migration and differentiation; Inhibit osteoclast activity; promote M2 macrophage polarization | OPG/RANKL/RANK | 84 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Differential centrifugation | miR-31-5p | Inhibit osteoclast formation and reduce bone destruction | miR-31-5p/eNOS | 87 |
| GMSC | Exos | Immunoprecipitation, ultracentrifugation | miR-1260b/CD73 | Promote M2 macrophage polarization and enhance wound healing; Promote osteogenesis and inhibit bone loss | Wnt5a/JNK/RANKL | 53 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-1246 | Promote osteogenesis | Upregulation of miR-1246 | 107 |
| SCAP | EVs | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | miR-935 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs; inhibit inflammation and bone resorption | Upregulation of miR-935 | 109 |
| SHED | Exos | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | β-catenin, Wnt3a, BMP2 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | Wnt/β-catenin; BMP/Smad (the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8) | 98 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation,ultrafiltration | miR-424 | Promote bone formation | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 96 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | DPT-C, miR-26a | Promote osteogenesis, proliferation and migration of BMSCs | mTOR pathway/Wnt/autophagy | 91 |
| BMSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | miR-223-3P | Inhibit osteoclast activity and alleviate bone destruction | Target Itgb1 | 64 |
| BMSC, ASC | Exos | Gradient ultracentrifugation | let-7a-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-328a-5p, miR-31a-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs | Targeted Acvr2b/Acvr1 and regulate the balance of Bmpr2/Acvr2b for Bmpr-elicited Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation | 97 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-130a | Promote ECs migration | PTEN/AKT; Wnt/β-catenin NF-κB/AKT | 124 |
| SHED | EVs | Differential centrifugation | Chemotactic Factors (TGF-β1, IGF-1, FGF-2, PDGF-BB) | Promote migration of BMSCs | Chemotactic effect | 129 |
| DPSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-758-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | miR-758-5p/LMBR1/BMP2/4 | 94 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-17-5p | Increase VEGFA and promote tube formation of ECs | Downregulation of miR-17-5p | 122 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-378a | Promote ECs migration, proliferation, tube formation and angiogenesis | miR-378a/Sufu/Hedgehog/Gli1 | 123 |
Abbreviations: ABs, apoptotic bodies; AKT, protein kinase B; ASC(ADSC), adipose-derived stem cells; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMSC, bone mesenchymal stem cells; DPSC, dental pulp stem cells; ECs, endothelial cells; EVs, extracellular vesicles; Exos, exosomes; GMSC, gingival mesenchymal stem cells; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinaseMSC, mesenchymal stem cells; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PDLSC, periodontal ligament stem cells; PI3K, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; SCAP, stem cells from the apical papilla; SHED, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; TUFM, Tu translation elongation factor; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; Wnt3a, wingless protein 3a.
| Cell source . | EVs type . | Isolation protocol . | Cargoes . | Effects . | Mechanisms . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMSC | EVs | Gradient ultracentrifugation | Bgn | Promote osteoblast proliferation, migration, differentiation, and mineralization | PI3K/AKT | 81 |
| M2 Macrophage | Exos | Differential centrifugation | Let-7f-5p | Promote cementoblast mineralization | Downregulation of Ckip-1 by Let-7f-5p activates mitochondrial biogenesis | 118 |
| MSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-612 | Promote ECs migration, proliferation and angiogenesis | miR-612/TP53/HIF-1α | 121 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | BMP2 | Induce osteoinduction and bone regeneration | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 95 |
| DPSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | TUFM, TFEB | Promote ECs proliferation and angiogenesis | The TFEB-induced autophagy-lysosome pathway | 125 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | OPG | Promote PDLSCs proliferation, migration and differentiation; Inhibit osteoclast activity; promote M2 macrophage polarization | OPG/RANKL/RANK | 84 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Differential centrifugation | miR-31-5p | Inhibit osteoclast formation and reduce bone destruction | miR-31-5p/eNOS | 87 |
| GMSC | Exos | Immunoprecipitation, ultracentrifugation | miR-1260b/CD73 | Promote M2 macrophage polarization and enhance wound healing; Promote osteogenesis and inhibit bone loss | Wnt5a/JNK/RANKL | 53 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-1246 | Promote osteogenesis | Upregulation of miR-1246 | 107 |
| SCAP | EVs | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | miR-935 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs; inhibit inflammation and bone resorption | Upregulation of miR-935 | 109 |
| SHED | Exos | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | β-catenin, Wnt3a, BMP2 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | Wnt/β-catenin; BMP/Smad (the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8) | 98 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation,ultrafiltration | miR-424 | Promote bone formation | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 96 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | DPT-C, miR-26a | Promote osteogenesis, proliferation and migration of BMSCs | mTOR pathway/Wnt/autophagy | 91 |
| BMSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | miR-223-3P | Inhibit osteoclast activity and alleviate bone destruction | Target Itgb1 | 64 |
| BMSC, ASC | Exos | Gradient ultracentrifugation | let-7a-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-328a-5p, miR-31a-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs | Targeted Acvr2b/Acvr1 and regulate the balance of Bmpr2/Acvr2b for Bmpr-elicited Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation | 97 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-130a | Promote ECs migration | PTEN/AKT; Wnt/β-catenin NF-κB/AKT | 124 |
| SHED | EVs | Differential centrifugation | Chemotactic Factors (TGF-β1, IGF-1, FGF-2, PDGF-BB) | Promote migration of BMSCs | Chemotactic effect | 129 |
| DPSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-758-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | miR-758-5p/LMBR1/BMP2/4 | 94 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-17-5p | Increase VEGFA and promote tube formation of ECs | Downregulation of miR-17-5p | 122 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-378a | Promote ECs migration, proliferation, tube formation and angiogenesis | miR-378a/Sufu/Hedgehog/Gli1 | 123 |
| Cell source . | EVs type . | Isolation protocol . | Cargoes . | Effects . | Mechanisms . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMSC | EVs | Gradient ultracentrifugation | Bgn | Promote osteoblast proliferation, migration, differentiation, and mineralization | PI3K/AKT | 81 |
| M2 Macrophage | Exos | Differential centrifugation | Let-7f-5p | Promote cementoblast mineralization | Downregulation of Ckip-1 by Let-7f-5p activates mitochondrial biogenesis | 118 |
| MSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-612 | Promote ECs migration, proliferation and angiogenesis | miR-612/TP53/HIF-1α | 121 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | BMP2 | Induce osteoinduction and bone regeneration | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 95 |
| DPSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | TUFM, TFEB | Promote ECs proliferation and angiogenesis | The TFEB-induced autophagy-lysosome pathway | 125 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation, centrifugation techniques | OPG | Promote PDLSCs proliferation, migration and differentiation; Inhibit osteoclast activity; promote M2 macrophage polarization | OPG/RANKL/RANK | 84 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Differential centrifugation | miR-31-5p | Inhibit osteoclast formation and reduce bone destruction | miR-31-5p/eNOS | 87 |
| GMSC | Exos | Immunoprecipitation, ultracentrifugation | miR-1260b/CD73 | Promote M2 macrophage polarization and enhance wound healing; Promote osteogenesis and inhibit bone loss | Wnt5a/JNK/RANKL | 53 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-1246 | Promote osteogenesis | Upregulation of miR-1246 | 107 |
| SCAP | EVs | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | miR-935 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs; inhibit inflammation and bone resorption | Upregulation of miR-935 | 109 |
| SHED | Exos | Ultracentrifugation, differential centrifugation | β-catenin, Wnt3a, BMP2 | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | Wnt/β-catenin; BMP/Smad (the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8) | 98 |
| BMSC | EVs | Polymer precipitation,ultrafiltration | miR-424 | Promote bone formation | Phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 | 96 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | DPT-C, miR-26a | Promote osteogenesis, proliferation and migration of BMSCs | mTOR pathway/Wnt/autophagy | 91 |
| BMSC | Abs | Differential centrifugation | miR-223-3P | Inhibit osteoclast activity and alleviate bone destruction | Target Itgb1 | 64 |
| BMSC, ASC | Exos | Gradient ultracentrifugation | let-7a-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-328a-5p, miR-31a-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs | Targeted Acvr2b/Acvr1 and regulate the balance of Bmpr2/Acvr2b for Bmpr-elicited Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation | 97 |
| BMSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-130a | Promote ECs migration | PTEN/AKT; Wnt/β-catenin NF-κB/AKT | 124 |
| SHED | EVs | Differential centrifugation | Chemotactic Factors (TGF-β1, IGF-1, FGF-2, PDGF-BB) | Promote migration of BMSCs | Chemotactic effect | 129 |
| DPSC | EVs | Differential centrifugation | miR-758-5p | Promote osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs | miR-758-5p/LMBR1/BMP2/4 | 94 |
| PDLSC | Exos | Ultracentrifugation | miR-17-5p | Increase VEGFA and promote tube formation of ECs | Downregulation of miR-17-5p | 122 |
| DPSC | EVs | Ultracentrifugation | miR-378a | Promote ECs migration, proliferation, tube formation and angiogenesis | miR-378a/Sufu/Hedgehog/Gli1 | 123 |
Abbreviations: ABs, apoptotic bodies; AKT, protein kinase B; ASC(ADSC), adipose-derived stem cells; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMSC, bone mesenchymal stem cells; DPSC, dental pulp stem cells; ECs, endothelial cells; EVs, extracellular vesicles; Exos, exosomes; GMSC, gingival mesenchymal stem cells; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinaseMSC, mesenchymal stem cells; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PDLSC, periodontal ligament stem cells; PI3K, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; SCAP, stem cells from the apical papilla; SHED, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; TUFM, Tu translation elongation factor; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; Wnt3a, wingless protein 3a.
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