Cerebral morphometry showing significant associations with the visit-to-visit glucose variability in SD of HbA1c after adjustment for Model II
| Cerebral region . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| Cortical thickness, mm | |||||
| Inferior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Superior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Caudal middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) | .002 |
| Postcentral gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Pars opercularis (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | .009 |
| Pars opercularis (R) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .007 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | .004 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .003 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .002 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | .001 |
| Cortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Medial orbitofrontal cortex (R) | Ref | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.01) | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.05) | −0.17 (−0.31, −0.03) | <.001 |
| Cortical surface area, mm2 | |||||
| None | — | — | — | — | — |
| Subcortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Pallidum (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.03) | −0.10 (−0.15, −0.04) | <.001 |
| Brain volume, cm3 | |||||
| Total gray matter | Ref | −5.21 (−11.65, 1.23) | −5.94 (−12.37, 0.50) | −6.83 (−13.77, 0.11) | .006 |
| Cerebral region . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| Cortical thickness, mm | |||||
| Inferior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Superior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Caudal middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) | .002 |
| Postcentral gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Pars opercularis (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | .009 |
| Pars opercularis (R) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .007 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | .004 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .003 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .002 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | .001 |
| Cortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Medial orbitofrontal cortex (R) | Ref | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.01) | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.05) | −0.17 (−0.31, −0.03) | <.001 |
| Cortical surface area, mm2 | |||||
| None | — | — | — | — | — |
| Subcortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Pallidum (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.03) | −0.10 (−0.15, −0.04) | <.001 |
| Brain volume, cm3 | |||||
| Total gray matter | Ref | −5.21 (−11.65, 1.23) | −5.94 (−12.37, 0.50) | −6.83 (−13.77, 0.11) | .006 |
Model II adjusted for age, sex, education, intracranial volume, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and hypertension. Abbreviation: HC, healthy control.
Cerebral morphometry showing significant associations with the visit-to-visit glucose variability in SD of HbA1c after adjustment for Model II
| Cerebral region . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| Cortical thickness, mm | |||||
| Inferior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Superior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Caudal middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) | .002 |
| Postcentral gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Pars opercularis (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | .009 |
| Pars opercularis (R) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .007 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | .004 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .003 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .002 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | .001 |
| Cortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Medial orbitofrontal cortex (R) | Ref | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.01) | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.05) | −0.17 (−0.31, −0.03) | <.001 |
| Cortical surface area, mm2 | |||||
| None | — | — | — | — | — |
| Subcortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Pallidum (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.03) | −0.10 (−0.15, −0.04) | <.001 |
| Brain volume, cm3 | |||||
| Total gray matter | Ref | −5.21 (−11.65, 1.23) | −5.94 (−12.37, 0.50) | −6.83 (−13.77, 0.11) | .006 |
| Cerebral region . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| Cortical thickness, mm | |||||
| Inferior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Superior parietal cortex (L) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Caudal middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01) | .002 |
| Postcentral gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Pars opercularis (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | .009 |
| Pars opercularis (R) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .007 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | <.001 |
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) | .004 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .003 |
| Superior frontal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .002 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (L) | Ref | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | .007 |
| Supramarginal gyrus (R) | Ref | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02) | .001 |
| Cortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Medial orbitofrontal cortex (R) | Ref | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.01) | −0.18 (−0.31, −0.05) | −0.17 (−0.31, −0.03) | <.001 |
| Cortical surface area, mm2 | |||||
| None | — | — | — | — | — |
| Subcortical volume, cm3 | |||||
| Pallidum (R) | Ref | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.03) | −0.10 (−0.15, −0.04) | <.001 |
| Brain volume, cm3 | |||||
| Total gray matter | Ref | −5.21 (−11.65, 1.23) | −5.94 (−12.37, 0.50) | −6.83 (−13.77, 0.11) | .006 |
Model II adjusted for age, sex, education, intracranial volume, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and hypertension. Abbreviation: HC, healthy control.
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