Association between glucose variability in HbA1c SD and cognitive tests after adjustment for age, sex, education, and mean HbA1c
| Cognitive tests . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| MMSE | Ref | −0.70 (−1.47, 0.08) | −0.50 (−1.49, 0.48) | −1.68 (−2.89, −0.46) | .014 |
| AVLT (immediate) | Ref | −0.43 (−2.15, 1.29) | 1.01 (−1.27, 3.30) | 1.67 (−1.09, 4.43) | .211 |
| AVLT (5 minutes) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.59, 0.92) | 0.34 (−0.65, 1.34) | 0.94 (−0.25, 2.13) | .203 |
| AVLT (20 minutes) | Ref | −0.28 (−1.04, 0.48) | −0.26 (−1.27, 0.76) | 1.11 (−0.08, 2.31) | .483 |
| TMT-A | Ref | 1.08 (−6.61, 8.76) | 5.23 (−4.78, 15.23) | 10.56 (−1.96, 23.08) | .044 |
| DSST | Ref | −0.20 (−4.23, 3.83) | −0.64 (−5.70, 4.42) | 0.25 (−5.97, 6.47) | .281 |
| DST (forward) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.32, 0.63) | −0.30 (−0.91, 0.30) | 0.60 (−0.13, 1.32) | .667 |
| DST (backward) | Ref | 0.45 (−0.01, 0.91) | 0.36 (−0.20, 0.91) | 0.28 (−0.39, 0.94) | .365 |
| GPT (R) | Ref | 1.51 (−6.79, 9.80) | 3.13 (−7.43, 13.69) | −0.13 (−13.28, 13.01) | .458 |
| GPT (L) | Ref | −4.58 (−12.56, 3.41) | 9.99 (−0.99, 20.96) | −5.09 (−17.89, 7.71) | .700 |
| Cognitive tests . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| MMSE | Ref | −0.70 (−1.47, 0.08) | −0.50 (−1.49, 0.48) | −1.68 (−2.89, −0.46) | .014 |
| AVLT (immediate) | Ref | −0.43 (−2.15, 1.29) | 1.01 (−1.27, 3.30) | 1.67 (−1.09, 4.43) | .211 |
| AVLT (5 minutes) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.59, 0.92) | 0.34 (−0.65, 1.34) | 0.94 (−0.25, 2.13) | .203 |
| AVLT (20 minutes) | Ref | −0.28 (−1.04, 0.48) | −0.26 (−1.27, 0.76) | 1.11 (−0.08, 2.31) | .483 |
| TMT-A | Ref | 1.08 (−6.61, 8.76) | 5.23 (−4.78, 15.23) | 10.56 (−1.96, 23.08) | .044 |
| DSST | Ref | −0.20 (−4.23, 3.83) | −0.64 (−5.70, 4.42) | 0.25 (−5.97, 6.47) | .281 |
| DST (forward) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.32, 0.63) | −0.30 (−0.91, 0.30) | 0.60 (−0.13, 1.32) | .667 |
| DST (backward) | Ref | 0.45 (−0.01, 0.91) | 0.36 (−0.20, 0.91) | 0.28 (−0.39, 0.94) | .365 |
| GPT (R) | Ref | 1.51 (−6.79, 9.80) | 3.13 (−7.43, 13.69) | −0.13 (−13.28, 13.01) | .458 |
| GPT (L) | Ref | −4.58 (−12.56, 3.41) | 9.99 (−0.99, 20.96) | −5.09 (−17.89, 7.71) | .700 |
Boldface data represent P < .05. Abbreviations: AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; DST, Digital Span Test; GPT, Grooved Pegboard Test; HC, healthy control; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Test; TMT-A, Trail Making Test A.
Association between glucose variability in HbA1c SD and cognitive tests after adjustment for age, sex, education, and mean HbA1c
| Cognitive tests . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| MMSE | Ref | −0.70 (−1.47, 0.08) | −0.50 (−1.49, 0.48) | −1.68 (−2.89, −0.46) | .014 |
| AVLT (immediate) | Ref | −0.43 (−2.15, 1.29) | 1.01 (−1.27, 3.30) | 1.67 (−1.09, 4.43) | .211 |
| AVLT (5 minutes) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.59, 0.92) | 0.34 (−0.65, 1.34) | 0.94 (−0.25, 2.13) | .203 |
| AVLT (20 minutes) | Ref | −0.28 (−1.04, 0.48) | −0.26 (−1.27, 0.76) | 1.11 (−0.08, 2.31) | .483 |
| TMT-A | Ref | 1.08 (−6.61, 8.76) | 5.23 (−4.78, 15.23) | 10.56 (−1.96, 23.08) | .044 |
| DSST | Ref | −0.20 (−4.23, 3.83) | −0.64 (−5.70, 4.42) | 0.25 (−5.97, 6.47) | .281 |
| DST (forward) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.32, 0.63) | −0.30 (−0.91, 0.30) | 0.60 (−0.13, 1.32) | .667 |
| DST (backward) | Ref | 0.45 (−0.01, 0.91) | 0.36 (−0.20, 0.91) | 0.28 (−0.39, 0.94) | .365 |
| GPT (R) | Ref | 1.51 (−6.79, 9.80) | 3.13 (−7.43, 13.69) | −0.13 (−13.28, 13.01) | .458 |
| GPT (L) | Ref | −4.58 (−12.56, 3.41) | 9.99 (−0.99, 20.96) | −5.09 (−17.89, 7.71) | .700 |
| Cognitive tests . | HCs . | Tertiles of visit-to-visit variability in HbA1c SD . | Ptrend . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low . | Middle . | High . | |||
| MMSE | Ref | −0.70 (−1.47, 0.08) | −0.50 (−1.49, 0.48) | −1.68 (−2.89, −0.46) | .014 |
| AVLT (immediate) | Ref | −0.43 (−2.15, 1.29) | 1.01 (−1.27, 3.30) | 1.67 (−1.09, 4.43) | .211 |
| AVLT (5 minutes) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.59, 0.92) | 0.34 (−0.65, 1.34) | 0.94 (−0.25, 2.13) | .203 |
| AVLT (20 minutes) | Ref | −0.28 (−1.04, 0.48) | −0.26 (−1.27, 0.76) | 1.11 (−0.08, 2.31) | .483 |
| TMT-A | Ref | 1.08 (−6.61, 8.76) | 5.23 (−4.78, 15.23) | 10.56 (−1.96, 23.08) | .044 |
| DSST | Ref | −0.20 (−4.23, 3.83) | −0.64 (−5.70, 4.42) | 0.25 (−5.97, 6.47) | .281 |
| DST (forward) | Ref | 0.16 (−0.32, 0.63) | −0.30 (−0.91, 0.30) | 0.60 (−0.13, 1.32) | .667 |
| DST (backward) | Ref | 0.45 (−0.01, 0.91) | 0.36 (−0.20, 0.91) | 0.28 (−0.39, 0.94) | .365 |
| GPT (R) | Ref | 1.51 (−6.79, 9.80) | 3.13 (−7.43, 13.69) | −0.13 (−13.28, 13.01) | .458 |
| GPT (L) | Ref | −4.58 (−12.56, 3.41) | 9.99 (−0.99, 20.96) | −5.09 (−17.89, 7.71) | .700 |
Boldface data represent P < .05. Abbreviations: AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; DST, Digital Span Test; GPT, Grooved Pegboard Test; HC, healthy control; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Test; TMT-A, Trail Making Test A.
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