Table 2. Open in new tab Summary...

Variable

Emulated Arm

Missing %

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Mode [Min; Max]

Numeracy (grade five) raw

Initiated

4.75

20.35 (9.11)

19 (14)

18 [1; 45]

Control

6.08

20.06 (9.13)

19 (14)

20 [1; 44]

Total

4.95

20.3 (9.11)

19 (14)

18 [1; 45]

English (grade five) raw

Initiated

20.21

22.52 (10.03)

21 (14)

15 [1; 50]

Control

22.17

22.74 (10.38)

21 (15.5)

14 [1; 49]

Total

20.51

22.56 (10.08)

21 (14)

15 [1; 50]

Reading (grade five) raw

Initiated

8.97

16.64 (6.69)

16 (11)

15 [1; 33]

Control

10.47

16.47 (6.8)

16 (11)

14 [1; 32]

Total

9.2

16.62 (6.7)

16 (11)

15 [1; 33]

Numeracy (grade eight) raw

Initiated

8.69

20.25 (10.16)

18 (15)

16 [1; 56]

Control

11.16

19.48 (10.09)

18 (13)

15 [1; 57]

Total

9.07

20.14 (10.16)

18 (15)

15 [1; 57]

English (grade eight) raw

Initiated

9.61

23.11 (12.32)

21 (20)

10 [1; 56]

Control

11.86

23.03 (12.48)

22 (21)

10 [1; 56]

Total

9.96

23.1 (12.34)

21 (20)

10 [1; 56]

Reading (grade eight) raw

Initiated

9.05

20.29 (8.68)

19 (12)

20 [1; 47]

Control

10.55

19.85 (8.89)

19 (13)

15 [1; 46]

Total

9.28

20.22 (8.72)

19 (13)

15 [1; 47]

Numeracy (grade five) std.

Initiated

4.75

−0.47 (0.99)

−0.58 (1.47)

{−0.67; −1.01} [−2.98; 2.25]

Control

6.08

−0.5 (0.99)

−0.63 (1.48)

−1.4 [−2.93; 2.25]

Total

4.95

−0.47 (0.99)

−0.58 (1.47)

−1.4 [−2.98; 2.25]

English (grade five) std.

Initiated

20.21

−0.4 (1.01)

−0.55 (1.51)

{−1.19;−1.04} [−3.07; 2.08]

Control

22.17

−0.38 (1.05)

−0.52 (1.54)

−0.49 [−3.34; 2.22]

Total

20.51

−0.4 (1.02)

−0.55 (1.51)

−1.19 [−3.34; 2.22]

Reading (grade five) std.

Initiated

8.97

−0.46 (1.03)

−0.48 (1.64)

−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]

Control

10.47

−0.49 (1.05)

−0.62 (1.64)

{−1.13; −0.93; 0.2} [−3.1; 1.92]

Total

9.2

−0.46 (1.03)

−0.52 (1.64)

−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]

Numeracy (grade eight) std.

Initiated

8.69

−0.58 (0.94)

−0.74 (1.34)

−1.24 [−2.51; 2.43]

Control

11.16

−0.66 (0.92)

−0.83 (1.32)

{−1.57; −0.33} [−2.46; 2.4]

Total

9.07

−0.59 (0.94)

−0.75 (1.33)

{−1.24; −0.81} [−2.51; 2.43]

English (grade eight) std.

Initiated

9.61

−0.41 (1.02)

−0.56 (1.68)

−1.59 [−2.35; 2.18]

Control

11.86

−0.43 (1.04)

−0.57 (1.73)

−1.49 [−2.34; 2.02]

Total

9.96

−0.41 (1.03)

−0.56 (1.69)

{−1.59; −1.49} [−2.35; 2.18]

Reading (grade eight) std.

Initiated

9.05

−0.61 (0.96)

−0.7 (1.41)

−1 [−3.05; 2.16]

Control

10.55

−0.67 (0.98)

−0.77 (1.48)

−1.32 [−2.98; 1.82]

Total

9.28

−0.62 (0.97)

−0.7 (1.42)

−1 [−3.05; 2.16]

Age at grade five national test

Initiated

–

10.2 (0.29)

10.17 (0.5)

10.58 [9.08; 11.67]

Control

–

10.21 (0.3)

10.17 (0.42)

10.58 [9.66; 11.67]

Total

–

10.2 (0.29)

10.17 (0.5)

10.58 [9.08; 11.67]

Mother's age at birth

Initiated

–

27.78 (5.38)

28 (8)

28 [15; 48]

Control

–

28.1 (5.54)

28 (8)

28 [16; 45]

Total

–

27.83 (5.41)

28 (8)

28 [15; 48]

Visits learning problems

Initiated

–

2.15 (7.98)

0 (0)

0 [0; 157]

Control

–

2.4 (9.18)

0 (0)

0 [0; 153]

Total

–

2.19 (8.18)

0 (0)

0 [0; 157]

Visits sleeping disorders

Initiated

–

0.23 (1.86)

0 (0)

0 [0; 53]

Control

–

0.22 (1.83)

0 (0)

0 [0; 44]

Total

–

0.23 (1.86)

0 (0)

0 [0; 53]

Estimated medicated days

Initiated

–

622.18 (162.86)

700 (123)

731 [1; 1096]

Control

–

90.76 (171.37)

0 (92.5)

0 [0; 639]

Total

–

540.56 (252.34)

685 (280)

0 [0; 1096]

Estimated number of blocks

Initiated

–

1.31 (0.64)

1 (0)

1 [1; 9]

Control

–

0.41 (0.67)

0 (1)

0 [0; 3]

Total

–

1.18 (0.72)

1 (0)

1 [0; 9]

Variable

Emulated Arm

Missing %

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Mode [Min; Max]

Numeracy (grade five) raw

Initiated

4.75

20.35 (9.11)

19 (14)

18 [1; 45]

Control

6.08

20.06 (9.13)

19 (14)

20 [1; 44]

Total

4.95

20.3 (9.11)

19 (14)

18 [1; 45]

English (grade five) raw

Initiated

20.21

22.52 (10.03)

21 (14)

15 [1; 50]

Control

22.17

22.74 (10.38)

21 (15.5)

14 [1; 49]

Total

20.51

22.56 (10.08)

21 (14)

15 [1; 50]

Reading (grade five) raw

Initiated

8.97

16.64 (6.69)

16 (11)

15 [1; 33]

Control

10.47

16.47 (6.8)

16 (11)

14 [1; 32]

Total

9.2

16.62 (6.7)

16 (11)

15 [1; 33]

Numeracy (grade eight) raw

Initiated

8.69

20.25 (10.16)

18 (15)

16 [1; 56]

Control

11.16

19.48 (10.09)

18 (13)

15 [1; 57]

Total

9.07

20.14 (10.16)

18 (15)

15 [1; 57]

English (grade eight) raw

Initiated

9.61

23.11 (12.32)

21 (20)

10 [1; 56]

Control

11.86

23.03 (12.48)

22 (21)

10 [1; 56]

Total

9.96

23.1 (12.34)

21 (20)

10 [1; 56]

Reading (grade eight) raw

Initiated

9.05

20.29 (8.68)

19 (12)

20 [1; 47]

Control

10.55

19.85 (8.89)

19 (13)

15 [1; 46]

Total

9.28

20.22 (8.72)

19 (13)

15 [1; 47]

Numeracy (grade five) std.

Initiated

4.75

−0.47 (0.99)

−0.58 (1.47)

{−0.67; −1.01} [−2.98; 2.25]

Control

6.08

−0.5 (0.99)

−0.63 (1.48)

−1.4 [−2.93; 2.25]

Total

4.95

−0.47 (0.99)

−0.58 (1.47)

−1.4 [−2.98; 2.25]

English (grade five) std.

Initiated

20.21

−0.4 (1.01)

−0.55 (1.51)

{−1.19;−1.04} [−3.07; 2.08]

Control

22.17

−0.38 (1.05)

−0.52 (1.54)

−0.49 [−3.34; 2.22]

Total

20.51

−0.4 (1.02)

−0.55 (1.51)

−1.19 [−3.34; 2.22]

Reading (grade five) std.

Initiated

8.97

−0.46 (1.03)

−0.48 (1.64)

−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]

Control

10.47

−0.49 (1.05)

−0.62 (1.64)

{−1.13; −0.93; 0.2} [−3.1; 1.92]

Total

9.2

−0.46 (1.03)

−0.52 (1.64)

−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]

Numeracy (grade eight) std.

Initiated

8.69

−0.58 (0.94)

−0.74 (1.34)

−1.24 [−2.51; 2.43]

Control

11.16

−0.66 (0.92)

−0.83 (1.32)

{−1.57; −0.33} [−2.46; 2.4]

Total

9.07

−0.59 (0.94)

−0.75 (1.33)

{−1.24; −0.81} [−2.51; 2.43]

English (grade eight) std.

Initiated

9.61

−0.41 (1.02)

−0.56 (1.68)

−1.59 [−2.35; 2.18]

Control

11.86

−0.43 (1.04)

−0.57 (1.73)

−1.49 [−2.34; 2.02]

Total

9.96

−0.41 (1.03)

−0.56 (1.69)

{−1.59; −1.49} [−2.35; 2.18]

Reading (grade eight) std.

Initiated

9.05

−0.61 (0.96)

−0.7 (1.41)

−1 [−3.05; 2.16]

Control

10.55

−0.67 (0.98)

−0.77 (1.48)

−1.32 [−2.98; 1.82]

Total

9.28

−0.62 (0.97)

−0.7 (1.42)

−1 [−3.05; 2.16]

Age at grade five national test

Initiated

–

10.2 (0.29)

10.17 (0.5)

10.58 [9.08; 11.67]

Control

–

10.21 (0.3)

10.17 (0.42)

10.58 [9.66; 11.67]

Total

–

10.2 (0.29)

10.17 (0.5)

10.58 [9.08; 11.67]

Mother's age at birth

Initiated

–

27.78 (5.38)

28 (8)

28 [15; 48]

Control

–

28.1 (5.54)

28 (8)

28 [16; 45]

Total

–

27.83 (5.41)

28 (8)

28 [15; 48]

Visits learning problems

Initiated

–

2.15 (7.98)

0 (0)

0 [0; 157]

Control

–

2.4 (9.18)

0 (0)

0 [0; 153]

Total

–

2.19 (8.18)

0 (0)

0 [0; 157]

Visits sleeping disorders

Initiated

–

0.23 (1.86)

0 (0)

0 [0; 53]

Control

–

0.22 (1.83)

0 (0)

0 [0; 44]

Total

–

0.23 (1.86)

0 (0)

0 [0; 53]

Estimated medicated days

Initiated

–

622.18 (162.86)

700 (123)

731 [1; 1096]

Control

–

90.76 (171.37)

0 (92.5)

0 [0; 639]

Total

–

540.56 (252.34)

685 (280)

0 [0; 1096]

Estimated number of blocks

Initiated

–

1.31 (0.64)

1 (0)

1 [1; 9]

Control

–

0.41 (0.67)

0 (1)

0 [0; 3]

Total

–

1.18 (0.72)

1 (0)

1 [0; 9]

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Summary statistics of demographic, clinical, and academic continuous variables in the washout analytic sample (n = 8458) stratified by emulated treatment arm

Variable	Emulated Arm	Missing %	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	Mode [Min; Max]
Numeracy (grade five) raw	Initiated	4.75	20.35 (9.11)	19 (14)	18 [1; 45]
	Control	6.08	20.06 (9.13)	19 (14)	20 [1; 44]
	Total	4.95	20.3 (9.11)	19 (14)	18 [1; 45]
English (grade five) raw	Initiated	20.21	22.52 (10.03)	21 (14)	15 [1; 50]
	Control	22.17	22.74 (10.38)	21 (15.5)	14 [1; 49]
	Total	20.51	22.56 (10.08)	21 (14)	15 [1; 50]
Reading (grade five) raw	Initiated	8.97	16.64 (6.69)	16 (11)	15 [1; 33]
	Control	10.47	16.47 (6.8)	16 (11)	14 [1; 32]
	Total	9.2	16.62 (6.7)	16 (11)	15 [1; 33]
Numeracy (grade eight) raw	Initiated	8.69	20.25 (10.16)	18 (15)	16 [1; 56]
	Control	11.16	19.48 (10.09)	18 (13)	15 [1; 57]
	Total	9.07	20.14 (10.16)	18 (15)	15 [1; 57]
English (grade eight) raw	Initiated	9.61	23.11 (12.32)	21 (20)	10 [1; 56]
	Control	11.86	23.03 (12.48)	22 (21)	10 [1; 56]
	Total	9.96	23.1 (12.34)	21 (20)	10 [1; 56]
Reading (grade eight) raw	Initiated	9.05	20.29 (8.68)	19 (12)	20 [1; 47]
	Control	10.55	19.85 (8.89)	19 (13)	15 [1; 46]
	Total	9.28	20.22 (8.72)	19 (13)	15 [1; 47]
Numeracy (grade five) std.	Initiated	4.75	−0.47 (0.99)	−0.58 (1.47)	{−0.67; −1.01} [−2.98; 2.25]
	Control	6.08	−0.5 (0.99)	−0.63 (1.48)	−1.4 [−2.93; 2.25]
	Total	4.95	−0.47 (0.99)	−0.58 (1.47)	−1.4 [−2.98; 2.25]
English (grade five) std.	Initiated	20.21	−0.4 (1.01)	−0.55 (1.51)	{−1.19;−1.04} [−3.07; 2.08]
	Control	22.17	−0.38 (1.05)	−0.52 (1.54)	−0.49 [−3.34; 2.22]
	Total	20.51	−0.4 (1.02)	−0.55 (1.51)	−1.19 [−3.34; 2.22]
Reading (grade five) std.	Initiated	8.97	−0.46 (1.03)	−0.48 (1.64)	−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]
	Control	10.47	−0.49 (1.05)	−0.62 (1.64)	{−1.13; −0.93; 0.2} [−3.1; 1.92]
	Total	9.2	−0.46 (1.03)	−0.52 (1.64)	−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]
Numeracy (grade eight) std.	Initiated	8.69	−0.58 (0.94)	−0.74 (1.34)	−1.24 [−2.51; 2.43]
	Control	11.16	−0.66 (0.92)	−0.83 (1.32)	{−1.57; −0.33} [−2.46; 2.4]
	Total	9.07	−0.59 (0.94)	−0.75 (1.33)	{−1.24; −0.81} [−2.51; 2.43]
English (grade eight) std.	Initiated	9.61	−0.41 (1.02)	−0.56 (1.68)	−1.59 [−2.35; 2.18]
	Control	11.86	−0.43 (1.04)	−0.57 (1.73)	−1.49 [−2.34; 2.02]
	Total	9.96	−0.41 (1.03)	−0.56 (1.69)	{−1.59; −1.49} [−2.35; 2.18]
Reading (grade eight) std.	Initiated	9.05	−0.61 (0.96)	−0.7 (1.41)	−1 [−3.05; 2.16]
	Control	10.55	−0.67 (0.98)	−0.77 (1.48)	−1.32 [−2.98; 1.82]
	Total	9.28	−0.62 (0.97)	−0.7 (1.42)	−1 [−3.05; 2.16]
Age at grade five national test	Initiated	–	10.2 (0.29)	10.17 (0.5)	10.58 [9.08; 11.67]
	Control	–	10.21 (0.3)	10.17 (0.42)	10.58 [9.66; 11.67]
	Total	–	10.2 (0.29)	10.17 (0.5)	10.58 [9.08; 11.67]
Mother's age at birth	Initiated	–	27.78 (5.38)	28 (8)	28 [15; 48]
	Control	–	28.1 (5.54)	28 (8)	28 [16; 45]
	Total	–	27.83 (5.41)	28 (8)	28 [15; 48]
Visits learning problems	Initiated	–	2.15 (7.98)	0 (0)	0 [0; 157]
	Control	–	2.4 (9.18)	0 (0)	0 [0; 153]
	Total	–	2.19 (8.18)	0 (0)	0 [0; 157]
Visits sleeping disorders	Initiated	–	0.23 (1.86)	0 (0)	0 [0; 53]
	Control	–	0.22 (1.83)	0 (0)	0 [0; 44]
	Total	–	0.23 (1.86)	0 (0)	0 [0; 53]
Estimated medicated days	Initiated	–	622.18 (162.86)	700 (123)	731 [1; 1096]
	Control	–	90.76 (171.37)	0 (92.5)	0 [0; 639]
	Total	–	540.56 (252.34)	685 (280)	0 [0; 1096]
Estimated number of blocks	Initiated	–	1.31 (0.64)	1 (0)	1 [1; 9]
	Control	–	0.41 (0.67)	0 (1)	0 [0; 3]
	Total	–	1.18 (0.72)	1 (0)	1 [0; 9]

Variable	Emulated Arm	Missing %	Mean (SD)	Median (IQR)	Mode [Min; Max]
Numeracy (grade five) raw	Initiated	4.75	20.35 (9.11)	19 (14)	18 [1; 45]
	Control	6.08	20.06 (9.13)	19 (14)	20 [1; 44]
	Total	4.95	20.3 (9.11)	19 (14)	18 [1; 45]
English (grade five) raw	Initiated	20.21	22.52 (10.03)	21 (14)	15 [1; 50]
	Control	22.17	22.74 (10.38)	21 (15.5)	14 [1; 49]
	Total	20.51	22.56 (10.08)	21 (14)	15 [1; 50]
Reading (grade five) raw	Initiated	8.97	16.64 (6.69)	16 (11)	15 [1; 33]
	Control	10.47	16.47 (6.8)	16 (11)	14 [1; 32]
	Total	9.2	16.62 (6.7)	16 (11)	15 [1; 33]
Numeracy (grade eight) raw	Initiated	8.69	20.25 (10.16)	18 (15)	16 [1; 56]
	Control	11.16	19.48 (10.09)	18 (13)	15 [1; 57]
	Total	9.07	20.14 (10.16)	18 (15)	15 [1; 57]
English (grade eight) raw	Initiated	9.61	23.11 (12.32)	21 (20)	10 [1; 56]
	Control	11.86	23.03 (12.48)	22 (21)	10 [1; 56]
	Total	9.96	23.1 (12.34)	21 (20)	10 [1; 56]
Reading (grade eight) raw	Initiated	9.05	20.29 (8.68)	19 (12)	20 [1; 47]
	Control	10.55	19.85 (8.89)	19 (13)	15 [1; 46]
	Total	9.28	20.22 (8.72)	19 (13)	15 [1; 47]
Numeracy (grade five) std.	Initiated	4.75	−0.47 (0.99)	−0.58 (1.47)	{−0.67; −1.01} [−2.98; 2.25]
	Control	6.08	−0.5 (0.99)	−0.63 (1.48)	−1.4 [−2.93; 2.25]
	Total	4.95	−0.47 (0.99)	−0.58 (1.47)	−1.4 [−2.98; 2.25]
English (grade five) std.	Initiated	20.21	−0.4 (1.01)	−0.55 (1.51)	{−1.19;−1.04} [−3.07; 2.08]
	Control	22.17	−0.38 (1.05)	−0.52 (1.54)	−0.49 [−3.34; 2.22]
	Total	20.51	−0.4 (1.02)	−0.55 (1.51)	−1.19 [−3.34; 2.22]
Reading (grade five) std.	Initiated	8.97	−0.46 (1.03)	−0.48 (1.64)	−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]
	Control	10.47	−0.49 (1.05)	−0.62 (1.64)	{−1.13; −0.93; 0.2} [−3.1; 1.92]
	Total	9.2	−0.46 (1.03)	−0.52 (1.64)	−0.78 [−3.27; 2.06]
Numeracy (grade eight) std.	Initiated	8.69	−0.58 (0.94)	−0.74 (1.34)	−1.24 [−2.51; 2.43]
	Control	11.16	−0.66 (0.92)	−0.83 (1.32)	{−1.57; −0.33} [−2.46; 2.4]
	Total	9.07	−0.59 (0.94)	−0.75 (1.33)	{−1.24; −0.81} [−2.51; 2.43]
English (grade eight) std.	Initiated	9.61	−0.41 (1.02)	−0.56 (1.68)	−1.59 [−2.35; 2.18]
	Control	11.86	−0.43 (1.04)	−0.57 (1.73)	−1.49 [−2.34; 2.02]
	Total	9.96	−0.41 (1.03)	−0.56 (1.69)	{−1.59; −1.49} [−2.35; 2.18]
Reading (grade eight) std.	Initiated	9.05	−0.61 (0.96)	−0.7 (1.41)	−1 [−3.05; 2.16]
	Control	10.55	−0.67 (0.98)	−0.77 (1.48)	−1.32 [−2.98; 1.82]
	Total	9.28	−0.62 (0.97)	−0.7 (1.42)	−1 [−3.05; 2.16]
Age at grade five national test	Initiated	–	10.2 (0.29)	10.17 (0.5)	10.58 [9.08; 11.67]
	Control	–	10.21 (0.3)	10.17 (0.42)	10.58 [9.66; 11.67]
	Total	–	10.2 (0.29)	10.17 (0.5)	10.58 [9.08; 11.67]
Mother's age at birth	Initiated	–	27.78 (5.38)	28 (8)	28 [15; 48]
	Control	–	28.1 (5.54)	28 (8)	28 [16; 45]
	Total	–	27.83 (5.41)	28 (8)	28 [15; 48]
Visits learning problems	Initiated	–	2.15 (7.98)	0 (0)	0 [0; 157]
	Control	–	2.4 (9.18)	0 (0)	0 [0; 153]
	Total	–	2.19 (8.18)	0 (0)	0 [0; 157]
Visits sleeping disorders	Initiated	–	0.23 (1.86)	0 (0)	0 [0; 53]
	Control	–	0.22 (1.83)	0 (0)	0 [0; 44]
	Total	–	0.23 (1.86)	0 (0)	0 [0; 53]
Estimated medicated days	Initiated	–	622.18 (162.86)	700 (123)	731 [1; 1096]
	Control	–	90.76 (171.37)	0 (92.5)	0 [0; 639]
	Total	–	540.56 (252.34)	685 (280)	0 [0; 1096]
Estimated number of blocks	Initiated	–	1.31 (0.64)	1 (0)	1 [1; 9]
	Control	–	0.41 (0.67)	0 (1)	0 [0; 3]
	Total	–	1.18 (0.72)	1 (0)	1 [0; 9]

IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.

‘Initiated’ refers to having been dispensed to their name an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication from a pharmacy in a grace period between 365 and 455 days after their grade five national test. ‘Control’ refers to not having been dispensed any attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication from a pharmacy during the same grace period.

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