| Group . | PAP N = 48 . | PAP per protocol N = 33 . | Control N = 46 . | Control per protocol N = 41 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.0 (10.4) | 64.0 (11.1) | 68.8 (10.4) | 69.1 (10.2) |
| Sex male, n (%) | 37 (77) | 23 (70) | 28 (61) | 25 (61) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.8 (5.5) | 28.8 (4.6) | 28.9 (4.7) |
| Level of education | ||||
| No high school diploma, n (%) | 5 (10.4) | 4 (12.1) | 3 (6.5) | 2 (4.9) |
| High school diploma, n (%) | 9 (18.8) | 6 (18.2) | 9 (19.6) | 6 (14.6) |
| Technical degree, n (%) | 8 (16.7) | 4 (12.1) | 7 (15.2) | 6 (14.6) |
| Bachelor’s degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 9 (27.3) | 18 (39.1) | 18 (43.9) |
| Post-graduate degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 10 (30.3) | 9 (19.6) | 9 (22) |
| Living with partner, n (%) | 35 (72.9) | 24 (72.7) | 26 (56.5) | 22 (53.7) |
| Currently smoking, n (%) | 4 (8.3) | 2 (6.1) | 4 (8.7) | 4 (9.8) |
| Smoking history (pack-years) | 8 (15.9) | 7.3 (16.9) | 8.9 (17.1) | 9.4 (18) |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/week) | 2.6 (4.7) | 2.3 (3.9) | 3.2 (6.2) | 3.4 (6.5) |
| Age at PD diagnosis (years) | 59.5 (9.9) | 58.3 (10.3) | 62.0 (12.9) | 62.3 (13.1) |
| LED (mg) | 673.1 (393.2) | 666.3 (373.2) | 702.1 (428.5) | 690.8 (448.4) |
| RBD definite*, n (%) | 8 (17) | 5 (15) | 7 (15) | 7 (17) |
| RBD probable†, n (%) | 22 (46) | 14 (42) | 28 (57) | 24 (59) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 11 (24) | 10 (24) |
| Diabetes | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 5 (11) | 4 (10) |
| Dyslipidemia | 6 (13) | 6 (18) | 8 (17) | 7 (17) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (9) | 4 (10) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 2 (5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 3 (7) |
| COPD | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Hypothyroidism | 2 (4) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Polysomnography results | ||||
| TST (minute) | 319.0 (67.4) | 319.2 (67.1) | 305.7 (66.5) | 308.2 (66.2) |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 71.8 (15.1) | 72.0 (16.0) | 69.1 (14.3) | 69.4 (13.9) |
| % N1 stage | 27.2 (15.3) | 25.8 (14.1) | 28.7 (14.3) | 28.3 (13.4) |
| % N2 stage | 50.5 (14.0) | 49.4 (13.6) | 53.2 (13.5) | 54.0 (12.6) |
| % N3 stage | 12.2 (13.6) | 13.8 (15.0) | 9.4 (11.3) | 10.0 (11.7) |
| % R stage | 10.1 (7.5) | 11.0 (7.9) | 10.2 (7.5) | 9.5 (6.8) |
| WASO (minute) | 113.9 (73.9) | 112.6 (79.9) | 120.3 (68.3) | 119.9 (65.5) |
| Total arousal index | 56.6 (20.3) | 54.0 (17.4) | 59.1 (25.7) | 57.8 (22.4) |
| Respiratory arousal index | 48.2 (21.8) | 46.7 (18.8) | 49.7 (23.0) | 49.1 (20.9) |
| Spontaneous arousal index | 10.8 (7.2) | 9.9 (6.4) | 11.4 (7.1) | 10.8 (7.0) |
| PLM arousal index | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.6 (1.5) | 1.1 (4.4) | 0.7 (3.6) |
| PLM sleep index | 8.4 (17.4) | 8.3 (19.2) | 3.2 (8.1) | 2.8 (7.4) |
| AHI | 35.1 (20.3) | 34.4 (18.6) | 35.4 (24.8) | 35.8 (24.5) |
| RDI | 47.4 (20.1) | 46.7 (18.2) | 48.6 (20.1) | 48.8 (20.2) |
| ODI | 8.9 (7.4) | 9.5 (8.4) | 12.7 (14.9) | 13.2 (15.4) |
| T90% | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 2.1 (4.1) | 2.3 (4.3) |
| Group . | PAP N = 48 . | PAP per protocol N = 33 . | Control N = 46 . | Control per protocol N = 41 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.0 (10.4) | 64.0 (11.1) | 68.8 (10.4) | 69.1 (10.2) |
| Sex male, n (%) | 37 (77) | 23 (70) | 28 (61) | 25 (61) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.8 (5.5) | 28.8 (4.6) | 28.9 (4.7) |
| Level of education | ||||
| No high school diploma, n (%) | 5 (10.4) | 4 (12.1) | 3 (6.5) | 2 (4.9) |
| High school diploma, n (%) | 9 (18.8) | 6 (18.2) | 9 (19.6) | 6 (14.6) |
| Technical degree, n (%) | 8 (16.7) | 4 (12.1) | 7 (15.2) | 6 (14.6) |
| Bachelor’s degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 9 (27.3) | 18 (39.1) | 18 (43.9) |
| Post-graduate degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 10 (30.3) | 9 (19.6) | 9 (22) |
| Living with partner, n (%) | 35 (72.9) | 24 (72.7) | 26 (56.5) | 22 (53.7) |
| Currently smoking, n (%) | 4 (8.3) | 2 (6.1) | 4 (8.7) | 4 (9.8) |
| Smoking history (pack-years) | 8 (15.9) | 7.3 (16.9) | 8.9 (17.1) | 9.4 (18) |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/week) | 2.6 (4.7) | 2.3 (3.9) | 3.2 (6.2) | 3.4 (6.5) |
| Age at PD diagnosis (years) | 59.5 (9.9) | 58.3 (10.3) | 62.0 (12.9) | 62.3 (13.1) |
| LED (mg) | 673.1 (393.2) | 666.3 (373.2) | 702.1 (428.5) | 690.8 (448.4) |
| RBD definite*, n (%) | 8 (17) | 5 (15) | 7 (15) | 7 (17) |
| RBD probable†, n (%) | 22 (46) | 14 (42) | 28 (57) | 24 (59) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 11 (24) | 10 (24) |
| Diabetes | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 5 (11) | 4 (10) |
| Dyslipidemia | 6 (13) | 6 (18) | 8 (17) | 7 (17) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (9) | 4 (10) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 2 (5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 3 (7) |
| COPD | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Hypothyroidism | 2 (4) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Polysomnography results | ||||
| TST (minute) | 319.0 (67.4) | 319.2 (67.1) | 305.7 (66.5) | 308.2 (66.2) |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 71.8 (15.1) | 72.0 (16.0) | 69.1 (14.3) | 69.4 (13.9) |
| % N1 stage | 27.2 (15.3) | 25.8 (14.1) | 28.7 (14.3) | 28.3 (13.4) |
| % N2 stage | 50.5 (14.0) | 49.4 (13.6) | 53.2 (13.5) | 54.0 (12.6) |
| % N3 stage | 12.2 (13.6) | 13.8 (15.0) | 9.4 (11.3) | 10.0 (11.7) |
| % R stage | 10.1 (7.5) | 11.0 (7.9) | 10.2 (7.5) | 9.5 (6.8) |
| WASO (minute) | 113.9 (73.9) | 112.6 (79.9) | 120.3 (68.3) | 119.9 (65.5) |
| Total arousal index | 56.6 (20.3) | 54.0 (17.4) | 59.1 (25.7) | 57.8 (22.4) |
| Respiratory arousal index | 48.2 (21.8) | 46.7 (18.8) | 49.7 (23.0) | 49.1 (20.9) |
| Spontaneous arousal index | 10.8 (7.2) | 9.9 (6.4) | 11.4 (7.1) | 10.8 (7.0) |
| PLM arousal index | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.6 (1.5) | 1.1 (4.4) | 0.7 (3.6) |
| PLM sleep index | 8.4 (17.4) | 8.3 (19.2) | 3.2 (8.1) | 2.8 (7.4) |
| AHI | 35.1 (20.3) | 34.4 (18.6) | 35.4 (24.8) | 35.8 (24.5) |
| RDI | 47.4 (20.1) | 46.7 (18.2) | 48.6 (20.1) | 48.8 (20.2) |
| ODI | 8.9 (7.4) | 9.5 (8.4) | 12.7 (14.9) | 13.2 (15.4) |
| T90% | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 2.1 (4.1) | 2.3 (4.3) |
*RBD: questionnaire positive and PSG evidence.
†Not including definite.
Data as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified. Abbreviations: TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset; PLM, periodic leg movements; AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; RDI, respiratory disturbance index; ODI, oxygen desaturation index; T90%, time with oxygen saturation below 90%; LED, levodopa equivalent daily dose.
| Group . | PAP N = 48 . | PAP per protocol N = 33 . | Control N = 46 . | Control per protocol N = 41 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.0 (10.4) | 64.0 (11.1) | 68.8 (10.4) | 69.1 (10.2) |
| Sex male, n (%) | 37 (77) | 23 (70) | 28 (61) | 25 (61) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.8 (5.5) | 28.8 (4.6) | 28.9 (4.7) |
| Level of education | ||||
| No high school diploma, n (%) | 5 (10.4) | 4 (12.1) | 3 (6.5) | 2 (4.9) |
| High school diploma, n (%) | 9 (18.8) | 6 (18.2) | 9 (19.6) | 6 (14.6) |
| Technical degree, n (%) | 8 (16.7) | 4 (12.1) | 7 (15.2) | 6 (14.6) |
| Bachelor’s degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 9 (27.3) | 18 (39.1) | 18 (43.9) |
| Post-graduate degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 10 (30.3) | 9 (19.6) | 9 (22) |
| Living with partner, n (%) | 35 (72.9) | 24 (72.7) | 26 (56.5) | 22 (53.7) |
| Currently smoking, n (%) | 4 (8.3) | 2 (6.1) | 4 (8.7) | 4 (9.8) |
| Smoking history (pack-years) | 8 (15.9) | 7.3 (16.9) | 8.9 (17.1) | 9.4 (18) |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/week) | 2.6 (4.7) | 2.3 (3.9) | 3.2 (6.2) | 3.4 (6.5) |
| Age at PD diagnosis (years) | 59.5 (9.9) | 58.3 (10.3) | 62.0 (12.9) | 62.3 (13.1) |
| LED (mg) | 673.1 (393.2) | 666.3 (373.2) | 702.1 (428.5) | 690.8 (448.4) |
| RBD definite*, n (%) | 8 (17) | 5 (15) | 7 (15) | 7 (17) |
| RBD probable†, n (%) | 22 (46) | 14 (42) | 28 (57) | 24 (59) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 11 (24) | 10 (24) |
| Diabetes | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 5 (11) | 4 (10) |
| Dyslipidemia | 6 (13) | 6 (18) | 8 (17) | 7 (17) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (9) | 4 (10) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 2 (5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 3 (7) |
| COPD | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Hypothyroidism | 2 (4) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Polysomnography results | ||||
| TST (minute) | 319.0 (67.4) | 319.2 (67.1) | 305.7 (66.5) | 308.2 (66.2) |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 71.8 (15.1) | 72.0 (16.0) | 69.1 (14.3) | 69.4 (13.9) |
| % N1 stage | 27.2 (15.3) | 25.8 (14.1) | 28.7 (14.3) | 28.3 (13.4) |
| % N2 stage | 50.5 (14.0) | 49.4 (13.6) | 53.2 (13.5) | 54.0 (12.6) |
| % N3 stage | 12.2 (13.6) | 13.8 (15.0) | 9.4 (11.3) | 10.0 (11.7) |
| % R stage | 10.1 (7.5) | 11.0 (7.9) | 10.2 (7.5) | 9.5 (6.8) |
| WASO (minute) | 113.9 (73.9) | 112.6 (79.9) | 120.3 (68.3) | 119.9 (65.5) |
| Total arousal index | 56.6 (20.3) | 54.0 (17.4) | 59.1 (25.7) | 57.8 (22.4) |
| Respiratory arousal index | 48.2 (21.8) | 46.7 (18.8) | 49.7 (23.0) | 49.1 (20.9) |
| Spontaneous arousal index | 10.8 (7.2) | 9.9 (6.4) | 11.4 (7.1) | 10.8 (7.0) |
| PLM arousal index | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.6 (1.5) | 1.1 (4.4) | 0.7 (3.6) |
| PLM sleep index | 8.4 (17.4) | 8.3 (19.2) | 3.2 (8.1) | 2.8 (7.4) |
| AHI | 35.1 (20.3) | 34.4 (18.6) | 35.4 (24.8) | 35.8 (24.5) |
| RDI | 47.4 (20.1) | 46.7 (18.2) | 48.6 (20.1) | 48.8 (20.2) |
| ODI | 8.9 (7.4) | 9.5 (8.4) | 12.7 (14.9) | 13.2 (15.4) |
| T90% | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 2.1 (4.1) | 2.3 (4.3) |
| Group . | PAP N = 48 . | PAP per protocol N = 33 . | Control N = 46 . | Control per protocol N = 41 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.0 (10.4) | 64.0 (11.1) | 68.8 (10.4) | 69.1 (10.2) |
| Sex male, n (%) | 37 (77) | 23 (70) | 28 (61) | 25 (61) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.8 (5.5) | 28.8 (4.6) | 28.9 (4.7) |
| Level of education | ||||
| No high school diploma, n (%) | 5 (10.4) | 4 (12.1) | 3 (6.5) | 2 (4.9) |
| High school diploma, n (%) | 9 (18.8) | 6 (18.2) | 9 (19.6) | 6 (14.6) |
| Technical degree, n (%) | 8 (16.7) | 4 (12.1) | 7 (15.2) | 6 (14.6) |
| Bachelor’s degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 9 (27.3) | 18 (39.1) | 18 (43.9) |
| Post-graduate degree, n (%) | 13 (27.1) | 10 (30.3) | 9 (19.6) | 9 (22) |
| Living with partner, n (%) | 35 (72.9) | 24 (72.7) | 26 (56.5) | 22 (53.7) |
| Currently smoking, n (%) | 4 (8.3) | 2 (6.1) | 4 (8.7) | 4 (9.8) |
| Smoking history (pack-years) | 8 (15.9) | 7.3 (16.9) | 8.9 (17.1) | 9.4 (18) |
| Alcohol consumption (drinks/week) | 2.6 (4.7) | 2.3 (3.9) | 3.2 (6.2) | 3.4 (6.5) |
| Age at PD diagnosis (years) | 59.5 (9.9) | 58.3 (10.3) | 62.0 (12.9) | 62.3 (13.1) |
| LED (mg) | 673.1 (393.2) | 666.3 (373.2) | 702.1 (428.5) | 690.8 (448.4) |
| RBD definite*, n (%) | 8 (17) | 5 (15) | 7 (15) | 7 (17) |
| RBD probable†, n (%) | 22 (46) | 14 (42) | 28 (57) | 24 (59) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 11 (24) | 10 (24) |
| Diabetes | 6 (13) | 4 (12) | 5 (11) | 4 (10) |
| Dyslipidemia | 6 (13) | 6 (18) | 8 (17) | 7 (17) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (9) | 4 (10) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 2 (5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 3 (7) |
| COPD | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Hypothyroidism | 2 (4) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Polysomnography results | ||||
| TST (minute) | 319.0 (67.4) | 319.2 (67.1) | 305.7 (66.5) | 308.2 (66.2) |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 71.8 (15.1) | 72.0 (16.0) | 69.1 (14.3) | 69.4 (13.9) |
| % N1 stage | 27.2 (15.3) | 25.8 (14.1) | 28.7 (14.3) | 28.3 (13.4) |
| % N2 stage | 50.5 (14.0) | 49.4 (13.6) | 53.2 (13.5) | 54.0 (12.6) |
| % N3 stage | 12.2 (13.6) | 13.8 (15.0) | 9.4 (11.3) | 10.0 (11.7) |
| % R stage | 10.1 (7.5) | 11.0 (7.9) | 10.2 (7.5) | 9.5 (6.8) |
| WASO (minute) | 113.9 (73.9) | 112.6 (79.9) | 120.3 (68.3) | 119.9 (65.5) |
| Total arousal index | 56.6 (20.3) | 54.0 (17.4) | 59.1 (25.7) | 57.8 (22.4) |
| Respiratory arousal index | 48.2 (21.8) | 46.7 (18.8) | 49.7 (23.0) | 49.1 (20.9) |
| Spontaneous arousal index | 10.8 (7.2) | 9.9 (6.4) | 11.4 (7.1) | 10.8 (7.0) |
| PLM arousal index | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.6 (1.5) | 1.1 (4.4) | 0.7 (3.6) |
| PLM sleep index | 8.4 (17.4) | 8.3 (19.2) | 3.2 (8.1) | 2.8 (7.4) |
| AHI | 35.1 (20.3) | 34.4 (18.6) | 35.4 (24.8) | 35.8 (24.5) |
| RDI | 47.4 (20.1) | 46.7 (18.2) | 48.6 (20.1) | 48.8 (20.2) |
| ODI | 8.9 (7.4) | 9.5 (8.4) | 12.7 (14.9) | 13.2 (15.4) |
| T90% | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 2.1 (4.1) | 2.3 (4.3) |
*RBD: questionnaire positive and PSG evidence.
†Not including definite.
Data as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified. Abbreviations: TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset; PLM, periodic leg movements; AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; RDI, respiratory disturbance index; ODI, oxygen desaturation index; T90%, time with oxygen saturation below 90%; LED, levodopa equivalent daily dose.
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