| Variable . | Description . | Source (methodology) . |
|---|---|---|
| Farm-level variables | ||
| Farmland value (1,000€/ha) | Total value of each agricultural land holding divided by farm size. Values are fair market value or if this is not available, historical value. | FADN 2015 |
| Farm size (100 ha) | Total agricultural area of holding | |
| Altitude dummies | Low altitude is 0 if below 300 m, medium altitude is 1 if between 300 m and 600 m, and high altitude is 1 if above 600 m | |
| Crops subsidies (10,000€/ha) | All farm subsidies on crops divided by farm size | |
| Local-level variables | ||
| Urban fabric | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by dwellings and buildings in a 5 × 5 km size grid | FADN elaboration from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Road and rail networks | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by transport infrastructures for road traffic and rail networks in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Port areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by river and sea port installations in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Airport areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by airport installations in a 5 × 5 Km size grid | |
| Agricultural land cover types | Proportions of rainfed annual crops, irrigated annual crops, rice fields, vineyards, fruit trees and berry plantations, olive groves, pasture, permanent crops, complex cultivation patterns, farmland with significant areas of natural vegetation, agroforestry | |
| Local evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in a 5 × 5 km size grid |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in a 5×5 km size grid | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Local richness index | Number of agricultural land cover types in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Regional-level variables | ||
| Temperature normal from 1981 to 2010 (°C) | Autumn temperature, September–November; Winter temperature, December–February; Spring temperature, March–May; Summer temperature, June–August | Own calculation with ESRI ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst from Copernicus Climate Data Store |
| Precipitation normal from 1981 to 2010 (cm/mo) | Autumn precipitation, September–November; Winter precipitation, December–February; Spring precipitation, March–May; Summer precipitation, June–August | |
| Population density (1000/km2) | The ratio between the annual average population and land area in 2015 | EUROSTAT |
| Coarse | Percentage of coarse soil | |
| Clay | Percentage of clay soil | Ballabio, Panagos and Montanarella (2016) |
| Sand | Percentage of sandy soil | |
| Regional evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in NUTS 3 region |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Regional richness | Number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | |
| National dummies | (1,0) variable for each country except Greece | |
| Variable . | Description . | Source (methodology) . |
|---|---|---|
| Farm-level variables | ||
| Farmland value (1,000€/ha) | Total value of each agricultural land holding divided by farm size. Values are fair market value or if this is not available, historical value. | FADN 2015 |
| Farm size (100 ha) | Total agricultural area of holding | |
| Altitude dummies | Low altitude is 0 if below 300 m, medium altitude is 1 if between 300 m and 600 m, and high altitude is 1 if above 600 m | |
| Crops subsidies (10,000€/ha) | All farm subsidies on crops divided by farm size | |
| Local-level variables | ||
| Urban fabric | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by dwellings and buildings in a 5 × 5 km size grid | FADN elaboration from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Road and rail networks | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by transport infrastructures for road traffic and rail networks in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Port areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by river and sea port installations in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Airport areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by airport installations in a 5 × 5 Km size grid | |
| Agricultural land cover types | Proportions of rainfed annual crops, irrigated annual crops, rice fields, vineyards, fruit trees and berry plantations, olive groves, pasture, permanent crops, complex cultivation patterns, farmland with significant areas of natural vegetation, agroforestry | |
| Local evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in a 5 × 5 km size grid |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in a 5×5 km size grid | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Local richness index | Number of agricultural land cover types in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Regional-level variables | ||
| Temperature normal from 1981 to 2010 (°C) | Autumn temperature, September–November; Winter temperature, December–February; Spring temperature, March–May; Summer temperature, June–August | Own calculation with ESRI ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst from Copernicus Climate Data Store |
| Precipitation normal from 1981 to 2010 (cm/mo) | Autumn precipitation, September–November; Winter precipitation, December–February; Spring precipitation, March–May; Summer precipitation, June–August | |
| Population density (1000/km2) | The ratio between the annual average population and land area in 2015 | EUROSTAT |
| Coarse | Percentage of coarse soil | |
| Clay | Percentage of clay soil | Ballabio, Panagos and Montanarella (2016) |
| Sand | Percentage of sandy soil | |
| Regional evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in NUTS 3 region |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Regional richness | Number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | |
| National dummies | (1,0) variable for each country except Greece | |
| Variable . | Description . | Source (methodology) . |
|---|---|---|
| Farm-level variables | ||
| Farmland value (1,000€/ha) | Total value of each agricultural land holding divided by farm size. Values are fair market value or if this is not available, historical value. | FADN 2015 |
| Farm size (100 ha) | Total agricultural area of holding | |
| Altitude dummies | Low altitude is 0 if below 300 m, medium altitude is 1 if between 300 m and 600 m, and high altitude is 1 if above 600 m | |
| Crops subsidies (10,000€/ha) | All farm subsidies on crops divided by farm size | |
| Local-level variables | ||
| Urban fabric | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by dwellings and buildings in a 5 × 5 km size grid | FADN elaboration from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Road and rail networks | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by transport infrastructures for road traffic and rail networks in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Port areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by river and sea port installations in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Airport areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by airport installations in a 5 × 5 Km size grid | |
| Agricultural land cover types | Proportions of rainfed annual crops, irrigated annual crops, rice fields, vineyards, fruit trees and berry plantations, olive groves, pasture, permanent crops, complex cultivation patterns, farmland with significant areas of natural vegetation, agroforestry | |
| Local evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in a 5 × 5 km size grid |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in a 5×5 km size grid | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Local richness index | Number of agricultural land cover types in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Regional-level variables | ||
| Temperature normal from 1981 to 2010 (°C) | Autumn temperature, September–November; Winter temperature, December–February; Spring temperature, March–May; Summer temperature, June–August | Own calculation with ESRI ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst from Copernicus Climate Data Store |
| Precipitation normal from 1981 to 2010 (cm/mo) | Autumn precipitation, September–November; Winter precipitation, December–February; Spring precipitation, March–May; Summer precipitation, June–August | |
| Population density (1000/km2) | The ratio between the annual average population and land area in 2015 | EUROSTAT |
| Coarse | Percentage of coarse soil | |
| Clay | Percentage of clay soil | Ballabio, Panagos and Montanarella (2016) |
| Sand | Percentage of sandy soil | |
| Regional evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in NUTS 3 region |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Regional richness | Number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | |
| National dummies | (1,0) variable for each country except Greece | |
| Variable . | Description . | Source (methodology) . |
|---|---|---|
| Farm-level variables | ||
| Farmland value (1,000€/ha) | Total value of each agricultural land holding divided by farm size. Values are fair market value or if this is not available, historical value. | FADN 2015 |
| Farm size (100 ha) | Total agricultural area of holding | |
| Altitude dummies | Low altitude is 0 if below 300 m, medium altitude is 1 if between 300 m and 600 m, and high altitude is 1 if above 600 m | |
| Crops subsidies (10,000€/ha) | All farm subsidies on crops divided by farm size | |
| Local-level variables | ||
| Urban fabric | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by dwellings and buildings in a 5 × 5 km size grid | FADN elaboration from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Road and rail networks | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by transport infrastructures for road traffic and rail networks in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Port areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by river and sea port installations in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Airport areas | Proportion of land/areas mainly occupied by airport installations in a 5 × 5 Km size grid | |
| Agricultural land cover types | Proportions of rainfed annual crops, irrigated annual crops, rice fields, vineyards, fruit trees and berry plantations, olive groves, pasture, permanent crops, complex cultivation patterns, farmland with significant areas of natural vegetation, agroforestry | |
| Local evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in a 5 × 5 km size grid |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in a 5×5 km size grid | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Local richness index | Number of agricultural land cover types in a 5 × 5 km size grid | |
| Regional-level variables | ||
| Temperature normal from 1981 to 2010 (°C) | Autumn temperature, September–November; Winter temperature, December–February; Spring temperature, March–May; Summer temperature, June–August | Own calculation with ESRI ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst from Copernicus Climate Data Store |
| Precipitation normal from 1981 to 2010 (cm/mo) | Autumn precipitation, September–November; Winter precipitation, December–February; Spring precipitation, March–May; Summer precipitation, June–August | |
| Population density (1000/km2) | The ratio between the annual average population and land area in 2015 | EUROSTAT |
| Coarse | Percentage of coarse soil | |
| Clay | Percentage of clay soil | Ballabio, Panagos and Montanarella (2016) |
| Sand | Percentage of sandy soil | |
| Regional evenness index | |$\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n {p_i}ln\left( {{p_i}} \right)/ln\left( n \right)$| |${p_i}$| = proportion of land occupied by the land-cover type i. in NUTS 3 region |$n$| = number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | Own calculation from land proportions constructed by FADN from CORINE land cover inventory 2018 |
| Regional richness | Number of agricultural land cover types in NUTS 3 region | |
| National dummies | (1,0) variable for each country except Greece | |
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