Joint Trajectories of Burden and Benefits of Caregiving Among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults in the Included Studies
| Study . | Study duration . | CR diagnosis . | Statistical model for trend(s) . | Participants in each group, % . | Measure of burden (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . | Measure of benefits (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GBMTM | 22.7 | mCRA (1–5) | Stable (NS) | GAIN (0–40) | Stable (NS) |
| 28.2 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 28.3 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 20.8 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| Quinn et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GMM | 72.2 | RSS (0–60) | Stable (NS) | PAC (9–54) | Stable (NS) |
| 15.2 | Stable (NS) | Decrease (<.05) | ||||||
| 12.5 | Increase (<.05) | Increase (<.05) | ||||||
| Wen et al. (2022) | 2 yr | Cancer | GBMTM | 38.3 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) |
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 20.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 16.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) | |||||||
| 24.9 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) |
| Study . | Study duration . | CR diagnosis . | Statistical model for trend(s) . | Participants in each group, % . | Measure of burden (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . | Measure of benefits (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GBMTM | 22.7 | mCRA (1–5) | Stable (NS) | GAIN (0–40) | Stable (NS) |
| 28.2 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 28.3 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 20.8 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| Quinn et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GMM | 72.2 | RSS (0–60) | Stable (NS) | PAC (9–54) | Stable (NS) |
| 15.2 | Stable (NS) | Decrease (<.05) | ||||||
| 12.5 | Increase (<.05) | Increase (<.05) | ||||||
| Wen et al. (2022) | 2 yr | Cancer | GBMTM | 38.3 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) |
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 20.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 16.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) | |||||||
| 24.9 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) |
Note: CR = care-recipient; GAIN = Gain in Alzheimer Care Instrument; GBMTM = Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Model; GMM = Growth Mixture Model; mCRA = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment; mCRA-ce = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—caregiver esteem subscale; mCRA-if = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—impact of finance; mCRA-ish = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—impact on schedule and health subscale; mCRA-lfs = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—lack of family support subscale; NS = not statistically significant; PAC = Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale; RSS = Relative Stress Scale; yr = years.
Joint Trajectories of Burden and Benefits of Caregiving Among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults in the Included Studies
| Study . | Study duration . | CR diagnosis . | Statistical model for trend(s) . | Participants in each group, % . | Measure of burden (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . | Measure of benefits (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GBMTM | 22.7 | mCRA (1–5) | Stable (NS) | GAIN (0–40) | Stable (NS) |
| 28.2 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 28.3 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 20.8 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| Quinn et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GMM | 72.2 | RSS (0–60) | Stable (NS) | PAC (9–54) | Stable (NS) |
| 15.2 | Stable (NS) | Decrease (<.05) | ||||||
| 12.5 | Increase (<.05) | Increase (<.05) | ||||||
| Wen et al. (2022) | 2 yr | Cancer | GBMTM | 38.3 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) |
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 20.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 16.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) | |||||||
| 24.9 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) |
| Study . | Study duration . | CR diagnosis . | Statistical model for trend(s) . | Participants in each group, % . | Measure of burden (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . | Measure of benefits (min–max) . | Trend(s) (p-value) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GBMTM | 22.7 | mCRA (1–5) | Stable (NS) | GAIN (0–40) | Stable (NS) |
| 28.2 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 28.3 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| 20.8 | Stable (NS) | Stable (NS) | ||||||
| Quinn et al. (2024) | 2 yr | Dementia | GMM | 72.2 | RSS (0–60) | Stable (NS) | PAC (9–54) | Stable (NS) |
| 15.2 | Stable (NS) | Decrease (<.05) | ||||||
| 12.5 | Increase (<.05) | Increase (<.05) | ||||||
| Wen et al. (2022) | 2 yr | Cancer | GBMTM | 38.3 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) |
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 20.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| 16.4 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) | |||||||
| 24.9 | mCRA-ish (1–5) | Stable (NS) | mCRA-ce (1–5) | Stable (NS) | ||||
| mCRA-if (1–5) | Stable (NS) | |||||||
| mCRA-lfs (1–5) | Increase (<.05) |
Note: CR = care-recipient; GAIN = Gain in Alzheimer Care Instrument; GBMTM = Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Model; GMM = Growth Mixture Model; mCRA = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment; mCRA-ce = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—caregiver esteem subscale; mCRA-if = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—impact of finance; mCRA-ish = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—impact on schedule and health subscale; mCRA-lfs = modified Caregiver Reaction Assessment—lack of family support subscale; NS = not statistically significant; PAC = Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale; RSS = Relative Stress Scale; yr = years.
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