Table 2 Open in new tab Average...

	Overall	1990s	2000s	2010s	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Americas	Africa
Hourly wage ratio $(\frac{\bar{w} (F)}{\bar{w} (M)})$	0.868	0.847	0.876	0.901	0.845	0.854	0.881	0.938	0.856
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.506	0.487	0.519	0.556	0.418	0.658	0.569	0.567	0.382
Labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.529	0.508	0.545	0.581	0.455	0.636	0.594	0.515	0.500
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.552	0.532	0.566	0.597	0.469	0.613	0.589	0.577	0.552
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.189	0.144	0.189	0.196	0.177	0.176
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$	0.321	0.326	0.318	0.322	0.312	0.315	0.338	0.313	0.343
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.297	0.295	0.309	0.306	0.335	0.329	0.259	0.168	0.330
Agriculture labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.423	0.422	0.440	0.444	0.474	0.427	0.296	0.225	0.537
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.441	0.440	0.455	0.459	0.477	0.429	0.351	0.251	0.576
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Agriculture	0.168	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.167	0.203	0.099	0.137	0.167
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Agriculture	0.404	0.407	0.397	0.399	0.355	0.457	0.325	0.437	0.380
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.284	0.301	0.288	0.273	0.279	0.334	0.245	0.277	0.246
Industry labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.285	0.302	0.289	0.274	0.284	0.330	0.249	0.274	0.250
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.281	0.294	0.285	0.274	0.274	0.323	0.250	0.279	0.246
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Industry	0.072	0.077	0.069	0.071	0.049	0.111	0.072	0.094	0.037
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Industry	0.245	0.253	0.236	0.246	0.202	0.345	0.313	0.235	0.184
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.625	0.587	0.661	0.740	0.483	0.910	0.573	0.766	0.367
Services labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.617	0.582	0.651	0.731	0.484	0.903	0.585	0.724	0.376
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.680	0.652	0.703	0.763	0.546	0.928	0.688	0.792	0.472
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ services	0.127	0.125	0.134	0.149	0.081	0.203	0.106	0.139	0.088
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ services	0.172	0.174	0.178	0.190	0.157	0.205	0.146	0.171	0.159

Overall

1990s

2000s

2010s

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Americas

Africa

Hourly wage ratio

(\frac{\bar{w} (F)}{\bar{w} (M)})

0.868

0.847

0.876

0.901

0.845

0.854

0.881

0.938

0.856

Labour share ratio

(ρ^{U})

0.506

0.487

0.519

0.556

0.418

0.658

0.569

0.567

0.382

Labour share ratio

(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})

0.529

0.508

0.545

0.581

0.455

0.636

0.594

0.515

0.500

Labour share ratio

(ρ^{‡})

0.552

0.532

0.566

0.597

0.469

0.613

0.589

0.577

0.552

Female labour share

(λ^{‡} (F))

0.172

0.167

0.174

0.189

0.144

0.189

0.196

0.177

0.176

Male labour share

(λ^{‡} (M))

0.321

0.326

0.318

0.322

0.312

0.315

0.338

0.313

0.343

Agriculture labour share ratio

(ρ^{U})

0.297

0.295

0.309

0.306

0.335

0.329

0.259

0.168

0.330

Agriculture labour share ratio

(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})

0.423

0.422

0.440

0.444

0.474

0.427

0.296

0.225

0.537

Agriculture labour share ratio

(ρ^{‡})

0.441

0.440

0.455

0.459

0.477

0.429

0.351

0.251

0.576

Female labour share

(λ^{‡} (F))

Agriculture

0.168

0.172

0.167

0.174

0.167

0.203

0.099

0.137

0.167

Male labour share

(λ^{‡} (M))

Agriculture

0.404

0.407

0.397

0.399

0.355

0.457

0.325

0.437

0.380

Industry labour share ratio

(ρ^{U})

0.284

0.301

0.288

0.273

0.279

0.334

0.245

0.277

0.246

Industry labour share ratio

(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})

0.285

0.302

0.289

0.274

0.284

0.330

0.249

0.274

0.250

Industry labour share ratio

(ρ^{‡})

0.281

0.294

0.285

0.274

0.323

0.250

0.279

0.246

Female labour share

(λ^{‡} (F))

Industry

0.072

0.077

0.069

0.071

0.049

0.111

0.072

0.094

0.037

Male labour share

(λ^{‡} (M))

Industry

0.245

0.253

0.236

0.246

0.202

0.345

0.313

0.235

0.184

Services labour share ratio

(ρ^{U})

0.625

0.587

0.661

0.740

0.483

0.910

0.573

0.766

0.367

Services labour share ratio

(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})

0.617

0.582

0.651

0.731

0.484

0.903

0.585

0.724

0.376

Services labour share ratio

(ρ^{‡})

0.680

0.652

0.703

0.763

0.546

0.928

0.688

0.792

0.472

Female labour share

(λ^{‡} (F))

services

0.127

0.125

0.134

0.149

0.081

0.203

0.106

0.139

0.088

Male labour share

(λ^{‡} (M))

services

0.172

0.174

0.178

0.190

0.157

0.205

0.146

0.171

0.159

	Overall	1990s	2000s	2010s	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Americas	Africa
Hourly wage ratio $(\frac{\bar{w} (F)}{\bar{w} (M)})$	0.868	0.847	0.876	0.901	0.845	0.854	0.881	0.938	0.856
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.506	0.487	0.519	0.556	0.418	0.658	0.569	0.567	0.382
Labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.529	0.508	0.545	0.581	0.455	0.636	0.594	0.515	0.500
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.552	0.532	0.566	0.597	0.469	0.613	0.589	0.577	0.552
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.189	0.144	0.189	0.196	0.177	0.176
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$	0.321	0.326	0.318	0.322	0.312	0.315	0.338	0.313	0.343
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.297	0.295	0.309	0.306	0.335	0.329	0.259	0.168	0.330
Agriculture labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.423	0.422	0.440	0.444	0.474	0.427	0.296	0.225	0.537
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.441	0.440	0.455	0.459	0.477	0.429	0.351	0.251	0.576
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Agriculture	0.168	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.167	0.203	0.099	0.137	0.167
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Agriculture	0.404	0.407	0.397	0.399	0.355	0.457	0.325	0.437	0.380
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.284	0.301	0.288	0.273	0.279	0.334	0.245	0.277	0.246
Industry labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.285	0.302	0.289	0.274	0.284	0.330	0.249	0.274	0.250
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.281	0.294	0.285	0.274	0.274	0.323	0.250	0.279	0.246
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Industry	0.072	0.077	0.069	0.071	0.049	0.111	0.072	0.094	0.037
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Industry	0.245	0.253	0.236	0.246	0.202	0.345	0.313	0.235	0.184
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.625	0.587	0.661	0.740	0.483	0.910	0.573	0.766	0.367
Services labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.617	0.582	0.651	0.731	0.484	0.903	0.585	0.724	0.376
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.680	0.652	0.703	0.763	0.546	0.928	0.688	0.792	0.472
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ services	0.127	0.125	0.134	0.149	0.081	0.203	0.106	0.139	0.088
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ services	0.172	0.174	0.178	0.190	0.157	0.205	0.146	0.171	0.159

Table 2

Open in new tab

Average cross-country gender income inequality.

	Overall	1990s	2000s	2010s	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Americas	Africa
Hourly wage ratio $(\frac{\bar{w} (F)}{\bar{w} (M)})$	0.868	0.847	0.876	0.901	0.845	0.854	0.881	0.938	0.856
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.506	0.487	0.519	0.556	0.418	0.658	0.569	0.567	0.382
Labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.529	0.508	0.545	0.581	0.455	0.636	0.594	0.515	0.500
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.552	0.532	0.566	0.597	0.469	0.613	0.589	0.577	0.552
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.189	0.144	0.189	0.196	0.177	0.176
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$	0.321	0.326	0.318	0.322	0.312	0.315	0.338	0.313	0.343
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.297	0.295	0.309	0.306	0.335	0.329	0.259	0.168	0.330
Agriculture labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.423	0.422	0.440	0.444	0.474	0.427	0.296	0.225	0.537
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.441	0.440	0.455	0.459	0.477	0.429	0.351	0.251	0.576
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Agriculture	0.168	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.167	0.203	0.099	0.137	0.167
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Agriculture	0.404	0.407	0.397	0.399	0.355	0.457	0.325	0.437	0.380
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.284	0.301	0.288	0.273	0.279	0.334	0.245	0.277	0.246
Industry labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.285	0.302	0.289	0.274	0.284	0.330	0.249	0.274	0.250
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.281	0.294	0.285	0.274	0.274	0.323	0.250	0.279	0.246
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Industry	0.072	0.077	0.069	0.071	0.049	0.111	0.072	0.094	0.037
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Industry	0.245	0.253	0.236	0.246	0.202	0.345	0.313	0.235	0.184
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.625	0.587	0.661	0.740	0.483	0.910	0.573	0.766	0.367
Services labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.617	0.582	0.651	0.731	0.484	0.903	0.585	0.724	0.376
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.680	0.652	0.703	0.763	0.546	0.928	0.688	0.792	0.472
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ services	0.127	0.125	0.134	0.149	0.081	0.203	0.106	0.139	0.088
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ services	0.172	0.174	0.178	0.190	0.157	0.205	0.146	0.171	0.159

	Overall	1990s	2000s	2010s	Asia	Europe	Oceania	Americas	Africa
Hourly wage ratio $(\frac{\bar{w} (F)}{\bar{w} (M)})$	0.868	0.847	0.876	0.901	0.845	0.854	0.881	0.938	0.856
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.506	0.487	0.519	0.556	0.418	0.658	0.569	0.567	0.382
Labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.529	0.508	0.545	0.581	0.455	0.636	0.594	0.515	0.500
Labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.552	0.532	0.566	0.597	0.469	0.613	0.589	0.577	0.552
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.189	0.144	0.189	0.196	0.177	0.176
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$	0.321	0.326	0.318	0.322	0.312	0.315	0.338	0.313	0.343
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.297	0.295	0.309	0.306	0.335	0.329	0.259	0.168	0.330
Agriculture labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.423	0.422	0.440	0.444	0.474	0.427	0.296	0.225	0.537
Agriculture labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.441	0.440	0.455	0.459	0.477	0.429	0.351	0.251	0.576
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Agriculture	0.168	0.172	0.167	0.174	0.167	0.203	0.099	0.137	0.167
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Agriculture	0.404	0.407	0.397	0.399	0.355	0.457	0.325	0.437	0.380
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.284	0.301	0.288	0.273	0.279	0.334	0.245	0.277	0.246
Industry labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.285	0.302	0.289	0.274	0.284	0.330	0.249	0.274	0.250
Industry labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.281	0.294	0.285	0.274	0.274	0.323	0.250	0.279	0.246
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ Industry	0.072	0.077	0.069	0.071	0.049	0.111	0.072	0.094	0.037
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ Industry	0.245	0.253	0.236	0.246	0.202	0.345	0.313	0.235	0.184
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{U})$	0.625	0.587	0.661	0.740	0.483	0.910	0.573	0.766	0.367
Services labour share ratio $(\frac{λ^{V T} (F)}{λ^{V T} (M)})$	0.617	0.582	0.651	0.731	0.484	0.903	0.585	0.724	0.376
Services labour share ratio $(ρ^{‡})$	0.680	0.652	0.703	0.763	0.546	0.928	0.688	0.792	0.472
Female labour share $(λ^{‡} (F))$ services	0.127	0.125	0.134	0.149	0.081	0.203	0.106	0.139	0.088
Male labour share $(λ^{‡} (M))$ services	0.172	0.174	0.178	0.190	0.157	0.205	0.146	0.171	0.159

Sources: International labour Organization, World Bank World Development Indicators and the authors’ own calculations.

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