Contribution of employer, workplace, and neighborhood characteristics to workplace segregation between natives, immigrants, and children of immigrants from non-western origin countries.
| . | Immigrants versus natives . | Children of immigrants versus natives . | Immigrants versus children of immigrants . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
| Panel A. Estimated mean gap in model | |||||||||
| County fixed effects (γI base) | 24.4 | 14.1 | −18.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | −10.6 | 19.0 | 10.5 | −11.6 |
| Full set of controls (γI main) | 10.6 | 3.7 | −3.8 | 3.7 | 1.9 | −2.0 | 6.0 | 3.3 | −1.9 |
| Panel B. Explained share of within-county gap (%) | |||||||||
| Attributable to employee characteristics (total) | 12.4 | 15.0 | 30.4 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 32.7 | 23.5 | 17.2 | 34.7 |
| Age | −0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | −0.4 | −0.6 | 3.6 | 2.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 |
| Gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.3 |
| Intermarriage | 0.8 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 1.9 | −1.8 | 1.6 | −1.4 |
| Education | 4.9 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
| Occupation | 7.1 | 9.6 | 28.1 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 25.6 | 19.6 | 14.8 | 35.6 |
| Attributable to workplace characteristics (total) | 40.2 | 53.5 | 46.9 | 32.2 | 40.7 | 45.4 | 45.4 | 56.2 | 46.8 |
| Establishment size | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
| Establishment age | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
| Industry | 26.0 | 40.0 | 39.0 | 12.2 | 15.9 | 39.3 | 36.4 | 49.4 | 38.9 |
| Sector | −0.1 | −0.3 | 1.6 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | −0.2 | 2.4 |
| Immigrant manager | 13.5 | 13.1 | 3.5 | 19.2 | 23.7 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
| Attributable to neighborhood characteristics (total) | 3.8 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 12.5 | 16.0 | 2.5 | −0.2 | −4.6 | 2.3 |
| Neighborhood network index | 0.3 | −0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.6 | 1.9 | −1.0 | 1.2 |
| Neighborhood proportion of immigrant residents | 3.5 | 5.6 | 0.1 | 13.0 | 16.6 | 2.0 | −2.0 | −3.3 | 0.8 |
| Neighborhood proportion in employment | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | −0.2 | −0.3 | 0.8 | −0.6 | −0.8 | 2.1 | −0.2 | −0.4 | 0.2 |
| Total share explained | 56.4 | 73.6 | 79.3 | 53.8 | 68.4 | 80.6 | 68.6 | 68.8 | 83.8 |
| . | Immigrants versus natives . | Children of immigrants versus natives . | Immigrants versus children of immigrants . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
| Panel A. Estimated mean gap in model | |||||||||
| County fixed effects (γI base) | 24.4 | 14.1 | −18.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | −10.6 | 19.0 | 10.5 | −11.6 |
| Full set of controls (γI main) | 10.6 | 3.7 | −3.8 | 3.7 | 1.9 | −2.0 | 6.0 | 3.3 | −1.9 |
| Panel B. Explained share of within-county gap (%) | |||||||||
| Attributable to employee characteristics (total) | 12.4 | 15.0 | 30.4 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 32.7 | 23.5 | 17.2 | 34.7 |
| Age | −0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | −0.4 | −0.6 | 3.6 | 2.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 |
| Gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.3 |
| Intermarriage | 0.8 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 1.9 | −1.8 | 1.6 | −1.4 |
| Education | 4.9 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
| Occupation | 7.1 | 9.6 | 28.1 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 25.6 | 19.6 | 14.8 | 35.6 |
| Attributable to workplace characteristics (total) | 40.2 | 53.5 | 46.9 | 32.2 | 40.7 | 45.4 | 45.4 | 56.2 | 46.8 |
| Establishment size | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
| Establishment age | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
| Industry | 26.0 | 40.0 | 39.0 | 12.2 | 15.9 | 39.3 | 36.4 | 49.4 | 38.9 |
| Sector | −0.1 | −0.3 | 1.6 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | −0.2 | 2.4 |
| Immigrant manager | 13.5 | 13.1 | 3.5 | 19.2 | 23.7 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
| Attributable to neighborhood characteristics (total) | 3.8 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 12.5 | 16.0 | 2.5 | −0.2 | −4.6 | 2.3 |
| Neighborhood network index | 0.3 | −0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.6 | 1.9 | −1.0 | 1.2 |
| Neighborhood proportion of immigrant residents | 3.5 | 5.6 | 0.1 | 13.0 | 16.6 | 2.0 | −2.0 | −3.3 | 0.8 |
| Neighborhood proportion in employment | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | −0.2 | −0.3 | 0.8 | −0.6 | −0.8 | 2.1 | −0.2 | −0.4 | 0.2 |
| Total share explained | 56.4 | 73.6 | 79.3 | 53.8 | 68.4 | 80.6 | 68.6 | 68.8 | 83.8 |
Note: Panel A provides the predicted difference for the relevant workplace measure of between (i) immigrants and natives, (ii) children of immigrants and natives, and (iii) immigrants and children of immigrants before and after control for employee, workplace, and neighborhood characteristics. The county fixed effects model controls only for 18 county FEs. The full model controls for all employee, workplace, and neighborhood control variables. Panel B gives the percentage of the within-county gaps that are accounted for by that given set of control variables for each comparison.
Contribution of employer, workplace, and neighborhood characteristics to workplace segregation between natives, immigrants, and children of immigrants from non-western origin countries.
| . | Immigrants versus natives . | Children of immigrants versus natives . | Immigrants versus children of immigrants . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
| Panel A. Estimated mean gap in model | |||||||||
| County fixed effects (γI base) | 24.4 | 14.1 | −18.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | −10.6 | 19.0 | 10.5 | −11.6 |
| Full set of controls (γI main) | 10.6 | 3.7 | −3.8 | 3.7 | 1.9 | −2.0 | 6.0 | 3.3 | −1.9 |
| Panel B. Explained share of within-county gap (%) | |||||||||
| Attributable to employee characteristics (total) | 12.4 | 15.0 | 30.4 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 32.7 | 23.5 | 17.2 | 34.7 |
| Age | −0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | −0.4 | −0.6 | 3.6 | 2.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 |
| Gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.3 |
| Intermarriage | 0.8 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 1.9 | −1.8 | 1.6 | −1.4 |
| Education | 4.9 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
| Occupation | 7.1 | 9.6 | 28.1 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 25.6 | 19.6 | 14.8 | 35.6 |
| Attributable to workplace characteristics (total) | 40.2 | 53.5 | 46.9 | 32.2 | 40.7 | 45.4 | 45.4 | 56.2 | 46.8 |
| Establishment size | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
| Establishment age | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
| Industry | 26.0 | 40.0 | 39.0 | 12.2 | 15.9 | 39.3 | 36.4 | 49.4 | 38.9 |
| Sector | −0.1 | −0.3 | 1.6 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | −0.2 | 2.4 |
| Immigrant manager | 13.5 | 13.1 | 3.5 | 19.2 | 23.7 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
| Attributable to neighborhood characteristics (total) | 3.8 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 12.5 | 16.0 | 2.5 | −0.2 | −4.6 | 2.3 |
| Neighborhood network index | 0.3 | −0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.6 | 1.9 | −1.0 | 1.2 |
| Neighborhood proportion of immigrant residents | 3.5 | 5.6 | 0.1 | 13.0 | 16.6 | 2.0 | −2.0 | −3.3 | 0.8 |
| Neighborhood proportion in employment | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | −0.2 | −0.3 | 0.8 | −0.6 | −0.8 | 2.1 | −0.2 | −0.4 | 0.2 |
| Total share explained | 56.4 | 73.6 | 79.3 | 53.8 | 68.4 | 80.6 | 68.6 | 68.8 | 83.8 |
| . | Immigrants versus natives . | Children of immigrants versus natives . | Immigrants versus children of immigrants . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . | Immigrant coworkers, all origins . | Immigrant coworkers, other origins . | Coworker salary rank . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
| Panel A. Estimated mean gap in model | |||||||||
| County fixed effects (γI base) | 24.4 | 14.1 | −18.5 | 8.0 | 6.0 | −10.6 | 19.0 | 10.5 | −11.6 |
| Full set of controls (γI main) | 10.6 | 3.7 | −3.8 | 3.7 | 1.9 | −2.0 | 6.0 | 3.3 | −1.9 |
| Panel B. Explained share of within-county gap (%) | |||||||||
| Attributable to employee characteristics (total) | 12.4 | 15.0 | 30.4 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 32.7 | 23.5 | 17.2 | 34.7 |
| Age | −0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | −0.4 | −0.6 | 3.6 | 2.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 |
| Gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.3 |
| Intermarriage | 0.8 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 1.9 | −1.8 | 1.6 | −1.4 |
| Education | 4.9 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
| Occupation | 7.1 | 9.6 | 28.1 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 25.6 | 19.6 | 14.8 | 35.6 |
| Attributable to workplace characteristics (total) | 40.2 | 53.5 | 46.9 | 32.2 | 40.7 | 45.4 | 45.4 | 56.2 | 46.8 |
| Establishment size | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
| Establishment age | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
| Industry | 26.0 | 40.0 | 39.0 | 12.2 | 15.9 | 39.3 | 36.4 | 49.4 | 38.9 |
| Sector | −0.1 | −0.3 | 1.6 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | −0.2 | 2.4 |
| Immigrant manager | 13.5 | 13.1 | 3.5 | 19.2 | 23.7 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
| Attributable to neighborhood characteristics (total) | 3.8 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 12.5 | 16.0 | 2.5 | −0.2 | −4.6 | 2.3 |
| Neighborhood network index | 0.3 | −0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.6 | 1.9 | −1.0 | 1.2 |
| Neighborhood proportion of immigrant residents | 3.5 | 5.6 | 0.1 | 13.0 | 16.6 | 2.0 | −2.0 | −3.3 | 0.8 |
| Neighborhood proportion in employment | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | −0.2 | −0.3 | 0.8 | −0.6 | −0.8 | 2.1 | −0.2 | −0.4 | 0.2 |
| Total share explained | 56.4 | 73.6 | 79.3 | 53.8 | 68.4 | 80.6 | 68.6 | 68.8 | 83.8 |
Note: Panel A provides the predicted difference for the relevant workplace measure of between (i) immigrants and natives, (ii) children of immigrants and natives, and (iii) immigrants and children of immigrants before and after control for employee, workplace, and neighborhood characteristics. The county fixed effects model controls only for 18 county FEs. The full model controls for all employee, workplace, and neighborhood control variables. Panel B gives the percentage of the within-county gaps that are accounted for by that given set of control variables for each comparison.
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