| . | Immigrants . | Children of immigrants . | Natives . |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from all origin countries | |||
| Mean | 32.1 | 16.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 29.2 | 20.1 | 10.8 |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from other origin countries | |||
| Mean | 21.8 | 14.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 21.8 | 16.9 | 10.8 |
| Coworker salary rank (percentiles, 0–100) | |||
| Mean | 36.3 | 49.4 | 52.4 |
| Std. dev. | 26.9 | 29.6 | 28.4 |
| Employee characteristics | |||
| Age | |||
| < 30 | 0.111 | 0.406 | 0.325 |
| 30–39 | 0.394 | 0.466 | 0.420 |
| 40–50 | 0.312 | 0.112 | 0.444 |
| > 50 | 0.183 | 0.016 | 0.486 |
| Female | 0.462 | 0.486 | 0.500 |
| Intermarriage | |||
| Not married | 0.364 | 0.578 | 0.423 |
| Married to native | 0.162 | 0.085 | 0.537 |
| Married to immigrant | 0.474 | 0.338 | 0.040 |
| Education | |||
| No Education | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Elementary school | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Lower secondary school | 0.193 | 0.192 | 0.125 |
| Some upper secondary school | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.061 |
| Completed upper secondary school | 0.249 | 0.250 | 0.310 |
| Non-tertiary postsecondary education | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.044 |
| Tertiary education, BA or equivalent | 0.194 | 0.336 | 0.326 |
| Tertiary education, MA or equivalent | 0.125 | 0.180 | 0.123 |
| Tertiary education, PhD level | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Missing | 0.140 | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Occupation | |||
| Managers | 0.026 | 0.056 | 0.106 |
| Professionals | 0.094 | 0.189 | 0.182 |
| Technicians and associate professionals | 0.122 | 0.285 | 0.273 |
| Clerical support workers | 0.055 | 0.089 | 0.062 |
| Service and sales workers | 0.279 | 0.272 | 0.194 |
| Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishing workers | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Craft and related trades workers | 0.138 | 0.042 | 0.082 |
| Plant and machine operators, and assemblers | 0.101 | 0.038 | 0.064 |
| Unskilled elementary occupations | 0.178 | 0.024 | 0.026 |
| Armed forces or no occupation reported | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Workplace characteristics | |||
| Establishment size | |||
| 2–9 employees | 0.153 | 0.136 | 0.144 |
| 10–49 employees | 0.349 | 0.306 | 0.366 |
| 50–99 employees | 0.156 | 0.143 | 0.154 |
| 100–499 employees | 0.246 | 0.239 | 0.215 |
| 500+ employees | 0.096 | 0.175 | 0.120 |
| Establishment age | |||
| 1 year or less | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.012 |
| 2–4 years | 0.096 | 0.080 | 0.057 |
| 5–9 years | 0.136 | 0.137 | 0.099 |
| 10–19 years | 0.253 | 0.257 | 0.228 |
| 20+ years | 0.496 | 0.511 | 0.604 |
| Industry | |||
| Manufacturing (153 detailed industries) | 0.112 | 0.052 | 0.109 |
| Transportation, communication, utilities (56 detailed industries) | 0.233 | 0.231 | 0.163 |
| Retail (94 detailed industries) | 0.071 | 0.032 | 0.064 |
| Finance, Insurance, Real Estate (23 detailed industries) | 0.072 | 0.103 | 0.094 |
| Services (80 detailed industries) | 0.512 | 0.583 | 0.570 |
| Public sector | 0.307 | 0.365 | 0.436 |
| Immigrant manager | 0.129 | 0.104 | 0.010 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | |||
| Neighborhood network index | |||
| Mean | 0.032 | 0.010 | 0.024 |
| Std. dev. | 0.089 | 0.047 | 0.069 |
| Neighborhood proportion immigrant residents | |||
| Mean | 0.205 | 0.286 | 0.108 |
| Std. dev. | 0.163 | 0.195 | 0.088 |
| Neighborhood proportion with employment | |||
| Mean | 0.875 | 0.868 | 0.889 |
| Std. dev. | 0.050 | 0.043 | 0.031 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | |||
| Mean | 0.332 | 0.356 | 0.333 |
| Std. dev. | 0.133 | 0.138 | 0.135 |
| Number of person observations | 222,270 | 22,588 | 1,528,360 |
| . | Immigrants . | Children of immigrants . | Natives . |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from all origin countries | |||
| Mean | 32.1 | 16.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 29.2 | 20.1 | 10.8 |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from other origin countries | |||
| Mean | 21.8 | 14.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 21.8 | 16.9 | 10.8 |
| Coworker salary rank (percentiles, 0–100) | |||
| Mean | 36.3 | 49.4 | 52.4 |
| Std. dev. | 26.9 | 29.6 | 28.4 |
| Employee characteristics | |||
| Age | |||
| < 30 | 0.111 | 0.406 | 0.325 |
| 30–39 | 0.394 | 0.466 | 0.420 |
| 40–50 | 0.312 | 0.112 | 0.444 |
| > 50 | 0.183 | 0.016 | 0.486 |
| Female | 0.462 | 0.486 | 0.500 |
| Intermarriage | |||
| Not married | 0.364 | 0.578 | 0.423 |
| Married to native | 0.162 | 0.085 | 0.537 |
| Married to immigrant | 0.474 | 0.338 | 0.040 |
| Education | |||
| No Education | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Elementary school | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Lower secondary school | 0.193 | 0.192 | 0.125 |
| Some upper secondary school | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.061 |
| Completed upper secondary school | 0.249 | 0.250 | 0.310 |
| Non-tertiary postsecondary education | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.044 |
| Tertiary education, BA or equivalent | 0.194 | 0.336 | 0.326 |
| Tertiary education, MA or equivalent | 0.125 | 0.180 | 0.123 |
| Tertiary education, PhD level | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Missing | 0.140 | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Occupation | |||
| Managers | 0.026 | 0.056 | 0.106 |
| Professionals | 0.094 | 0.189 | 0.182 |
| Technicians and associate professionals | 0.122 | 0.285 | 0.273 |
| Clerical support workers | 0.055 | 0.089 | 0.062 |
| Service and sales workers | 0.279 | 0.272 | 0.194 |
| Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishing workers | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Craft and related trades workers | 0.138 | 0.042 | 0.082 |
| Plant and machine operators, and assemblers | 0.101 | 0.038 | 0.064 |
| Unskilled elementary occupations | 0.178 | 0.024 | 0.026 |
| Armed forces or no occupation reported | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Workplace characteristics | |||
| Establishment size | |||
| 2–9 employees | 0.153 | 0.136 | 0.144 |
| 10–49 employees | 0.349 | 0.306 | 0.366 |
| 50–99 employees | 0.156 | 0.143 | 0.154 |
| 100–499 employees | 0.246 | 0.239 | 0.215 |
| 500+ employees | 0.096 | 0.175 | 0.120 |
| Establishment age | |||
| 1 year or less | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.012 |
| 2–4 years | 0.096 | 0.080 | 0.057 |
| 5–9 years | 0.136 | 0.137 | 0.099 |
| 10–19 years | 0.253 | 0.257 | 0.228 |
| 20+ years | 0.496 | 0.511 | 0.604 |
| Industry | |||
| Manufacturing (153 detailed industries) | 0.112 | 0.052 | 0.109 |
| Transportation, communication, utilities (56 detailed industries) | 0.233 | 0.231 | 0.163 |
| Retail (94 detailed industries) | 0.071 | 0.032 | 0.064 |
| Finance, Insurance, Real Estate (23 detailed industries) | 0.072 | 0.103 | 0.094 |
| Services (80 detailed industries) | 0.512 | 0.583 | 0.570 |
| Public sector | 0.307 | 0.365 | 0.436 |
| Immigrant manager | 0.129 | 0.104 | 0.010 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | |||
| Neighborhood network index | |||
| Mean | 0.032 | 0.010 | 0.024 |
| Std. dev. | 0.089 | 0.047 | 0.069 |
| Neighborhood proportion immigrant residents | |||
| Mean | 0.205 | 0.286 | 0.108 |
| Std. dev. | 0.163 | 0.195 | 0.088 |
| Neighborhood proportion with employment | |||
| Mean | 0.875 | 0.868 | 0.889 |
| Std. dev. | 0.050 | 0.043 | 0.031 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | |||
| Mean | 0.332 | 0.356 | 0.333 |
| Std. dev. | 0.133 | 0.138 | 0.135 |
| Number of person observations | 222,270 | 22,588 | 1,528,360 |
Note: The unit of observation is individual workers.
| . | Immigrants . | Children of immigrants . | Natives . |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from all origin countries | |||
| Mean | 32.1 | 16.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 29.2 | 20.1 | 10.8 |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from other origin countries | |||
| Mean | 21.8 | 14.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 21.8 | 16.9 | 10.8 |
| Coworker salary rank (percentiles, 0–100) | |||
| Mean | 36.3 | 49.4 | 52.4 |
| Std. dev. | 26.9 | 29.6 | 28.4 |
| Employee characteristics | |||
| Age | |||
| < 30 | 0.111 | 0.406 | 0.325 |
| 30–39 | 0.394 | 0.466 | 0.420 |
| 40–50 | 0.312 | 0.112 | 0.444 |
| > 50 | 0.183 | 0.016 | 0.486 |
| Female | 0.462 | 0.486 | 0.500 |
| Intermarriage | |||
| Not married | 0.364 | 0.578 | 0.423 |
| Married to native | 0.162 | 0.085 | 0.537 |
| Married to immigrant | 0.474 | 0.338 | 0.040 |
| Education | |||
| No Education | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Elementary school | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Lower secondary school | 0.193 | 0.192 | 0.125 |
| Some upper secondary school | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.061 |
| Completed upper secondary school | 0.249 | 0.250 | 0.310 |
| Non-tertiary postsecondary education | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.044 |
| Tertiary education, BA or equivalent | 0.194 | 0.336 | 0.326 |
| Tertiary education, MA or equivalent | 0.125 | 0.180 | 0.123 |
| Tertiary education, PhD level | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Missing | 0.140 | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Occupation | |||
| Managers | 0.026 | 0.056 | 0.106 |
| Professionals | 0.094 | 0.189 | 0.182 |
| Technicians and associate professionals | 0.122 | 0.285 | 0.273 |
| Clerical support workers | 0.055 | 0.089 | 0.062 |
| Service and sales workers | 0.279 | 0.272 | 0.194 |
| Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishing workers | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Craft and related trades workers | 0.138 | 0.042 | 0.082 |
| Plant and machine operators, and assemblers | 0.101 | 0.038 | 0.064 |
| Unskilled elementary occupations | 0.178 | 0.024 | 0.026 |
| Armed forces or no occupation reported | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Workplace characteristics | |||
| Establishment size | |||
| 2–9 employees | 0.153 | 0.136 | 0.144 |
| 10–49 employees | 0.349 | 0.306 | 0.366 |
| 50–99 employees | 0.156 | 0.143 | 0.154 |
| 100–499 employees | 0.246 | 0.239 | 0.215 |
| 500+ employees | 0.096 | 0.175 | 0.120 |
| Establishment age | |||
| 1 year or less | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.012 |
| 2–4 years | 0.096 | 0.080 | 0.057 |
| 5–9 years | 0.136 | 0.137 | 0.099 |
| 10–19 years | 0.253 | 0.257 | 0.228 |
| 20+ years | 0.496 | 0.511 | 0.604 |
| Industry | |||
| Manufacturing (153 detailed industries) | 0.112 | 0.052 | 0.109 |
| Transportation, communication, utilities (56 detailed industries) | 0.233 | 0.231 | 0.163 |
| Retail (94 detailed industries) | 0.071 | 0.032 | 0.064 |
| Finance, Insurance, Real Estate (23 detailed industries) | 0.072 | 0.103 | 0.094 |
| Services (80 detailed industries) | 0.512 | 0.583 | 0.570 |
| Public sector | 0.307 | 0.365 | 0.436 |
| Immigrant manager | 0.129 | 0.104 | 0.010 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | |||
| Neighborhood network index | |||
| Mean | 0.032 | 0.010 | 0.024 |
| Std. dev. | 0.089 | 0.047 | 0.069 |
| Neighborhood proportion immigrant residents | |||
| Mean | 0.205 | 0.286 | 0.108 |
| Std. dev. | 0.163 | 0.195 | 0.088 |
| Neighborhood proportion with employment | |||
| Mean | 0.875 | 0.868 | 0.889 |
| Std. dev. | 0.050 | 0.043 | 0.031 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | |||
| Mean | 0.332 | 0.356 | 0.333 |
| Std. dev. | 0.133 | 0.138 | 0.135 |
| Number of person observations | 222,270 | 22,588 | 1,528,360 |
| . | Immigrants . | Children of immigrants . | Natives . |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from all origin countries | |||
| Mean | 32.1 | 16.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 29.2 | 20.1 | 10.8 |
| Proportion of immigrant coworkers from other origin countries | |||
| Mean | 21.8 | 14.3 | 7.1 |
| Std. dev. | 21.8 | 16.9 | 10.8 |
| Coworker salary rank (percentiles, 0–100) | |||
| Mean | 36.3 | 49.4 | 52.4 |
| Std. dev. | 26.9 | 29.6 | 28.4 |
| Employee characteristics | |||
| Age | |||
| < 30 | 0.111 | 0.406 | 0.325 |
| 30–39 | 0.394 | 0.466 | 0.420 |
| 40–50 | 0.312 | 0.112 | 0.444 |
| > 50 | 0.183 | 0.016 | 0.486 |
| Female | 0.462 | 0.486 | 0.500 |
| Intermarriage | |||
| Not married | 0.364 | 0.578 | 0.423 |
| Married to native | 0.162 | 0.085 | 0.537 |
| Married to immigrant | 0.474 | 0.338 | 0.040 |
| Education | |||
| No Education | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Elementary school | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Lower secondary school | 0.193 | 0.192 | 0.125 |
| Some upper secondary school | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.061 |
| Completed upper secondary school | 0.249 | 0.250 | 0.310 |
| Non-tertiary postsecondary education | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.044 |
| Tertiary education, BA or equivalent | 0.194 | 0.336 | 0.326 |
| Tertiary education, MA or equivalent | 0.125 | 0.180 | 0.123 |
| Tertiary education, PhD level | 0.027 | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Missing | 0.140 | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Occupation | |||
| Managers | 0.026 | 0.056 | 0.106 |
| Professionals | 0.094 | 0.189 | 0.182 |
| Technicians and associate professionals | 0.122 | 0.285 | 0.273 |
| Clerical support workers | 0.055 | 0.089 | 0.062 |
| Service and sales workers | 0.279 | 0.272 | 0.194 |
| Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishing workers | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Craft and related trades workers | 0.138 | 0.042 | 0.082 |
| Plant and machine operators, and assemblers | 0.101 | 0.038 | 0.064 |
| Unskilled elementary occupations | 0.178 | 0.024 | 0.026 |
| Armed forces or no occupation reported | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Workplace characteristics | |||
| Establishment size | |||
| 2–9 employees | 0.153 | 0.136 | 0.144 |
| 10–49 employees | 0.349 | 0.306 | 0.366 |
| 50–99 employees | 0.156 | 0.143 | 0.154 |
| 100–499 employees | 0.246 | 0.239 | 0.215 |
| 500+ employees | 0.096 | 0.175 | 0.120 |
| Establishment age | |||
| 1 year or less | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.012 |
| 2–4 years | 0.096 | 0.080 | 0.057 |
| 5–9 years | 0.136 | 0.137 | 0.099 |
| 10–19 years | 0.253 | 0.257 | 0.228 |
| 20+ years | 0.496 | 0.511 | 0.604 |
| Industry | |||
| Manufacturing (153 detailed industries) | 0.112 | 0.052 | 0.109 |
| Transportation, communication, utilities (56 detailed industries) | 0.233 | 0.231 | 0.163 |
| Retail (94 detailed industries) | 0.071 | 0.032 | 0.064 |
| Finance, Insurance, Real Estate (23 detailed industries) | 0.072 | 0.103 | 0.094 |
| Services (80 detailed industries) | 0.512 | 0.583 | 0.570 |
| Public sector | 0.307 | 0.365 | 0.436 |
| Immigrant manager | 0.129 | 0.104 | 0.010 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | |||
| Neighborhood network index | |||
| Mean | 0.032 | 0.010 | 0.024 |
| Std. dev. | 0.089 | 0.047 | 0.069 |
| Neighborhood proportion immigrant residents | |||
| Mean | 0.205 | 0.286 | 0.108 |
| Std. dev. | 0.163 | 0.195 | 0.088 |
| Neighborhood proportion with employment | |||
| Mean | 0.875 | 0.868 | 0.889 |
| Std. dev. | 0.050 | 0.043 | 0.031 |
| Neighborhood proportion with higher education | |||
| Mean | 0.332 | 0.356 | 0.333 |
| Std. dev. | 0.133 | 0.138 | 0.135 |
| Number of person observations | 222,270 | 22,588 | 1,528,360 |
Note: The unit of observation is individual workers.
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