Table 3.
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Marginal effects of significant covariates in the models.

Variable descriptionGeneralized ordered probit modelHierarchical generalized ordered probit model
No apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatalityNo apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatality
Female−8.6%7.8%7.9%−8.6%8.0%0.6%
Driver age 25 to 60−5.6%3.9%1.7%−5.6%4.2%1.4%
Driver age >60−8.1%5.4%2.7%−8.1%3.4%4.7%
Alcohol use−18.9%11.5%7.4%−19.0%13.3%5.7%
Truck9.8%−7.1%−2.7%9.9%−7.5%−2.4%
Vehicle age 3 to 130−1.9%1.9%0−1.7%1.7%
Vehicle age >130−3.2%3.2%0−3.1%3.1%
Speeding−5.8%1.4%4.4%−5.6%1.5%4.1%
Speed limit 30 to 60 mph−6.9%4.8%2.1%−6.5%4.8%1.7%
Speed limit >60 mph−14.8%9.7%5.1%−14.3%10.4%3.9%
Cloudy–––0−1.4%1.4%
Rain/snow5.4%−3.9%−1.5%5.5%−4.2%−1.3%
Dark−3.5%2.4%1.1%−3.5%2.6%0.9%
Rear end5.5%−0.5%−5.0%5.6%−0.5%−5.1%
Angle02.1%−2.1%01.9%−1.9%
Sideswipe16.3%−12.1%−4.2%16.4%−12.7%−3.7%
Variable descriptionGeneralized ordered probit modelHierarchical generalized ordered probit model
No apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatalityNo apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatality
Female−8.6%7.8%7.9%−8.6%8.0%0.6%
Driver age 25 to 60−5.6%3.9%1.7%−5.6%4.2%1.4%
Driver age >60−8.1%5.4%2.7%−8.1%3.4%4.7%
Alcohol use−18.9%11.5%7.4%−19.0%13.3%5.7%
Truck9.8%−7.1%−2.7%9.9%−7.5%−2.4%
Vehicle age 3 to 130−1.9%1.9%0−1.7%1.7%
Vehicle age >130−3.2%3.2%0−3.1%3.1%
Speeding−5.8%1.4%4.4%−5.6%1.5%4.1%
Speed limit 30 to 60 mph−6.9%4.8%2.1%−6.5%4.8%1.7%
Speed limit >60 mph−14.8%9.7%5.1%−14.3%10.4%3.9%
Cloudy–––0−1.4%1.4%
Rain/snow5.4%−3.9%−1.5%5.5%−4.2%−1.3%
Dark−3.5%2.4%1.1%−3.5%2.6%0.9%
Rear end5.5%−0.5%−5.0%5.6%−0.5%−5.1%
Angle02.1%−2.1%01.9%−1.9%
Sideswipe16.3%−12.1%−4.2%16.4%−12.7%−3.7%
Table 3.
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Marginal effects of significant covariates in the models.

Variable descriptionGeneralized ordered probit modelHierarchical generalized ordered probit model
No apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatalityNo apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatality
Female−8.6%7.8%7.9%−8.6%8.0%0.6%
Driver age 25 to 60−5.6%3.9%1.7%−5.6%4.2%1.4%
Driver age >60−8.1%5.4%2.7%−8.1%3.4%4.7%
Alcohol use−18.9%11.5%7.4%−19.0%13.3%5.7%
Truck9.8%−7.1%−2.7%9.9%−7.5%−2.4%
Vehicle age 3 to 130−1.9%1.9%0−1.7%1.7%
Vehicle age >130−3.2%3.2%0−3.1%3.1%
Speeding−5.8%1.4%4.4%−5.6%1.5%4.1%
Speed limit 30 to 60 mph−6.9%4.8%2.1%−6.5%4.8%1.7%
Speed limit >60 mph−14.8%9.7%5.1%−14.3%10.4%3.9%
Cloudy–––0−1.4%1.4%
Rain/snow5.4%−3.9%−1.5%5.5%−4.2%−1.3%
Dark−3.5%2.4%1.1%−3.5%2.6%0.9%
Rear end5.5%−0.5%−5.0%5.6%−0.5%−5.1%
Angle02.1%−2.1%01.9%−1.9%
Sideswipe16.3%−12.1%−4.2%16.4%−12.7%−3.7%
Variable descriptionGeneralized ordered probit modelHierarchical generalized ordered probit model
No apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatalityNo apparent injuryMinor injurySerious injury or fatality
Female−8.6%7.8%7.9%−8.6%8.0%0.6%
Driver age 25 to 60−5.6%3.9%1.7%−5.6%4.2%1.4%
Driver age >60−8.1%5.4%2.7%−8.1%3.4%4.7%
Alcohol use−18.9%11.5%7.4%−19.0%13.3%5.7%
Truck9.8%−7.1%−2.7%9.9%−7.5%−2.4%
Vehicle age 3 to 130−1.9%1.9%0−1.7%1.7%
Vehicle age >130−3.2%3.2%0−3.1%3.1%
Speeding−5.8%1.4%4.4%−5.6%1.5%4.1%
Speed limit 30 to 60 mph−6.9%4.8%2.1%−6.5%4.8%1.7%
Speed limit >60 mph−14.8%9.7%5.1%−14.3%10.4%3.9%
Cloudy–––0−1.4%1.4%
Rain/snow5.4%−3.9%−1.5%5.5%−4.2%−1.3%
Dark−3.5%2.4%1.1%−3.5%2.6%0.9%
Rear end5.5%−0.5%−5.0%5.6%−0.5%−5.1%
Angle02.1%−2.1%01.9%−1.9%
Sideswipe16.3%−12.1%−4.2%16.4%−12.7%−3.7%
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