Table 1 Open in new tab Participant...

Characteristic

β-Amyloid-negative

β-Amyloid-positive

211

Percentage female

49.8

52.6

Age at ALF assessment, years: mean, SD, (range)

72.9, 0.64, (71.9, 74.7)

72.9, 0.59, (71.9, 74.0)

Childhood cognitive ability, z-score: mean, SD, (range)

0.48, 0.71, (−1.59, 2.47)

0.34, 0.71, (−1.37, 2.50)

Highest educational qualification, %^a

None

12.8

20.0

Below O-levels (vocational)

4.7

3.2

O-levels or equivalent

26.1

30.5

A-levels or equivalent

34.6

32.6

Degree or equivalent

21.8

13.7

Socioeconomic position, %

Unskilled

0.5

Partly skilled

5.2

5.3

Skilled manual

9.5

6.3

Skilled non-manual

21.8

24.2

Intermediate

52.6

55.8

Professional

10.4

8.4

Percentage APOE-ε4 carriers^a

19.1

54.7

Neuroimaging follow-up interval, years: mean, SD, (range)

2.4, 0.2, (2.0, 3.2)

2.4, 0.2, (2.2, 3.1)

White matter hyperintensity volume, ml: median, IQR, (range)

4.1, 2.0–9.1, (0.1, 44.0)

Whole-brain atrophy rate^b, ml/year: mean, SD, (range)

−5.7, 3.1, (−15.9, 3.6)

−6.3, 2.9, (−14.1, −0.7)

Hippocampal atrophy rate^b, ml/year: mean, SD, (range)

−0.04, 0.04, (−0.22, 0.07)

−0.04, 0.04, (−0.17, 0.04)

MyCog subjective cognitive decline score (out of 24): mean, SD, (range)

4.5, 3.9, (0, 18)

5.2, 4.0, (0, 21)

Change in MyCog score: mean, SD, (range)

0.36, 3.1, (−10, 11)

0.33, 2.7, (−7, 10)

Preclinical Alzheimer’s cognitive composite: mean, SD, (range)

0.09, 0.62, (−1.8, 1.5)

0.02, 0.66, (−1.9, 1.5)

Accelerated long-term forgetting scores (%): mean, SD, [median], (range)

Complex figure drawing_total

79, 16, [80], (12–122)

77, 19, [76], (0–111)

Complex figure drawing_outline^a

96, 16, [100], (14–200)

89, 17, [95], (0–118)

Complex figure drawing_detail

72, 22, [71], (11–157)

71, 23, [71], (0–125)

Face–name

77, 21, [79], (0–200)

76, 22, [79], (0–129)

Table 1

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Participant characteristics and accelerated long-term forgetting scores in cognitively-normal participants with complete biomarker data (n = 306)

Characteristic	β-Amyloid-negative	β-Amyloid-positive
n	211	95
Percentage female	49.8	52.6
Age at ALF assessment, years: mean, SD, (range)	72.9, 0.64, (71.9, 74.7)	72.9, 0.59, (71.9, 74.0)
Childhood cognitive ability, z-score: mean, SD, (range)	0.48, 0.71, (−1.59, 2.47)	0.34, 0.71, (−1.37, 2.50)
Highest educational qualification, %^a
None	12.8	20.0
Below O-levels (vocational)	4.7	3.2
O-levels or equivalent	26.1	30.5
A-levels or equivalent	34.6	32.6
Degree or equivalent	21.8	13.7
Socioeconomic position, %
Unskilled	0.5	0
Partly skilled	5.2	5.3
Skilled manual	9.5	6.3
Skilled non-manual	21.8	24.2
Intermediate	52.6	55.8
Professional	10.4	8.4
Percentage APOE-ε4 carriers^a	19.1	54.7
Neuroimaging follow-up interval, years: mean, SD, (range)	2.4, 0.2, (2.0, 3.2)	2.4, 0.2, (2.2, 3.1)
White matter hyperintensity volume, ml: median, IQR, (range)	4.1, 2.0–9.1, (0.1, 44.0)	4.1, 2.0–9.1, (0.1, 44.0)
Whole-brain atrophy rate^b, ml/year: mean, SD, (range)	−5.7, 3.1, (−15.9, 3.6)	−6.3, 2.9, (−14.1, −0.7)
Hippocampal atrophy rate^b, ml/year: mean, SD, (range)	−0.04, 0.04, (−0.22, 0.07)	−0.04, 0.04, (−0.17, 0.04)
MyCog subjective cognitive decline score (out of 24): mean, SD, (range)	4.5, 3.9, (0, 18)	5.2, 4.0, (0, 21)
Change in MyCog score: mean, SD, (range)	0.36, 3.1, (−10, 11)	0.33, 2.7, (−7, 10)
Preclinical Alzheimer’s cognitive composite: mean, SD, (range)	0.09, 0.62, (−1.8, 1.5)	0.02, 0.66, (−1.9, 1.5)
Accelerated long-term forgetting scores (%): mean, SD, [median], (range)
Complex figure drawing_total	79, 16, [80], (12–122)	77, 19, [76], (0–111)
Complex figure drawing_outline^a	96, 16, [100], (14–200)	89, 17, [95], (0–118)
Complex figure drawing_detail	72, 22, [71], (11–157)	71, 23, [71], (0–125)
Face–name	77, 21, [79], (0–200)	76, 22, [79], (0–129)

Characteristic	β-Amyloid-negative	β-Amyloid-positive
n	211	95
Percentage female	49.8	52.6
Age at ALF assessment, years: mean, SD, (range)	72.9, 0.64, (71.9, 74.7)	72.9, 0.59, (71.9, 74.0)
Childhood cognitive ability, z-score: mean, SD, (range)	0.48, 0.71, (−1.59, 2.47)	0.34, 0.71, (−1.37, 2.50)
Highest educational qualification, %^a
None	12.8	20.0
Below O-levels (vocational)	4.7	3.2
O-levels or equivalent	26.1	30.5
A-levels or equivalent	34.6	32.6
Degree or equivalent	21.8	13.7
Socioeconomic position, %
Unskilled	0.5	0
Partly skilled	5.2	5.3
Skilled manual	9.5	6.3
Skilled non-manual	21.8	24.2
Intermediate	52.6	55.8
Professional	10.4	8.4
Percentage APOE-ε4 carriers^a	19.1	54.7
Neuroimaging follow-up interval, years: mean, SD, (range)	2.4, 0.2, (2.0, 3.2)	2.4, 0.2, (2.2, 3.1)
White matter hyperintensity volume, ml: median, IQR, (range)	4.1, 2.0–9.1, (0.1, 44.0)	4.1, 2.0–9.1, (0.1, 44.0)
Whole-brain atrophy rate^b, ml/year: mean, SD, (range)	−5.7, 3.1, (−15.9, 3.6)	−6.3, 2.9, (−14.1, −0.7)
Hippocampal atrophy rate^b, ml/year: mean, SD, (range)	−0.04, 0.04, (−0.22, 0.07)	−0.04, 0.04, (−0.17, 0.04)
MyCog subjective cognitive decline score (out of 24): mean, SD, (range)	4.5, 3.9, (0, 18)	5.2, 4.0, (0, 21)
Change in MyCog score: mean, SD, (range)	0.36, 3.1, (−10, 11)	0.33, 2.7, (−7, 10)
Preclinical Alzheimer’s cognitive composite: mean, SD, (range)	0.09, 0.62, (−1.8, 1.5)	0.02, 0.66, (−1.9, 1.5)
Accelerated long-term forgetting scores (%): mean, SD, [median], (range)
Complex figure drawing_total	79, 16, [80], (12–122)	77, 19, [76], (0–111)
Complex figure drawing_outline^a	96, 16, [100], (14–200)	89, 17, [95], (0–118)
Complex figure drawing_detail	72, 22, [71], (11–157)	71, 23, [71], (0–125)
Face–name	77, 21, [79], (0–200)	76, 22, [79], (0–129)

ALF = accelerated long-term forgetting; IQR = interquartile range; SD = standard deviation.

^aBased on t-test, ranksum tests or χ² tests, as appropriate, the difference between amyloid-positive and amyloid-negative groups was statistically significant for education, APOE-ε4 and complex figure drawing_outline.

^bAtrophy is represented as change in volume, with negative numbers indicating volume loss.

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