Table 4: Open in new tab Summary of...

References/Year

Case studies

Data exchanged

Technologies used

Findings

Evaluation metrics

Zhang et al. (2016)

Pilot study with small-scale game environment

Evacuation time, evacuation route, delay time

Unity, BIM, Cloud computing, Autodesk Revit

Feasibility of large-scale online game for behaviour data collection validated

Evacuation time, route, delay, congestion

Fritsch et al. (2017)

Testbed Calw, Hermann

Point clouds, FBX, old photos, textures

Trimble SketchUp, Autodesk 3ds Max, Unity

Development of AR/VR apps, high engagement across different age groups

User engagement, data integration efficiency, app performance

Graebling et al. (2022)

Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory experiments

Measured and simulated data, research results

Unity, OpenGeoSys, PostgreSQL, Firebird, Python, ParaView

Improved data accessibility, interactive visualizations, enhanced data exploration

User-driven exploration, spatial context embedding, interactive visualizations

Wei et al. (2021)

6-floor educational building in Pittsburgh

Semantic information, schedule information

UE, 4D-BIM, Google Deeplab V3, ResNet-101, PSC

Improved scene understanding, reduced labelling effort, robust semantic segmentation

Pixel-wise accuracy

Lee et al. (2023)

Construction sites with scaffolding, synthetic data generation for worker and PPE detection

BIM data, synthetic images, real-world images, annotations

Unity, CNN models, OpenGL, PyTorch, NVIDIA GPUs

Improved synthetic data detection performance by 30.4%, provided a cost-efficient method for training CV models

Average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP), F1 score, intersection over union (IoU)

Binni et al. (2023)

Building construction of the Polytechnic University of Marche

Point clouds, spherical images, IFC

Unity, Autodesk Revit, Leica Cyclone, Ricoh Theta, MySQL

Improved data integration, reduced rework and modelling time, enhanced accuracy of BIM models

Modelling accuracy, time and cost reduction, user feedback

Table 4:

Open in new tab

Summary of publications on data generation and management.

References/Year	Case studies	Data exchanged	Technologies used	Findings	Evaluation metrics
Zhang et al. (2016)	Pilot study with small-scale game environment	Evacuation time, evacuation route, delay time	Unity, BIM, Cloud computing, Autodesk Revit	Feasibility of large-scale online game for behaviour data collection validated	Evacuation time, route, delay, congestion
Fritsch et al. (2017)	Testbed Calw, Hermann	Point clouds, FBX, old photos, textures	Trimble SketchUp, Autodesk 3ds Max, Unity	Development of AR/VR apps, high engagement across different age groups	User engagement, data integration efficiency, app performance
Graebling et al. (2022)	Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory experiments	Measured and simulated data, research results	Unity, OpenGeoSys, PostgreSQL, Firebird, Python, ParaView	Improved data accessibility, interactive visualizations, enhanced data exploration	User-driven exploration, spatial context embedding, interactive visualizations
Wei et al. (2021)	6-floor educational building in Pittsburgh	Semantic information, schedule information	UE, 4D-BIM, Google Deeplab V3, ResNet-101, PSC	Improved scene understanding, reduced labelling effort, robust semantic segmentation	Pixel-wise accuracy
Lee et al. (2023)	Construction sites with scaffolding, synthetic data generation for worker and PPE detection	BIM data, synthetic images, real-world images, annotations	Unity, CNN models, OpenGL, PyTorch, NVIDIA GPUs	Improved synthetic data detection performance by 30.4%, provided a cost-efficient method for training CV models	Average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP), F1 score, intersection over union (IoU)
Binni et al. (2023)	Building construction of the Polytechnic University of Marche	Point clouds, spherical images, IFC	Unity, Autodesk Revit, Leica Cyclone, Ricoh Theta, MySQL	Improved data integration, reduced rework and modelling time, enhanced accuracy of BIM models	Modelling accuracy, time and cost reduction, user feedback

References/Year	Case studies	Data exchanged	Technologies used	Findings	Evaluation metrics
Zhang et al. (2016)	Pilot study with small-scale game environment	Evacuation time, evacuation route, delay time	Unity, BIM, Cloud computing, Autodesk Revit	Feasibility of large-scale online game for behaviour data collection validated	Evacuation time, route, delay, congestion
Fritsch et al. (2017)	Testbed Calw, Hermann	Point clouds, FBX, old photos, textures	Trimble SketchUp, Autodesk 3ds Max, Unity	Development of AR/VR apps, high engagement across different age groups	User engagement, data integration efficiency, app performance
Graebling et al. (2022)	Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory experiments	Measured and simulated data, research results	Unity, OpenGeoSys, PostgreSQL, Firebird, Python, ParaView	Improved data accessibility, interactive visualizations, enhanced data exploration	User-driven exploration, spatial context embedding, interactive visualizations
Wei et al. (2021)	6-floor educational building in Pittsburgh	Semantic information, schedule information	UE, 4D-BIM, Google Deeplab V3, ResNet-101, PSC	Improved scene understanding, reduced labelling effort, robust semantic segmentation	Pixel-wise accuracy
Lee et al. (2023)	Construction sites with scaffolding, synthetic data generation for worker and PPE detection	BIM data, synthetic images, real-world images, annotations	Unity, CNN models, OpenGL, PyTorch, NVIDIA GPUs	Improved synthetic data detection performance by 30.4%, provided a cost-efficient method for training CV models	Average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP), F1 score, intersection over union (IoU)
Binni et al. (2023)	Building construction of the Polytechnic University of Marche	Point clouds, spherical images, IFC	Unity, Autodesk Revit, Leica Cyclone, Ricoh Theta, MySQL	Improved data integration, reduced rework and modelling time, enhanced accuracy of BIM models	Modelling accuracy, time and cost reduction, user feedback

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