Table 2. Open in new tab Primary...

	Control^† n = 362	Standard HWs condition n = 340	Product Attribute HWs condition n = 356	Product Attribute HWs + Video condition n = 356	Standard HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs post-estimation comparison	Product Attribute HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs + Video post-estimation comparison
Knowledge
Knowledge of harms despite sensory cues	4.15	4.21	0.06 (−0.04, 0.16)	4.26	0.11 (0.01, 0.21)^	4.20	0.05 (−0.05, 0.15)	–	–
Knowledge of tobacco industry manipulation	3.97	3.99	0.02 (−0.09, 0.13)	4.10	0.13 (0.03, 0.24)*	4.09	0.12 (0.02, 0.23)*	.035*	.793
Negative emotional responses
Self-centric negative emotional responses	3.09	3.56	0.47 (0.34, 0.60)***	3.52	0.43 (0.30, 0.56)***	3.48	0.38 (0.26, 0.51)***	.564	.503
Industry-centric negative emotional responses	3.00	3.24	0.24 (0.10, 0.38)**	3.42	0.42 (0.28, 0.56)***	3.44	0.44 (0.29, 0.58)***	.014*	.816
Product-specific smoking dissonance	3.25	3.39	0.14 (0.01, 0.26)^	3.42	0.16 (0.04, 0.28)*	3.34	0.09 (−0.03, 0.21)	.656	.248
	%	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	P	P
Continued engagement with HWs
Past-week rumination about HWs	16.0	29.7	1.85 (1.39, 2.47)***	31.7	1.98 (1.50, 2.62)***	34.0	2.12 (1.61, 2.80)***	.561	.524
Past-week online HW information-seeking	11.9	17.4	1.46 (1.01, 2.10)^	16.3	1.37 (0.95, 1.98)	21.1	1.77 (1.26, 2.51)**	–	.104
Past-week interpersonal discussion about HWs	19.1	25.6	1.34 (1.02, 1.77)^	24.2	1.27 (0.96, 1.68)	30.6	1.61 (1.23, 2.09)***	–	.055
Smoke-limiting micro behaviours
Tried to limit the number of cigarettes smoked in past week	60.0	70.9	1.18 (1.06, 1.32)**	65.7	1.10 (0.98, 1.23)	64.0	1.07 (0.95, 1.20)	.145	–
Stubbed/butted out cigarette before finishing it in past week	56.6	62.6	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	58.4	1.03 (0.91, 1.17)	64.6	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)^	–	–
Forgone a cigarette in past week	49.4	56.2	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	53.9	1.09 (0.95, 1.26)	56.5	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	–	–
At least one of the above smoke-limiting micro behaviours	79.8	86.2	1.08 (1.01, 1.15)^	80.6	1.01 (0.94, 1.09)	82.6	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	–	–

Control^†
n = 362

Standard HWs condition
n = 340

Product Attribute HWs condition
n = 356

Product Attribute HWs + Video condition
n = 356

Standard HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs
post-estimation comparison

Product Attribute HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs + Video post-estimation comparison

Mean

β (95% CI)

Mean

β (95% CI)

Mean

β (95% CI)

Knowledge

Knowledge of harms despite sensory cues

4.15

4.21

0.06 (−0.04, 0.16)

4.26

0.11 (0.01, 0.21)^

4.20

0.05 (−0.05, 0.15)

–

Knowledge of tobacco industry manipulation

3.97

3.99

0.02 (−0.09, 0.13)

4.10

0.13 (0.03, 0.24)*

4.09

0.12 (0.02, 0.23)*

.035*

.793

Negative emotional responses

Self-centric negative emotional responses

3.09

3.56

0.47 (0.34, 0.60)***

3.52

0.43 (0.30, 0.56)***

3.48

0.38 (0.26, 0.51)***

.564

.503

Industry-centric negative emotional responses

3.00

3.24

0.24 (0.10, 0.38)**

3.42

0.42 (0.28, 0.56)***

3.44

0.44 (0.29, 0.58)***

.014*

.816

Product-specific smoking dissonance

3.25

3.39

0.14 (0.01, 0.26)^

3.42

0.16 (0.04, 0.28)*

3.34

0.09 (−0.03, 0.21)

.656

.248

PR (95% CI)

Continued engagement with HWs

Past-week rumination about HWs

16.0

29.7

1.85 (1.39, 2.47)***

31.7

1.98 (1.50, 2.62)***

34.0

2.12 (1.61, 2.80)***

.561

.524

Past-week online HW information-seeking

11.9

17.4

1.46 (1.01, 2.10)^

16.3

1.37 (0.95, 1.98)

21.1

1.77 (1.26, 2.51)**

–

.104

Past-week interpersonal discussion about HWs

19.1

25.6

1.34 (1.02, 1.77)^

24.2

1.27 (0.96, 1.68)

30.6

1.61 (1.23, 2.09)***

–

.055

Smoke-limiting micro behaviours

Tried to limit the number of cigarettes smoked in past week

60.0

70.9

1.18 (1.06, 1.32)**

65.7

1.10 (0.98, 1.23)

64.0

1.07 (0.95, 1.20)

.145

–

Stubbed/butted out cigarette before finishing it in past week

56.6

62.6

1.11 (0.98, 1.25)

58.4

1.03 (0.91, 1.17)

64.6

1.14 (1.01, 1.28)^

–

Forgone a cigarette in past week

49.4

56.2

1.14 (0.99, 1.31)

53.9

1.09 (0.95, 1.26)

56.5

1.14 (0.99, 1.31)

–

At least one of the above smoke-limiting micro behaviours

79.8

86.2

1.08 (1.01, 1.15)^

80.6

1.01 (0.94, 1.09)

82.6

1.03 (0.96, 1.11)

–

	Control^† n = 362	Standard HWs condition n = 340	Product Attribute HWs condition n = 356	Product Attribute HWs + Video condition n = 356	Standard HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs post-estimation comparison	Product Attribute HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs + Video post-estimation comparison
Knowledge
Knowledge of harms despite sensory cues	4.15	4.21	0.06 (−0.04, 0.16)	4.26	0.11 (0.01, 0.21)^	4.20	0.05 (−0.05, 0.15)	–	–
Knowledge of tobacco industry manipulation	3.97	3.99	0.02 (−0.09, 0.13)	4.10	0.13 (0.03, 0.24)*	4.09	0.12 (0.02, 0.23)*	.035*	.793
Negative emotional responses
Self-centric negative emotional responses	3.09	3.56	0.47 (0.34, 0.60)***	3.52	0.43 (0.30, 0.56)***	3.48	0.38 (0.26, 0.51)***	.564	.503
Industry-centric negative emotional responses	3.00	3.24	0.24 (0.10, 0.38)**	3.42	0.42 (0.28, 0.56)***	3.44	0.44 (0.29, 0.58)***	.014*	.816
Product-specific smoking dissonance	3.25	3.39	0.14 (0.01, 0.26)^	3.42	0.16 (0.04, 0.28)*	3.34	0.09 (−0.03, 0.21)	.656	.248
	%	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	P	P
Continued engagement with HWs
Past-week rumination about HWs	16.0	29.7	1.85 (1.39, 2.47)***	31.7	1.98 (1.50, 2.62)***	34.0	2.12 (1.61, 2.80)***	.561	.524
Past-week online HW information-seeking	11.9	17.4	1.46 (1.01, 2.10)^	16.3	1.37 (0.95, 1.98)	21.1	1.77 (1.26, 2.51)**	–	.104
Past-week interpersonal discussion about HWs	19.1	25.6	1.34 (1.02, 1.77)^	24.2	1.27 (0.96, 1.68)	30.6	1.61 (1.23, 2.09)***	–	.055
Smoke-limiting micro behaviours
Tried to limit the number of cigarettes smoked in past week	60.0	70.9	1.18 (1.06, 1.32)**	65.7	1.10 (0.98, 1.23)	64.0	1.07 (0.95, 1.20)	.145	–
Stubbed/butted out cigarette before finishing it in past week	56.6	62.6	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	58.4	1.03 (0.91, 1.17)	64.6	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)^	–	–
Forgone a cigarette in past week	49.4	56.2	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	53.9	1.09 (0.95, 1.26)	56.5	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	–	–
At least one of the above smoke-limiting micro behaviours	79.8	86.2	1.08 (1.01, 1.15)^	80.6	1.01 (0.94, 1.09)	82.6	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	–	–

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Primary outcomes at follow-up by condition and effect sizes for comparisons between Control and intervention conditions.

	Control^† n = 362	Standard HWs condition n = 340		Product Attribute HWs condition n = 356		Product Attribute HWs + Video condition n = 356		Standard HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs post-estimation comparison	Product Attribute HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs + Video post-estimation comparison
	Mean	Mean	β (95% CI)	Mean	β (95% CI)	Mean	β (95% CI)	P	P
Knowledge
Knowledge of harms despite sensory cues	4.15	4.21	0.06 (−0.04, 0.16)	4.26	0.11 (0.01, 0.21)^	4.20	0.05 (−0.05, 0.15)	–	–
Knowledge of tobacco industry manipulation	3.97	3.99	0.02 (−0.09, 0.13)	4.10	0.13 (0.03, 0.24)*	4.09	0.12 (0.02, 0.23)*	.035*	.793
Negative emotional responses
Self-centric negative emotional responses	3.09	3.56	0.47 (0.34, 0.60)***	3.52	0.43 (0.30, 0.56)***	3.48	0.38 (0.26, 0.51)***	.564	.503
Industry-centric negative emotional responses	3.00	3.24	0.24 (0.10, 0.38)**	3.42	0.42 (0.28, 0.56)***	3.44	0.44 (0.29, 0.58)***	.014*	.816
Product-specific smoking dissonance	3.25	3.39	0.14 (0.01, 0.26)^	3.42	0.16 (0.04, 0.28)*	3.34	0.09 (−0.03, 0.21)	.656	.248
	%	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	P	P
Continued engagement with HWs
Past-week rumination about HWs	16.0	29.7	1.85 (1.39, 2.47)***	31.7	1.98 (1.50, 2.62)***	34.0	2.12 (1.61, 2.80)***	.561	.524
Past-week online HW information-seeking	11.9	17.4	1.46 (1.01, 2.10)^	16.3	1.37 (0.95, 1.98)	21.1	1.77 (1.26, 2.51)**	–	.104
Past-week interpersonal discussion about HWs	19.1	25.6	1.34 (1.02, 1.77)^	24.2	1.27 (0.96, 1.68)	30.6	1.61 (1.23, 2.09)***	–	.055
Smoke-limiting micro behaviours
Tried to limit the number of cigarettes smoked in past week	60.0	70.9	1.18 (1.06, 1.32)**	65.7	1.10 (0.98, 1.23)	64.0	1.07 (0.95, 1.20)	.145	–
Stubbed/butted out cigarette before finishing it in past week	56.6	62.6	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	58.4	1.03 (0.91, 1.17)	64.6	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)^	–	–
Forgone a cigarette in past week	49.4	56.2	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	53.9	1.09 (0.95, 1.26)	56.5	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	–	–
At least one of the above smoke-limiting micro behaviours	79.8	86.2	1.08 (1.01, 1.15)^	80.6	1.01 (0.94, 1.09)	82.6	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	–	–

	Control^† n = 362	Standard HWs condition n = 340		Product Attribute HWs condition n = 356		Product Attribute HWs + Video condition n = 356		Standard HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs post-estimation comparison	Product Attribute HWs cf. Product Attribute HWs + Video post-estimation comparison
	Mean	Mean	β (95% CI)	Mean	β (95% CI)	Mean	β (95% CI)	P	P
Knowledge
Knowledge of harms despite sensory cues	4.15	4.21	0.06 (−0.04, 0.16)	4.26	0.11 (0.01, 0.21)^	4.20	0.05 (−0.05, 0.15)	–	–
Knowledge of tobacco industry manipulation	3.97	3.99	0.02 (−0.09, 0.13)	4.10	0.13 (0.03, 0.24)*	4.09	0.12 (0.02, 0.23)*	.035*	.793
Negative emotional responses
Self-centric negative emotional responses	3.09	3.56	0.47 (0.34, 0.60)***	3.52	0.43 (0.30, 0.56)***	3.48	0.38 (0.26, 0.51)***	.564	.503
Industry-centric negative emotional responses	3.00	3.24	0.24 (0.10, 0.38)**	3.42	0.42 (0.28, 0.56)***	3.44	0.44 (0.29, 0.58)***	.014*	.816
Product-specific smoking dissonance	3.25	3.39	0.14 (0.01, 0.26)^	3.42	0.16 (0.04, 0.28)*	3.34	0.09 (−0.03, 0.21)	.656	.248
	%	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	%	PR (95% CI)	P	P
Continued engagement with HWs
Past-week rumination about HWs	16.0	29.7	1.85 (1.39, 2.47)***	31.7	1.98 (1.50, 2.62)***	34.0	2.12 (1.61, 2.80)***	.561	.524
Past-week online HW information-seeking	11.9	17.4	1.46 (1.01, 2.10)^	16.3	1.37 (0.95, 1.98)	21.1	1.77 (1.26, 2.51)**	–	.104
Past-week interpersonal discussion about HWs	19.1	25.6	1.34 (1.02, 1.77)^	24.2	1.27 (0.96, 1.68)	30.6	1.61 (1.23, 2.09)***	–	.055
Smoke-limiting micro behaviours
Tried to limit the number of cigarettes smoked in past week	60.0	70.9	1.18 (1.06, 1.32)**	65.7	1.10 (0.98, 1.23)	64.0	1.07 (0.95, 1.20)	.145	–
Stubbed/butted out cigarette before finishing it in past week	56.6	62.6	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	58.4	1.03 (0.91, 1.17)	64.6	1.14 (1.01, 1.28)^	–	–
Forgone a cigarette in past week	49.4	56.2	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	53.9	1.09 (0.95, 1.26)	56.5	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)	–	–
At least one of the above smoke-limiting micro behaviours	79.8	86.2	1.08 (1.01, 1.15)^	80.6	1.01 (0.94, 1.09)	82.6	1.03 (0.96, 1.11)	–	–

Statistically significant difference at ***P < .001, **P < .010, and *P < .05. All P-values have been adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Holm-Bonferroni method, with the exception of post-estimation comparison P-values. Where significant P-values became non-significant after multiple comparison adjustment, this has been indicated (^). All regression models are unadjusted. ^†Reference category. Abbreviations: HWs = health warnings; PR = prevalence ratio.

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