Patients’ characteristics of the overall sample, stratified by RER categories
| Characteristic . | Overall N = 10 176a . | Fat oxidation RER N = 1502a . | Mixed RER N = 8124a . | Glucose oxidation RER N = 550a . | P valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | <.001 | ||||
| Female | 7223 (71%) | 1178 (78%) | 5719 (70%) | 326 (59%) | |
| Male | 2953 (29%) | 324 (22%) | 2405 (30%) | 224 (41%) | |
| Age (years) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (35, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | .10 |
| BMI, kg/m2) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.2 (24.8, 32.4) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.9 (25.6, 32.9) | .029 |
| BMI categories | .012 | ||||
| Underweight | 183 (1.8%) | 38 (2.5%) | 137 (1.7%) | 8 (1.5%) | |
| Normal weight | 2340 (23%) | 363 (24%) | 1874 (23%) | 103 (19%) | |
| Overweight | 3755 (37%) | 540 (36%) | 3011 (37%) | 204 (37%) | |
| Obesity class I | 2428 (24%) | 327 (22%) | 1958 (24%) | 143 (26%) | |
| Obesity class II | 996 (9.8%) | 150 (10%) | 777 (9.6%) | 69 (13%) | |
| Obesity class III | 455 (4.5%) | 80 (5.3%) | 352 (4.3%) | 23 (4.2%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96 (86, 107) | 94 (84, 106) | 96 (86, 107) | 98 (89, 109) | <.001 |
| Waist circumference categories | .10 | ||||
| Normal | 1845 (18%) | 302 (20%) | 1459 (18%) | 84 (15%) | |
| Elevated | 2120 (21%) | 310 (21%) | 1697 (21%) | 113 (21%) | |
| Central obesity | 6173 (61%) | 885 (59%) | 4935 (61%) | 353 (64%) | |
| Body fat percentage | 39 (34, 43) | 39 (35, 43) | 39 (34, 42) | 38 (33, 42) | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 82) | 80 (70, 85) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure categories | <.001 | ||||
| Normal | 5197 (57%) | 841 (61%) | 4102 (56%) | 254 (50%) | |
| Elevated | 386 (4.2%) | 56 (4.1%) | 314 (4.3%) | 16 (3.1%) | |
| Stage 1 | 2823 (31%) | 372 (27%) | 2274 (31%) | 177 (35%) | |
| Stage 2 | 779 (8.5%) | 110 (8.0%) | 605 (8.3%) | 64 (13%) | |
| RER | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | 0.75 (0.73, 0.77) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) | <.001 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal/day) | 1451 (1304, 1666) | 1462 (1313, 1648) | 1445 (1300, 1663) | 1504 (1318, 1759) | <.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95 (89, 102) | 94 (88, 101) | 95 (89, 102) | 96 (90, 104) | <.001 |
| Glucose categories | .008 | ||||
| Normal | 6791 (70%) | 1035 (72%) | 5414 (70%) | 342 (65%) | |
| Prediabetes | 2721 (28%) | 368 (26%) | 2188 (28%) | 165 (31%) | |
| Diabetes | 196 (2.0%) | 25 (1.8%) | 153 (2.0%) | 18 (3.4%) | |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 10 (7, 15) | 9 (6, 14) | 10 (7, 15) | 11 (8, 17) | <.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.28 (1.54, 3.59) | 2.10 (1.40, 3.29) | 2.30 (1.55, 3.59) | 2.76 (1.80, 4.03) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (% | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.41 (5.17, 5.67) | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.49 (5.21, 5.74) | .078 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205 (178, 234) | 205 (176, 233) | 205 (178, 234) | 207 (181, 234) | .4 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59 (49, 71) | 61 (50, 73) | 59 (49, 70) | 56 (46, 68) | <.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 131 (107, 158) | 129 (104, 154) | 131 (107, 159) | 132 (110, 158) | .017 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 87 (63, 124) | 82 (60, 117) | 87 (64, 124) | 97 (70, 145) | <.001 |
| AST/GOT (IU/L) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.4) | 18.2 (15.3, 22.6) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.3) | 18.9 (16.0, 23.1) | .10 |
| ALT/GPT (IU/L) | 18 (14, 27) | 18 (13, 26) | 18 (14, 27) | 20 (15, 28) | <.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 18 (12, 27) | 17 (12, 26) | 18 (12, 27) | 18 (13, 30) | .004 |
| Characteristic . | Overall N = 10 176a . | Fat oxidation RER N = 1502a . | Mixed RER N = 8124a . | Glucose oxidation RER N = 550a . | P valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | <.001 | ||||
| Female | 7223 (71%) | 1178 (78%) | 5719 (70%) | 326 (59%) | |
| Male | 2953 (29%) | 324 (22%) | 2405 (30%) | 224 (41%) | |
| Age (years) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (35, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | .10 |
| BMI, kg/m2) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.2 (24.8, 32.4) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.9 (25.6, 32.9) | .029 |
| BMI categories | .012 | ||||
| Underweight | 183 (1.8%) | 38 (2.5%) | 137 (1.7%) | 8 (1.5%) | |
| Normal weight | 2340 (23%) | 363 (24%) | 1874 (23%) | 103 (19%) | |
| Overweight | 3755 (37%) | 540 (36%) | 3011 (37%) | 204 (37%) | |
| Obesity class I | 2428 (24%) | 327 (22%) | 1958 (24%) | 143 (26%) | |
| Obesity class II | 996 (9.8%) | 150 (10%) | 777 (9.6%) | 69 (13%) | |
| Obesity class III | 455 (4.5%) | 80 (5.3%) | 352 (4.3%) | 23 (4.2%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96 (86, 107) | 94 (84, 106) | 96 (86, 107) | 98 (89, 109) | <.001 |
| Waist circumference categories | .10 | ||||
| Normal | 1845 (18%) | 302 (20%) | 1459 (18%) | 84 (15%) | |
| Elevated | 2120 (21%) | 310 (21%) | 1697 (21%) | 113 (21%) | |
| Central obesity | 6173 (61%) | 885 (59%) | 4935 (61%) | 353 (64%) | |
| Body fat percentage | 39 (34, 43) | 39 (35, 43) | 39 (34, 42) | 38 (33, 42) | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 82) | 80 (70, 85) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure categories | <.001 | ||||
| Normal | 5197 (57%) | 841 (61%) | 4102 (56%) | 254 (50%) | |
| Elevated | 386 (4.2%) | 56 (4.1%) | 314 (4.3%) | 16 (3.1%) | |
| Stage 1 | 2823 (31%) | 372 (27%) | 2274 (31%) | 177 (35%) | |
| Stage 2 | 779 (8.5%) | 110 (8.0%) | 605 (8.3%) | 64 (13%) | |
| RER | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | 0.75 (0.73, 0.77) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) | <.001 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal/day) | 1451 (1304, 1666) | 1462 (1313, 1648) | 1445 (1300, 1663) | 1504 (1318, 1759) | <.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95 (89, 102) | 94 (88, 101) | 95 (89, 102) | 96 (90, 104) | <.001 |
| Glucose categories | .008 | ||||
| Normal | 6791 (70%) | 1035 (72%) | 5414 (70%) | 342 (65%) | |
| Prediabetes | 2721 (28%) | 368 (26%) | 2188 (28%) | 165 (31%) | |
| Diabetes | 196 (2.0%) | 25 (1.8%) | 153 (2.0%) | 18 (3.4%) | |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 10 (7, 15) | 9 (6, 14) | 10 (7, 15) | 11 (8, 17) | <.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.28 (1.54, 3.59) | 2.10 (1.40, 3.29) | 2.30 (1.55, 3.59) | 2.76 (1.80, 4.03) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (% | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.41 (5.17, 5.67) | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.49 (5.21, 5.74) | .078 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205 (178, 234) | 205 (176, 233) | 205 (178, 234) | 207 (181, 234) | .4 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59 (49, 71) | 61 (50, 73) | 59 (49, 70) | 56 (46, 68) | <.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 131 (107, 158) | 129 (104, 154) | 131 (107, 159) | 132 (110, 158) | .017 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 87 (63, 124) | 82 (60, 117) | 87 (64, 124) | 97 (70, 145) | <.001 |
| AST/GOT (IU/L) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.4) | 18.2 (15.3, 22.6) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.3) | 18.9 (16.0, 23.1) | .10 |
| ALT/GPT (IU/L) | 18 (14, 27) | 18 (13, 26) | 18 (14, 27) | 20 (15, 28) | <.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 18 (12, 27) | 17 (12, 26) | 18 (12, 27) | 18 (13, 30) | .004 |
Bold values indicate P-values < .05.
an (%); median (Q1, Q3).
bPearson's Chi-squared test; Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; GGT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase; GOT, Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase; GPT, Glutamate pyruvate transaminase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; RER, respiratory exchange ratio.
Patients’ characteristics of the overall sample, stratified by RER categories
| Characteristic . | Overall N = 10 176a . | Fat oxidation RER N = 1502a . | Mixed RER N = 8124a . | Glucose oxidation RER N = 550a . | P valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | <.001 | ||||
| Female | 7223 (71%) | 1178 (78%) | 5719 (70%) | 326 (59%) | |
| Male | 2953 (29%) | 324 (22%) | 2405 (30%) | 224 (41%) | |
| Age (years) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (35, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | .10 |
| BMI, kg/m2) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.2 (24.8, 32.4) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.9 (25.6, 32.9) | .029 |
| BMI categories | .012 | ||||
| Underweight | 183 (1.8%) | 38 (2.5%) | 137 (1.7%) | 8 (1.5%) | |
| Normal weight | 2340 (23%) | 363 (24%) | 1874 (23%) | 103 (19%) | |
| Overweight | 3755 (37%) | 540 (36%) | 3011 (37%) | 204 (37%) | |
| Obesity class I | 2428 (24%) | 327 (22%) | 1958 (24%) | 143 (26%) | |
| Obesity class II | 996 (9.8%) | 150 (10%) | 777 (9.6%) | 69 (13%) | |
| Obesity class III | 455 (4.5%) | 80 (5.3%) | 352 (4.3%) | 23 (4.2%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96 (86, 107) | 94 (84, 106) | 96 (86, 107) | 98 (89, 109) | <.001 |
| Waist circumference categories | .10 | ||||
| Normal | 1845 (18%) | 302 (20%) | 1459 (18%) | 84 (15%) | |
| Elevated | 2120 (21%) | 310 (21%) | 1697 (21%) | 113 (21%) | |
| Central obesity | 6173 (61%) | 885 (59%) | 4935 (61%) | 353 (64%) | |
| Body fat percentage | 39 (34, 43) | 39 (35, 43) | 39 (34, 42) | 38 (33, 42) | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 82) | 80 (70, 85) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure categories | <.001 | ||||
| Normal | 5197 (57%) | 841 (61%) | 4102 (56%) | 254 (50%) | |
| Elevated | 386 (4.2%) | 56 (4.1%) | 314 (4.3%) | 16 (3.1%) | |
| Stage 1 | 2823 (31%) | 372 (27%) | 2274 (31%) | 177 (35%) | |
| Stage 2 | 779 (8.5%) | 110 (8.0%) | 605 (8.3%) | 64 (13%) | |
| RER | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | 0.75 (0.73, 0.77) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) | <.001 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal/day) | 1451 (1304, 1666) | 1462 (1313, 1648) | 1445 (1300, 1663) | 1504 (1318, 1759) | <.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95 (89, 102) | 94 (88, 101) | 95 (89, 102) | 96 (90, 104) | <.001 |
| Glucose categories | .008 | ||||
| Normal | 6791 (70%) | 1035 (72%) | 5414 (70%) | 342 (65%) | |
| Prediabetes | 2721 (28%) | 368 (26%) | 2188 (28%) | 165 (31%) | |
| Diabetes | 196 (2.0%) | 25 (1.8%) | 153 (2.0%) | 18 (3.4%) | |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 10 (7, 15) | 9 (6, 14) | 10 (7, 15) | 11 (8, 17) | <.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.28 (1.54, 3.59) | 2.10 (1.40, 3.29) | 2.30 (1.55, 3.59) | 2.76 (1.80, 4.03) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (% | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.41 (5.17, 5.67) | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.49 (5.21, 5.74) | .078 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205 (178, 234) | 205 (176, 233) | 205 (178, 234) | 207 (181, 234) | .4 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59 (49, 71) | 61 (50, 73) | 59 (49, 70) | 56 (46, 68) | <.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 131 (107, 158) | 129 (104, 154) | 131 (107, 159) | 132 (110, 158) | .017 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 87 (63, 124) | 82 (60, 117) | 87 (64, 124) | 97 (70, 145) | <.001 |
| AST/GOT (IU/L) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.4) | 18.2 (15.3, 22.6) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.3) | 18.9 (16.0, 23.1) | .10 |
| ALT/GPT (IU/L) | 18 (14, 27) | 18 (13, 26) | 18 (14, 27) | 20 (15, 28) | <.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 18 (12, 27) | 17 (12, 26) | 18 (12, 27) | 18 (13, 30) | .004 |
| Characteristic . | Overall N = 10 176a . | Fat oxidation RER N = 1502a . | Mixed RER N = 8124a . | Glucose oxidation RER N = 550a . | P valueb . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | <.001 | ||||
| Female | 7223 (71%) | 1178 (78%) | 5719 (70%) | 326 (59%) | |
| Male | 2953 (29%) | 324 (22%) | 2405 (30%) | 224 (41%) | |
| Age (years) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (35, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | 46 (36, 55) | .10 |
| BMI, kg/m2) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.2 (24.8, 32.4) | 28.3 (25.0, 32.3) | 28.9 (25.6, 32.9) | .029 |
| BMI categories | .012 | ||||
| Underweight | 183 (1.8%) | 38 (2.5%) | 137 (1.7%) | 8 (1.5%) | |
| Normal weight | 2340 (23%) | 363 (24%) | 1874 (23%) | 103 (19%) | |
| Overweight | 3755 (37%) | 540 (36%) | 3011 (37%) | 204 (37%) | |
| Obesity class I | 2428 (24%) | 327 (22%) | 1958 (24%) | 143 (26%) | |
| Obesity class II | 996 (9.8%) | 150 (10%) | 777 (9.6%) | 69 (13%) | |
| Obesity class III | 455 (4.5%) | 80 (5.3%) | 352 (4.3%) | 23 (4.2%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96 (86, 107) | 94 (84, 106) | 96 (86, 107) | 98 (89, 109) | <.001 |
| Waist circumference categories | .10 | ||||
| Normal | 1845 (18%) | 302 (20%) | 1459 (18%) | 84 (15%) | |
| Elevated | 2120 (21%) | 310 (21%) | 1697 (21%) | 113 (21%) | |
| Central obesity | 6173 (61%) | 885 (59%) | 4935 (61%) | 353 (64%) | |
| Body fat percentage | 39 (34, 43) | 39 (35, 43) | 39 (34, 42) | 38 (33, 42) | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | 120 (110, 130) | <.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 80) | 80 (70, 82) | 80 (70, 85) | <.001 |
| Blood pressure categories | <.001 | ||||
| Normal | 5197 (57%) | 841 (61%) | 4102 (56%) | 254 (50%) | |
| Elevated | 386 (4.2%) | 56 (4.1%) | 314 (4.3%) | 16 (3.1%) | |
| Stage 1 | 2823 (31%) | 372 (27%) | 2274 (31%) | 177 (35%) | |
| Stage 2 | 779 (8.5%) | 110 (8.0%) | 605 (8.3%) | 64 (13%) | |
| RER | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | 0.75 (0.73, 0.77) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) | <.001 |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal/day) | 1451 (1304, 1666) | 1462 (1313, 1648) | 1445 (1300, 1663) | 1504 (1318, 1759) | <.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95 (89, 102) | 94 (88, 101) | 95 (89, 102) | 96 (90, 104) | <.001 |
| Glucose categories | .008 | ||||
| Normal | 6791 (70%) | 1035 (72%) | 5414 (70%) | 342 (65%) | |
| Prediabetes | 2721 (28%) | 368 (26%) | 2188 (28%) | 165 (31%) | |
| Diabetes | 196 (2.0%) | 25 (1.8%) | 153 (2.0%) | 18 (3.4%) | |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 10 (7, 15) | 9 (6, 14) | 10 (7, 15) | 11 (8, 17) | <.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.28 (1.54, 3.59) | 2.10 (1.40, 3.29) | 2.30 (1.55, 3.59) | 2.76 (1.80, 4.03) | <.001 |
| HbA1c (% | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.41 (5.17, 5.67) | 5.44 (5.20, 5.71) | 5.49 (5.21, 5.74) | .078 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205 (178, 234) | 205 (176, 233) | 205 (178, 234) | 207 (181, 234) | .4 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59 (49, 71) | 61 (50, 73) | 59 (49, 70) | 56 (46, 68) | <.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 131 (107, 158) | 129 (104, 154) | 131 (107, 159) | 132 (110, 158) | .017 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 87 (63, 124) | 82 (60, 117) | 87 (64, 124) | 97 (70, 145) | <.001 |
| AST/GOT (IU/L) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.4) | 18.2 (15.3, 22.6) | 18.4 (15.5, 22.3) | 18.9 (16.0, 23.1) | .10 |
| ALT/GPT (IU/L) | 18 (14, 27) | 18 (13, 26) | 18 (14, 27) | 20 (15, 28) | <.001 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 18 (12, 27) | 17 (12, 26) | 18 (12, 27) | 18 (13, 30) | .004 |
Bold values indicate P-values < .05.
an (%); median (Q1, Q3).
bPearson's Chi-squared test; Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; GGT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase; GOT, Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase; GPT, Glutamate pyruvate transaminase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; RER, respiratory exchange ratio.
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