Effect of nut consumption on blood pressure and lipid outcomes based on medication status.
| Outcomes . | Medication status . | Number of strata . | Number of studies . | Effect estimate (95% CI), P-value . | Inconsistency I2 (%) . | Test for subgroup differences . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.84, df = 2 (P = .656), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −1.48 (-3.52, 0.56), P = .156 | 86 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.72 (-2.07, 0.62), P = .292 | 44 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.35 (-1.63, 0.92), P = .585 | 63 | ||
| DBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.91, df = 2 (P = .634), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −0.08 (-0.70, 0.54), P = .795 | 36 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.51 (-1.24, 0.22), P = .173 | 21 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | −0.41 (-0.99, 0.18), P = .176 | 8 | ||
| TG, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.14 (-0.34, 0.06), P = .174 | NA | Chi² = 12.26, df = 3 (P = .007), I2 = 76% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | −0.05 (-0.09, -0.00), P = .033 | 59 | ||
| Unmedicated | 46 | 46 | −0.09 (-0.11, -0.06), P < .001 | 89 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.02 (-0.05, 0.01), P = .109 | 1 | ||
| TC, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.20 (-0.46, 0.07), P = .144 | NA | Chi² = 3.16, df = 3 (P = .367), I2 = 5% |
| Mixed | 20 | 20 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.02), P = .007 | 51 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.16 (-0.22, -0.09), P < .001 | 95 | ||
| Unreported | 32 | 31 | −0.10 (-0.18, -0.03), P = .005 | 71 | ||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.19 (-0.39, 0.02), P = .075 | NA | Chi² = 5.39, df = 3 (P = .145), I2 = 44% |
| Mixed | 21 | 21 | −0.07 (-0.11, -0.02), P = .005 | 49 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.14 (-0.18, -0.09), P < .001 | 96 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.08 (-0.12, -0.04), P < .001 | 26 | ||
| HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | 0.07 (-0.05, 0.19), P = .267 | NA | Chi² = 2.43, df = 3 (P = .489), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04), P = .478 | 91 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | 0.02 (-0.00, 0.04), P = .080 | 99 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02), P = .845 | 76 | ||
| VLDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.01), P = .031 | NA | Chi² = 2.06, df = 3 (P = .561), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.02 (-0.07, 0.03), P = .463 | 39 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.04 (-0.07, -0.02), P < .001 | 46 | ||
| Unreported | 7 | 7 | −0.06 (-0.11, 0.00), P = .054 | 49 | ||
| Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.26 (-0.62, 0.10), P = .151 | NA | Chi² = 3.71, df = 3 (P = .295), I2 = 19% |
| Mixed | 3 | 3 | −0.11 (-0.30, 0.09), P = .280 | 4 | ||
| Unmedicated | 13 | 13 | −0.24 (-0.32, -0.16), P < .001 | 79 | ||
| Unreported | 4 | 4 | −0.10 (-0.25, 0.05), P = .206 | 44 | ||
| ApoA1, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 2.02, df = 2 (P = .364), I2 = 1% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.04), P = .360 | 18 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.01 (-0.02, 0.00), P = .163 | 40 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.02), P = .856 | 0 | ||
| ApoB, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 7.91, df = 2 (P = .019), I2 = 75% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | −0.01 (-0.05, 0.03), P = .729 | 67 | ||
| Unmedicated | 20 | 20 | −0.05 (-0.06, -0.03), P < .001 | 78 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.01 (-0.04, 0.01), P = .338 | 0 | ||
| Lp(a), g/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .890 | NA | Chi² = 0.14, df = 2 (P = .932), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .967 | 30 | ||
| Unmedicated | 9 | 9 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01), P = .021 | 0 | ||
| Unreported | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Outcomes . | Medication status . | Number of strata . | Number of studies . | Effect estimate (95% CI), P-value . | Inconsistency I2 (%) . | Test for subgroup differences . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.84, df = 2 (P = .656), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −1.48 (-3.52, 0.56), P = .156 | 86 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.72 (-2.07, 0.62), P = .292 | 44 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.35 (-1.63, 0.92), P = .585 | 63 | ||
| DBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.91, df = 2 (P = .634), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −0.08 (-0.70, 0.54), P = .795 | 36 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.51 (-1.24, 0.22), P = .173 | 21 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | −0.41 (-0.99, 0.18), P = .176 | 8 | ||
| TG, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.14 (-0.34, 0.06), P = .174 | NA | Chi² = 12.26, df = 3 (P = .007), I2 = 76% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | −0.05 (-0.09, -0.00), P = .033 | 59 | ||
| Unmedicated | 46 | 46 | −0.09 (-0.11, -0.06), P < .001 | 89 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.02 (-0.05, 0.01), P = .109 | 1 | ||
| TC, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.20 (-0.46, 0.07), P = .144 | NA | Chi² = 3.16, df = 3 (P = .367), I2 = 5% |
| Mixed | 20 | 20 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.02), P = .007 | 51 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.16 (-0.22, -0.09), P < .001 | 95 | ||
| Unreported | 32 | 31 | −0.10 (-0.18, -0.03), P = .005 | 71 | ||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.19 (-0.39, 0.02), P = .075 | NA | Chi² = 5.39, df = 3 (P = .145), I2 = 44% |
| Mixed | 21 | 21 | −0.07 (-0.11, -0.02), P = .005 | 49 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.14 (-0.18, -0.09), P < .001 | 96 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.08 (-0.12, -0.04), P < .001 | 26 | ||
| HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | 0.07 (-0.05, 0.19), P = .267 | NA | Chi² = 2.43, df = 3 (P = .489), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04), P = .478 | 91 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | 0.02 (-0.00, 0.04), P = .080 | 99 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02), P = .845 | 76 | ||
| VLDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.01), P = .031 | NA | Chi² = 2.06, df = 3 (P = .561), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.02 (-0.07, 0.03), P = .463 | 39 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.04 (-0.07, -0.02), P < .001 | 46 | ||
| Unreported | 7 | 7 | −0.06 (-0.11, 0.00), P = .054 | 49 | ||
| Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.26 (-0.62, 0.10), P = .151 | NA | Chi² = 3.71, df = 3 (P = .295), I2 = 19% |
| Mixed | 3 | 3 | −0.11 (-0.30, 0.09), P = .280 | 4 | ||
| Unmedicated | 13 | 13 | −0.24 (-0.32, -0.16), P < .001 | 79 | ||
| Unreported | 4 | 4 | −0.10 (-0.25, 0.05), P = .206 | 44 | ||
| ApoA1, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 2.02, df = 2 (P = .364), I2 = 1% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.04), P = .360 | 18 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.01 (-0.02, 0.00), P = .163 | 40 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.02), P = .856 | 0 | ||
| ApoB, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 7.91, df = 2 (P = .019), I2 = 75% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | −0.01 (-0.05, 0.03), P = .729 | 67 | ||
| Unmedicated | 20 | 20 | −0.05 (-0.06, -0.03), P < .001 | 78 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.01 (-0.04, 0.01), P = .338 | 0 | ||
| Lp(a), g/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .890 | NA | Chi² = 0.14, df = 2 (P = .932), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .967 | 30 | ||
| Unmedicated | 9 | 9 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01), P = .021 | 0 | ||
| Unreported | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: Apo, apolipoprotein; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; df, degree of freedom; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IDL-C, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp, lipoprotein; NA, not applicable; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Effect of nut consumption on blood pressure and lipid outcomes based on medication status.
| Outcomes . | Medication status . | Number of strata . | Number of studies . | Effect estimate (95% CI), P-value . | Inconsistency I2 (%) . | Test for subgroup differences . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.84, df = 2 (P = .656), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −1.48 (-3.52, 0.56), P = .156 | 86 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.72 (-2.07, 0.62), P = .292 | 44 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.35 (-1.63, 0.92), P = .585 | 63 | ||
| DBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.91, df = 2 (P = .634), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −0.08 (-0.70, 0.54), P = .795 | 36 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.51 (-1.24, 0.22), P = .173 | 21 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | −0.41 (-0.99, 0.18), P = .176 | 8 | ||
| TG, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.14 (-0.34, 0.06), P = .174 | NA | Chi² = 12.26, df = 3 (P = .007), I2 = 76% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | −0.05 (-0.09, -0.00), P = .033 | 59 | ||
| Unmedicated | 46 | 46 | −0.09 (-0.11, -0.06), P < .001 | 89 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.02 (-0.05, 0.01), P = .109 | 1 | ||
| TC, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.20 (-0.46, 0.07), P = .144 | NA | Chi² = 3.16, df = 3 (P = .367), I2 = 5% |
| Mixed | 20 | 20 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.02), P = .007 | 51 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.16 (-0.22, -0.09), P < .001 | 95 | ||
| Unreported | 32 | 31 | −0.10 (-0.18, -0.03), P = .005 | 71 | ||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.19 (-0.39, 0.02), P = .075 | NA | Chi² = 5.39, df = 3 (P = .145), I2 = 44% |
| Mixed | 21 | 21 | −0.07 (-0.11, -0.02), P = .005 | 49 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.14 (-0.18, -0.09), P < .001 | 96 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.08 (-0.12, -0.04), P < .001 | 26 | ||
| HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | 0.07 (-0.05, 0.19), P = .267 | NA | Chi² = 2.43, df = 3 (P = .489), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04), P = .478 | 91 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | 0.02 (-0.00, 0.04), P = .080 | 99 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02), P = .845 | 76 | ||
| VLDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.01), P = .031 | NA | Chi² = 2.06, df = 3 (P = .561), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.02 (-0.07, 0.03), P = .463 | 39 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.04 (-0.07, -0.02), P < .001 | 46 | ||
| Unreported | 7 | 7 | −0.06 (-0.11, 0.00), P = .054 | 49 | ||
| Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.26 (-0.62, 0.10), P = .151 | NA | Chi² = 3.71, df = 3 (P = .295), I2 = 19% |
| Mixed | 3 | 3 | −0.11 (-0.30, 0.09), P = .280 | 4 | ||
| Unmedicated | 13 | 13 | −0.24 (-0.32, -0.16), P < .001 | 79 | ||
| Unreported | 4 | 4 | −0.10 (-0.25, 0.05), P = .206 | 44 | ||
| ApoA1, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 2.02, df = 2 (P = .364), I2 = 1% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.04), P = .360 | 18 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.01 (-0.02, 0.00), P = .163 | 40 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.02), P = .856 | 0 | ||
| ApoB, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 7.91, df = 2 (P = .019), I2 = 75% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | −0.01 (-0.05, 0.03), P = .729 | 67 | ||
| Unmedicated | 20 | 20 | −0.05 (-0.06, -0.03), P < .001 | 78 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.01 (-0.04, 0.01), P = .338 | 0 | ||
| Lp(a), g/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .890 | NA | Chi² = 0.14, df = 2 (P = .932), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .967 | 30 | ||
| Unmedicated | 9 | 9 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01), P = .021 | 0 | ||
| Unreported | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Outcomes . | Medication status . | Number of strata . | Number of studies . | Effect estimate (95% CI), P-value . | Inconsistency I2 (%) . | Test for subgroup differences . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.84, df = 2 (P = .656), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −1.48 (-3.52, 0.56), P = .156 | 86 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.72 (-2.07, 0.62), P = .292 | 44 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.35 (-1.63, 0.92), P = .585 | 63 | ||
| DBP, mmHg | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 0.91, df = 2 (P = .634), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 17 | 17 | −0.08 (-0.70, 0.54), P = .795 | 36 | ||
| Unmedicated | 12 | 12 | −0.51 (-1.24, 0.22), P = .173 | 21 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | −0.41 (-0.99, 0.18), P = .176 | 8 | ||
| TG, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.14 (-0.34, 0.06), P = .174 | NA | Chi² = 12.26, df = 3 (P = .007), I2 = 76% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | −0.05 (-0.09, -0.00), P = .033 | 59 | ||
| Unmedicated | 46 | 46 | −0.09 (-0.11, -0.06), P < .001 | 89 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.02 (-0.05, 0.01), P = .109 | 1 | ||
| TC, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.20 (-0.46, 0.07), P = .144 | NA | Chi² = 3.16, df = 3 (P = .367), I2 = 5% |
| Mixed | 20 | 20 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.02), P = .007 | 51 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.16 (-0.22, -0.09), P < .001 | 95 | ||
| Unreported | 32 | 31 | −0.10 (-0.18, -0.03), P = .005 | 71 | ||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.19 (-0.39, 0.02), P = .075 | NA | Chi² = 5.39, df = 3 (P = .145), I2 = 44% |
| Mixed | 21 | 21 | −0.07 (-0.11, -0.02), P = .005 | 49 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | −0.14 (-0.18, -0.09), P < .001 | 96 | ||
| Unreported | 31 | 30 | −0.08 (-0.12, -0.04), P < .001 | 26 | ||
| HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | 0.07 (-0.05, 0.19), P = .267 | NA | Chi² = 2.43, df = 3 (P = .489), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 22 | 22 | 0.01 (-0.02, 0.04), P = .478 | 91 | ||
| Unmedicated | 48 | 47 | 0.02 (-0.00, 0.04), P = .080 | 99 | ||
| Unreported | 30 | 29 | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02), P = .845 | 76 | ||
| VLDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.08 (-0.14, -0.01), P = .031 | NA | Chi² = 2.06, df = 3 (P = .561), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.02 (-0.07, 0.03), P = .463 | 39 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.04 (-0.07, -0.02), P < .001 | 46 | ||
| Unreported | 7 | 7 | −0.06 (-0.11, 0.00), P = .054 | 49 | ||
| Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.26 (-0.62, 0.10), P = .151 | NA | Chi² = 3.71, df = 3 (P = .295), I2 = 19% |
| Mixed | 3 | 3 | −0.11 (-0.30, 0.09), P = .280 | 4 | ||
| Unmedicated | 13 | 13 | −0.24 (-0.32, -0.16), P < .001 | 79 | ||
| Unreported | 4 | 4 | −0.10 (-0.25, 0.05), P = .206 | 44 | ||
| ApoA1, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 2.02, df = 2 (P = .364), I2 = 1% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.04), P = .360 | 18 | ||
| Unmedicated | 14 | 14 | −0.01 (-0.02, 0.00), P = .163 | 40 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.02), P = .856 | 0 | ||
| ApoB, g/L | Medicated | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | Chi² = 7.91, df = 2 (P = .019), I2 = 75% |
| Mixed | 6 | 6 | −0.01 (-0.05, 0.03), P = .729 | 67 | ||
| Unmedicated | 20 | 20 | −0.05 (-0.06, -0.03), P < .001 | 78 | ||
| Unreported | 8 | 8 | −0.01 (-0.04, 0.01), P = .338 | 0 | ||
| Lp(a), g/L | Medicated | 1 | 1 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .890 | NA | Chi² = 0.14, df = 2 (P = .932), I2 = 0% |
| Mixed | 2 | 2 | −0.00 (-0.03, 0.03), P = .967 | 30 | ||
| Unmedicated | 9 | 9 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01), P = .021 | 0 | ||
| Unreported | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: Apo, apolipoprotein; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; df, degree of freedom; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IDL-C, intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp, lipoprotein; NA, not applicable; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VLDL-C, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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