Characteristics of Included Studies Assessing the Prevalence of Injection-Related Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs
| Characteristic . | Studies, No. (%) . | Study Participants, No. (%) . |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 78 (100) | 950 301 (100) |
| Study design | ||
| Cross-sectional study | 63 (81) | 46 729 (5) |
| Retrospective cohort study | 6 (8) | 901 157 (95) |
| Prospective cohort study | 4 (5) | 1753 (<1) |
| Clinical trial | 5 (6) | 662 (<1) |
| Study setting | ||
| Needle-syringe program | 25 (32) | 17 786 (2) |
| Opioid agonist treatment clinic | 3 (4) | 2974 (<1) |
| Other harm reduction or drug treatment service | 18 (23) | 11 172 (1) |
| Community-based/street outreach | 11 (14) | 3836 (<1) |
| Primary care/general practice | 1 (1) | 216 (<1) |
| Multiple settings | 20 (26) | 914 317 (96) |
| No. of study sites | ||
| Single site | 9 (12) | 825 (<1) |
| Multiple sites | 69 (88) | 949 415 (100) |
| Population | ||
| People who inject drugs | 76 (97) | 893 550 (94) |
| People receiving opioid agonist treatment | 2 (3) | 56 751 (6) |
| Method of defining study population | ||
| Self-reported IDU or OAT | 62 (79) | 46 022 (5) |
| Clinical record/assessment of IDU or OAT | 7 (9) | 2253 (<1) |
| ICD codes for drug use | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Other or unspecified methods | 7 (9) | 57 568 (6) |
| Proportion of study population on OAT | ||
| ≥70% | 7 (9) | 57 998 (6) |
| ≥30% and <70% | 19 (24) | 15 289 (2) |
| <30% | 5 (6) | 3177 (<1) |
| Unspecified | 47 (60) | 873 810 (92) |
| Outcome (infection) reporteda | ||
| Skin and soft-tissue infection NOS | 39 (50) | 29 929 (3) |
| Abscess | 31 (40) | 12 043 (1) |
| Cellulitis | 6 (8) | 2711 (<1) |
| Endocarditis | 17 (22) | 67 454 (7) |
| Bloodstream infection | 10 (13) | 3774 (<1) |
| Bone or joint infection | 7 (9) | 113 964 (12) |
| Any injection-related infection | 20 (26) | 14 944 (2) |
| Multiple injection-related infections | 6 (8) | 902 062 (95) |
| Other injection-related infection | 10 (13) | 7575 (1) |
| Method of outcome (infection) measurement | ||
| Self-reported | 70 (89) | 48 837 (5) |
| Clinical record audit and/or clinical assessment | 6 (8) | 56 911 (6) |
| ICD codes for infection | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Outcome (infection) time framea | ||
| Lifetime/ever | 47 (60) | 1 084 436 (>100) |
| Past 12 mo | 28 (36) | 24 990 (3) |
| Past 6 mo | 15 (19) | 9022 (1) |
| Past 3 mo | 3 (4) | 1108 (<1) |
| Past mo | 37 (47) | 25 971 (3) |
| Current | 5 (6) | 1083 (<1) |
| Country income status | ||
| High income | 69 (88) | 945 756 (100) |
| Low or middle income | 9 (12) | 4545 (<1) |
| Country harm reduction statusb | ||
| High-coverage needle-syringe program | 17 (22) | 69 253 (7) |
| High-coverage OAT | 38 (49) | 86 856 (9) |
| High-coverage needle-syringe program + OAT | 18 (23) | 69 314 (7) |
| Characteristic . | Studies, No. (%) . | Study Participants, No. (%) . |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 78 (100) | 950 301 (100) |
| Study design | ||
| Cross-sectional study | 63 (81) | 46 729 (5) |
| Retrospective cohort study | 6 (8) | 901 157 (95) |
| Prospective cohort study | 4 (5) | 1753 (<1) |
| Clinical trial | 5 (6) | 662 (<1) |
| Study setting | ||
| Needle-syringe program | 25 (32) | 17 786 (2) |
| Opioid agonist treatment clinic | 3 (4) | 2974 (<1) |
| Other harm reduction or drug treatment service | 18 (23) | 11 172 (1) |
| Community-based/street outreach | 11 (14) | 3836 (<1) |
| Primary care/general practice | 1 (1) | 216 (<1) |
| Multiple settings | 20 (26) | 914 317 (96) |
| No. of study sites | ||
| Single site | 9 (12) | 825 (<1) |
| Multiple sites | 69 (88) | 949 415 (100) |
| Population | ||
| People who inject drugs | 76 (97) | 893 550 (94) |
| People receiving opioid agonist treatment | 2 (3) | 56 751 (6) |
| Method of defining study population | ||
| Self-reported IDU or OAT | 62 (79) | 46 022 (5) |
| Clinical record/assessment of IDU or OAT | 7 (9) | 2253 (<1) |
| ICD codes for drug use | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Other or unspecified methods | 7 (9) | 57 568 (6) |
| Proportion of study population on OAT | ||
| ≥70% | 7 (9) | 57 998 (6) |
| ≥30% and <70% | 19 (24) | 15 289 (2) |
| <30% | 5 (6) | 3177 (<1) |
| Unspecified | 47 (60) | 873 810 (92) |
| Outcome (infection) reporteda | ||
| Skin and soft-tissue infection NOS | 39 (50) | 29 929 (3) |
| Abscess | 31 (40) | 12 043 (1) |
| Cellulitis | 6 (8) | 2711 (<1) |
| Endocarditis | 17 (22) | 67 454 (7) |
| Bloodstream infection | 10 (13) | 3774 (<1) |
| Bone or joint infection | 7 (9) | 113 964 (12) |
| Any injection-related infection | 20 (26) | 14 944 (2) |
| Multiple injection-related infections | 6 (8) | 902 062 (95) |
| Other injection-related infection | 10 (13) | 7575 (1) |
| Method of outcome (infection) measurement | ||
| Self-reported | 70 (89) | 48 837 (5) |
| Clinical record audit and/or clinical assessment | 6 (8) | 56 911 (6) |
| ICD codes for infection | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Outcome (infection) time framea | ||
| Lifetime/ever | 47 (60) | 1 084 436 (>100) |
| Past 12 mo | 28 (36) | 24 990 (3) |
| Past 6 mo | 15 (19) | 9022 (1) |
| Past 3 mo | 3 (4) | 1108 (<1) |
| Past mo | 37 (47) | 25 971 (3) |
| Current | 5 (6) | 1083 (<1) |
| Country income status | ||
| High income | 69 (88) | 945 756 (100) |
| Low or middle income | 9 (12) | 4545 (<1) |
| Country harm reduction statusb | ||
| High-coverage needle-syringe program | 17 (22) | 69 253 (7) |
| High-coverage OAT | 38 (49) | 86 856 (9) |
| High-coverage needle-syringe program + OAT | 18 (23) | 69 314 (7) |
Abbreviations: ICD, International Classification of Diseases; IDU, injecting drug use; NOS, not otherwise specified; OAT, opioid agonist treatment.
aAs studies may have assessed >1 infection type and/or over different time periods, the total numbers of studies and participants are greater than 78 (100%) and 950 301 (100%), respectively.
bHarm reduction status categorized according to Colledge-Frisby et al [24].
Characteristics of Included Studies Assessing the Prevalence of Injection-Related Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs
| Characteristic . | Studies, No. (%) . | Study Participants, No. (%) . |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 78 (100) | 950 301 (100) |
| Study design | ||
| Cross-sectional study | 63 (81) | 46 729 (5) |
| Retrospective cohort study | 6 (8) | 901 157 (95) |
| Prospective cohort study | 4 (5) | 1753 (<1) |
| Clinical trial | 5 (6) | 662 (<1) |
| Study setting | ||
| Needle-syringe program | 25 (32) | 17 786 (2) |
| Opioid agonist treatment clinic | 3 (4) | 2974 (<1) |
| Other harm reduction or drug treatment service | 18 (23) | 11 172 (1) |
| Community-based/street outreach | 11 (14) | 3836 (<1) |
| Primary care/general practice | 1 (1) | 216 (<1) |
| Multiple settings | 20 (26) | 914 317 (96) |
| No. of study sites | ||
| Single site | 9 (12) | 825 (<1) |
| Multiple sites | 69 (88) | 949 415 (100) |
| Population | ||
| People who inject drugs | 76 (97) | 893 550 (94) |
| People receiving opioid agonist treatment | 2 (3) | 56 751 (6) |
| Method of defining study population | ||
| Self-reported IDU or OAT | 62 (79) | 46 022 (5) |
| Clinical record/assessment of IDU or OAT | 7 (9) | 2253 (<1) |
| ICD codes for drug use | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Other or unspecified methods | 7 (9) | 57 568 (6) |
| Proportion of study population on OAT | ||
| ≥70% | 7 (9) | 57 998 (6) |
| ≥30% and <70% | 19 (24) | 15 289 (2) |
| <30% | 5 (6) | 3177 (<1) |
| Unspecified | 47 (60) | 873 810 (92) |
| Outcome (infection) reporteda | ||
| Skin and soft-tissue infection NOS | 39 (50) | 29 929 (3) |
| Abscess | 31 (40) | 12 043 (1) |
| Cellulitis | 6 (8) | 2711 (<1) |
| Endocarditis | 17 (22) | 67 454 (7) |
| Bloodstream infection | 10 (13) | 3774 (<1) |
| Bone or joint infection | 7 (9) | 113 964 (12) |
| Any injection-related infection | 20 (26) | 14 944 (2) |
| Multiple injection-related infections | 6 (8) | 902 062 (95) |
| Other injection-related infection | 10 (13) | 7575 (1) |
| Method of outcome (infection) measurement | ||
| Self-reported | 70 (89) | 48 837 (5) |
| Clinical record audit and/or clinical assessment | 6 (8) | 56 911 (6) |
| ICD codes for infection | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Outcome (infection) time framea | ||
| Lifetime/ever | 47 (60) | 1 084 436 (>100) |
| Past 12 mo | 28 (36) | 24 990 (3) |
| Past 6 mo | 15 (19) | 9022 (1) |
| Past 3 mo | 3 (4) | 1108 (<1) |
| Past mo | 37 (47) | 25 971 (3) |
| Current | 5 (6) | 1083 (<1) |
| Country income status | ||
| High income | 69 (88) | 945 756 (100) |
| Low or middle income | 9 (12) | 4545 (<1) |
| Country harm reduction statusb | ||
| High-coverage needle-syringe program | 17 (22) | 69 253 (7) |
| High-coverage OAT | 38 (49) | 86 856 (9) |
| High-coverage needle-syringe program + OAT | 18 (23) | 69 314 (7) |
| Characteristic . | Studies, No. (%) . | Study Participants, No. (%) . |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 78 (100) | 950 301 (100) |
| Study design | ||
| Cross-sectional study | 63 (81) | 46 729 (5) |
| Retrospective cohort study | 6 (8) | 901 157 (95) |
| Prospective cohort study | 4 (5) | 1753 (<1) |
| Clinical trial | 5 (6) | 662 (<1) |
| Study setting | ||
| Needle-syringe program | 25 (32) | 17 786 (2) |
| Opioid agonist treatment clinic | 3 (4) | 2974 (<1) |
| Other harm reduction or drug treatment service | 18 (23) | 11 172 (1) |
| Community-based/street outreach | 11 (14) | 3836 (<1) |
| Primary care/general practice | 1 (1) | 216 (<1) |
| Multiple settings | 20 (26) | 914 317 (96) |
| No. of study sites | ||
| Single site | 9 (12) | 825 (<1) |
| Multiple sites | 69 (88) | 949 415 (100) |
| Population | ||
| People who inject drugs | 76 (97) | 893 550 (94) |
| People receiving opioid agonist treatment | 2 (3) | 56 751 (6) |
| Method of defining study population | ||
| Self-reported IDU or OAT | 62 (79) | 46 022 (5) |
| Clinical record/assessment of IDU or OAT | 7 (9) | 2253 (<1) |
| ICD codes for drug use | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Other or unspecified methods | 7 (9) | 57 568 (6) |
| Proportion of study population on OAT | ||
| ≥70% | 7 (9) | 57 998 (6) |
| ≥30% and <70% | 19 (24) | 15 289 (2) |
| <30% | 5 (6) | 3177 (<1) |
| Unspecified | 47 (60) | 873 810 (92) |
| Outcome (infection) reporteda | ||
| Skin and soft-tissue infection NOS | 39 (50) | 29 929 (3) |
| Abscess | 31 (40) | 12 043 (1) |
| Cellulitis | 6 (8) | 2711 (<1) |
| Endocarditis | 17 (22) | 67 454 (7) |
| Bloodstream infection | 10 (13) | 3774 (<1) |
| Bone or joint infection | 7 (9) | 113 964 (12) |
| Any injection-related infection | 20 (26) | 14 944 (2) |
| Multiple injection-related infections | 6 (8) | 902 062 (95) |
| Other injection-related infection | 10 (13) | 7575 (1) |
| Method of outcome (infection) measurement | ||
| Self-reported | 70 (89) | 48 837 (5) |
| Clinical record audit and/or clinical assessment | 6 (8) | 56 911 (6) |
| ICD codes for infection | 2 (3) | 844 458 (89) |
| Outcome (infection) time framea | ||
| Lifetime/ever | 47 (60) | 1 084 436 (>100) |
| Past 12 mo | 28 (36) | 24 990 (3) |
| Past 6 mo | 15 (19) | 9022 (1) |
| Past 3 mo | 3 (4) | 1108 (<1) |
| Past mo | 37 (47) | 25 971 (3) |
| Current | 5 (6) | 1083 (<1) |
| Country income status | ||
| High income | 69 (88) | 945 756 (100) |
| Low or middle income | 9 (12) | 4545 (<1) |
| Country harm reduction statusb | ||
| High-coverage needle-syringe program | 17 (22) | 69 253 (7) |
| High-coverage OAT | 38 (49) | 86 856 (9) |
| High-coverage needle-syringe program + OAT | 18 (23) | 69 314 (7) |
Abbreviations: ICD, International Classification of Diseases; IDU, injecting drug use; NOS, not otherwise specified; OAT, opioid agonist treatment.
aAs studies may have assessed >1 infection type and/or over different time periods, the total numbers of studies and participants are greater than 78 (100%) and 950 301 (100%), respectively.
bHarm reduction status categorized according to Colledge-Frisby et al [24].
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