Baseline characteristics for the ONWARDS 1 to 5 participants by age, ethnicity, and race
| . | ONWARDS 1 . | ONWARDS 3 . | ONWARDS 5 . | ONWARDS 2 . | ONWARDS 4 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Icodec . | Glargine U100 . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + app . | OD insulin analogsa . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + aspart . | Glargine U100 + aspart . |
| Participants, n | 492 | 492 | 294 | 294 | 542 | 543 | 263 | 263 | 291 | 291 |
| Age subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 154 (31.3) | 154 (31.3) | 113 (38.4) | 96 (32.7) | 169 (31.2) | 165 (30.4) | 51 (19.4) | 41 (15.6) | 80 (27.5) | 81 (27.8) |
| 55-64 years | 179 (36.4) | 178 (36.2) | 97 (33.0) | 105 (35.7) | 190 (35.1) | 198 (36.5) | 94 (35.7) | 108 (41.1) | 109 (37.5) | 103 (35.4) |
| ≥65 years | 159 (32.3) | 160 (32.5) | 84 (28.6) | 93 (31.6) | 183 (33.8) | 180 (33.1) | 118 (44.9) | 114 (43.3) | 102 (35.1) | 107 (36.8) |
| Ethnicity subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 53 (10.8) | 53 (10.8) | 76 (25.9) | 88 (29.9) | 51 (9.4) | 44 (8.1) | 16 (6.1) | 16 (6.1) | 52 (17.9) | 53 (18.2) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 439 (89.2) | 439 (89.2) | 203 (69.0) | 190 (64.6) | 490 (90.4) | 499 (91.9) | 247 (93.9) | 247 (93.9) | 239 (82.1) | 237 (81.4) |
| Not reported | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Race subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Asian | 129 (26.2) | 145 (29.5) | 80 (27.2) | 85 (28.9) | 28 (5.2) | 19 (3.5) | 86 (32.7) | 110 (41.8) | 95 (32.6) | 93 (32.0) |
| Black/African American | 10 (2.0) | 17 (3.5) | 9 (3.1) | 6 (2.0) | 24 (4.4) | 28 (5.2) | 11 (4.2) | 12 (4.6) | 13 (4.5) | 8 (2.7) |
| Other | 20 (4.1) | 13 (2.6) | 11 (3.7) | 12 (4.1) | 11 (2.0) | 3 (0.6) | 5 (1.9) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) |
| White | 333 (67.7) | 317 (64.4) | 179 (60.9) | 175 (59.5) | 478 (88.2) | 493 (90.8) | 161 (61.2) | 137 (52.1) | 183 (62.9) | 187 (64.3) |
| Not reported | NA | NA | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Male, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 97 (63.0) | 81 (52.6) | 66 (58.4) | 65 (67.7) | 104 (61.5) | 88 (53.3) | 32 (62.7) | 24 (58.5) | 39 (48.8) | 47 (58.0) |
| 55-64 years | 107 (59.8) | 99 (55.6) | 63 (64.9) | 63 (60.0) | 103 (54.2) | 121 (61.1) | 58 (61.7) | 56 (51.9) | 60 (55.0) | 50 (48.5) |
| ≥65 years | 91 (57.2) | 83 (51.9) | 56 (66.7) | 56 (60.2) | 102 (55.7) | 104 (57.8) | 72 (61.0) | 60 (52.6) | 55 (53.9) | 53 (49.5) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 31 (58.5) | 24 (45.3) | 37 (48.7) | 50 (56.8) | 21 (41.2) | 22 (50.0) | 7 (43.8) | 7 (43.8) | 23 (44.2) | 26 (49.1) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 264 (60.1) | 239 (54.4) | 137 (67.5) | 123 (64.7) | 287 (58.6) | 291 (58.3) | 155 (62.8) | 133 (53.8) | 131 (54.8) | 123 (51.9) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 84 (65.1) | 89 (61.4) | 43 (53.8) | 53 (62.4) | 19 (67.9) | 14 (73.7) | 50 (58.1) | 60 (54.5) | 65 (68.4) | 61 (65.6) |
| Black/African American | 3 (30.0) | 8 (47.1) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (83.3) | 11 (45.8) | 12 (42.9) | 5 (45.5) | 7 (58.3) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (25.0) |
| Other | 13 (65.0) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (18.2) | 6 (50.0) | 7 (63.6) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (80.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) |
| White | 195 (58.6) | 161 (50.8) | 125 (69.8) | 109 (62.3) | 272 (56.9) | 285 (57.8) | 103 (64.0) | 71 (51.8) | 85 (46.4) | 84 (44.9) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 47.18 (5.99) | 46.95 (5.67) | 47.19 (5.82) | 47.26 (5.31) | 46.51 (6.24) | 47.32 (5.91) | 47.71 (5.93) | 48.73 (4.52) | 46.27 (6.68) | 47.40 (6.33) |
| 55-64 years | 59.79 (2.72) | 59.74 (2.73) | 59.51 (2.63) | 59.32 (2.79) | 59.30 (2.76) | 59.54 (2.91) | 59.66 (2.90) | 59.83 (2.85) | 60.40 (2.61) | 59.63 (2.69) |
| ≥65 years | 69.75 (4.17) | 69.33 (3.47) | 69.74 (3.47) | 69.37 (3.51) | 70.66 (4.60) | 70.31 (4.06) | 70.81 (4.61) | 70.21 (3.73) | 69.39 (3.82) | 69.65 (4.04) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 56.00 (10.06) | 57.32 (9.75) | 54.22 (8.70) | 56.08 (9.63) | 56.31 (9.79) | 56.02 (9.95) | 60.25 (10.00) | 57.50 (9.36) | 55.94 (10.77) | 56.77 (10.34) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 59.43 (9.99) | 59.04 (9.86) | 59.02 (10.46) | 59.37 (9.49) | 59.47 (10.85) | 59.69 (10.13) | 62.48 (9.78) | 62.93 (8.27) | 60.48 (9.83) | 60.67 (9.68) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 56.10 (11.26) | 55.83 (10.84) | 54.89 (10.64) | 56.36 (9.69) | 53.82 (9.51) | 56.53 (11.33) | 61.50 (9.90) | 62.43 (8.57) | 58.62 (10.96) | 58.62 (11.10) |
| Black/African American | 59.50 (8.00) | 60.06 (6.72) | 54.00 (8.94) | 60.67 (8.14) | 59.04 (11.66) | 58.79 (10.74) | 60.27 (8.38) | 62.25 (8.23) | 64.85 (7.44) | 57.88 (10.91) |
| Other | 55.50 (11.27) | 56.77 (11.50) | 50.91 (9.53) | 58.42 (7.79) | 58.45 (11.67) | 44.67 (5.13) | 58.80 (10.73) | 61.50 (11.00) | NA | 62.00 (5.66) |
| White | 60.41 (9.24) | 60.26 (9.14) | 59.58 (9.68) | 59.20 (9.70) | 59.49 (10.76) | 59.63 (10.03) | 63.05 (9.80) | 62.80 (8.34) | 59.85 (9.77) | 60.69 (9.23) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 31.01 (5.01) | 31.02 (5.10) | 30.03 (5.22) | 29.50 (5.00) | 34.11 (8.39) | 35.06 (7.37) | 30.75 (5.44) | 30.19 (3.91) | 31.20 (5.13) | 29.33 (5.38) |
| 55-64 years | 29.68 (4.61) | 29.81 (4.90) | 29.64 (5.49) | 29.55 (5.64) | 32.21 (6.41) | 32.87 (6.41) | 30.63 (5.27) | 29.38 (4.90) | 31.26 (4.64) | 30.69 (5.19) |
| ≥65 years | 29.32 (4.62) | 29.64 (5.09) | 29.92 (4.97) | 28.64 (4.35) | 31.49 (5.85) | 31.11 (6.59) | 28.11 (4.70) | 28.61 (5.15) | 29.28 (5.12) | 29.79 (4.52) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 30.72 (5.18) | 29.85 (4.46) | 30.55 (5.33) | 30.27 (4.71) | 34.21 (9.63) | 31.32 (5.44) | 32.09 (4.05) | 31.43 (3.43) | 32.22 (4.65) | 31.61 (5.41) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 29.89 (4.73) | 30.17 (5.12) | 29.58 (5.23) | 28.87 (5.14) | 32.40 (6.65) | 33.10 (7.05) | 29.36 (5.22) | 29.02 (4.94) | 30.19 (5.03) | 29.60 (4.87) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 27.23 (4.53) | 27.40 (4.53) | 25.90 (3.71) | 25.62 (3.23) | 28.25 (5.63) | 27.39 (4.49) | 25.79 (4.29) | 25.98 (3.65) | 27.25 (4.23) | 27.07 (4.12) |
| Black/African American | 32.09 (2.74) | 33.66 (4.99) | 29.76 (5.14) | 32.04 (4.22) | 33.07 (9.60) | 37.42 (9.66) | 30.63 (5.62) | 34.03 (3.44) | 32.48 (3.92) | 31.43 (3.53) |
| Other | 30.44 (5.17) | 30.64 (4.44) | 31.59 (6.59) | 30.78 (5.03) | 31.49 (6.24) | 33.93 (7.95) | 33.13 (3.99) | 31.66 (5.73) | NA | 29.75 (1.01) |
| White | 30.96 (4.49) | 31.17 (4.80) | 31.50 (4.86) | 30.91 (4.87) | 32.82 (6.87) | 32.91 (6.68) | 31.33 (4.56) | 31.23 (4.34) | 32.12 (4.63) | 31.34 (4.92) |
| Diabetes duration, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.13 (4.84) | 8.90 (5.72) | 8.73 (5.10) | 8.74 (5.19) | 8.60 (4.97) | 9.05 (6.13) | 11.09 (6.49) | 11.29 (6.64) | 12.87 (6.95) | 12.13 (6.55) |
| 55-64 years | 12.38 (6.33) | 11.76 (6.58) | 11.75 (5.86) | 11.17 (6.16) | 11.61 (5.99) | 11.29 (6.42) | 15.33 (6.27) | 16.39 (5.89) | 17.29 (7.82) | 15.76 (6.68) |
| ≥65 years | 14.15 (7.14) | 13.58 (7.09) | 13.71 (8.02) | 14.67 (6.88) | 15.14 (7.81) | 15.42 (8.65) | 19.86 (9.06) | 19.47 (8.86) | 22.69 (9.50) | 20.04 (7.56) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 11.50 (6.90) | 13.77 (8.46) | 9.93 (5.74) | 10.50 (6.05) | 10.45 (6.65) | 10.65 (7.20) | 16.60 (12.44) | 18.83 (9.97) | 16.84 (9.26) | 14.25 (5.86) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 11.64 (6.64) | 11.18 (6.47) | 11.53 (6.88) | 11.76 (6.78) | 12.03 (6.92) | 12.09 (7.63) | 16.53 (8.06) | 16.81 (7.77) | 18.21 (9.05) | 16.77 (7.94) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 11.95 (6.95) | 10.81 (6.64) | 9.74 (6.08) | 10.87 (6.44) | 13.07 (7.15) | 11.66 (7.95) | 17.55 (8.75) | 17.64 (8.01) | 18.07 (8.92) | 16.23 (8.28) |
| Black/African American | 11.04 (6.20) | 13.57 (7.75) | 12.99 (5.78) | 17.78 (5.10) | 11.24 (6.23) | 14.86 (10.01) | 15.48 (6.45) | 15.49 (12.60) | 25.60 (10.44) | 21.11 (9.28) |
| Other | 13.06 (10.32) | 14.27 (9.32) | 9.01 (6.23) | 12.95 (6.75) | 13.71 (8.30) | 3.32 (2.79) | 17.33 (19.32) | 17.00 (7.16) | NA | 21.59 (3.03) |
| White | 11.43 (6.29) | 11.53 (6.61) | 11.73 (6.83) | 11.27 (6.59) | 11.78 (6.91) | 11.88 (7.41) | 16.04 (7.81) | 16.49 (7.38) | 17.37 (8.87) | 16.09 (7.26) |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.64 (1.01) | 8.62 (1.09) | 8.75 (1.16) | 8.59 (0.95) | 9.26 (1.76) | 9.14 (1.46) | 8.36 (0.87) | 8.32 (0.91) | 8.45 (0.94) | 8.52 (0.94) |
| 55-64 years | 8.47 (0.98) | 8.38 (0.97) | 8.49 (1.02) | 8.65 (1.14) | 8.90 (1.51) | 8.92 (1.62) | 8.19 (0.78) | 8.08 (0.73) | 8.29 (0.81) | 8.46 (0.97) |
| ≥65 years | 8.42 (0.98) | 8.34 (0.99) | 8.35 (1.13) | 8.19 (0.86) | 8.74 (1.57) | 8.61 (1.34) | 8.07 (0.72) | 8.04 (0.75) | 8.16 (0.83) | 8.01 (0.68) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 8.72 (1.09) | 8.57 (1.16) | 9.09 (1.32) | 8.61 (1.04) | 10.18 (1.70) | 9.96 (1.91) | 8.38 (0.87) | 8.44 (1.04) | 8.39 (0.84) | 8.27 (0.85) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 8.48 (0.98) | 8.43 (1.00) | 8.36 (0.98) | 8.40 (0.98) | 8.83 (1.56) | 8.79 (1.42) | 8.15 (0.77) | 8.08 (0.75) | 8.27 (0.86) | 8.32 (0.91) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 8.35 (1.00) | 8.36 (1.08) | 8.20 (0.91) | 8.41 (0.95) | 8.82 (1.30) | 9.39 (1.40) | 8.04 (0.68) | 7.99 (0.72) | 8.32 (0.94) | 8.43 (0.95) |
| Black/African American | 8.93 (0.80) | 8.62 (0.93) | 9.21 (1.12) | 8.55 (1.91) | 9.86 (2.22) | 9.02 (1.62) | 8.15 (0.91) | 8.04 (0.82) | 8.35 (0.59) | 8.56 (0.98) |
| Other | 8.43 (0.70) | 8.55 (1.26) | 9.19 (1.35) | 8.63 (1.50) | 8.58 (1.27) | 8.07 (0.23) | 7.96 (0.61) | 8.43 (1.44) | NA | 7.80 (1.13) |
| White | 8.55 (1.01) | 8.47 (0.99) | 8.64 (1.16) | 8.48 (0.95) | 8.93 (1.60) | 8.86 (1.49) | 8.24 (0.81) | 8.18 (0.79) | 8.27 (0.84) | 8.25 (0.86) |
| . | ONWARDS 1 . | ONWARDS 3 . | ONWARDS 5 . | ONWARDS 2 . | ONWARDS 4 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Icodec . | Glargine U100 . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + app . | OD insulin analogsa . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + aspart . | Glargine U100 + aspart . |
| Participants, n | 492 | 492 | 294 | 294 | 542 | 543 | 263 | 263 | 291 | 291 |
| Age subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 154 (31.3) | 154 (31.3) | 113 (38.4) | 96 (32.7) | 169 (31.2) | 165 (30.4) | 51 (19.4) | 41 (15.6) | 80 (27.5) | 81 (27.8) |
| 55-64 years | 179 (36.4) | 178 (36.2) | 97 (33.0) | 105 (35.7) | 190 (35.1) | 198 (36.5) | 94 (35.7) | 108 (41.1) | 109 (37.5) | 103 (35.4) |
| ≥65 years | 159 (32.3) | 160 (32.5) | 84 (28.6) | 93 (31.6) | 183 (33.8) | 180 (33.1) | 118 (44.9) | 114 (43.3) | 102 (35.1) | 107 (36.8) |
| Ethnicity subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 53 (10.8) | 53 (10.8) | 76 (25.9) | 88 (29.9) | 51 (9.4) | 44 (8.1) | 16 (6.1) | 16 (6.1) | 52 (17.9) | 53 (18.2) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 439 (89.2) | 439 (89.2) | 203 (69.0) | 190 (64.6) | 490 (90.4) | 499 (91.9) | 247 (93.9) | 247 (93.9) | 239 (82.1) | 237 (81.4) |
| Not reported | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Race subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Asian | 129 (26.2) | 145 (29.5) | 80 (27.2) | 85 (28.9) | 28 (5.2) | 19 (3.5) | 86 (32.7) | 110 (41.8) | 95 (32.6) | 93 (32.0) |
| Black/African American | 10 (2.0) | 17 (3.5) | 9 (3.1) | 6 (2.0) | 24 (4.4) | 28 (5.2) | 11 (4.2) | 12 (4.6) | 13 (4.5) | 8 (2.7) |
| Other | 20 (4.1) | 13 (2.6) | 11 (3.7) | 12 (4.1) | 11 (2.0) | 3 (0.6) | 5 (1.9) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) |
| White | 333 (67.7) | 317 (64.4) | 179 (60.9) | 175 (59.5) | 478 (88.2) | 493 (90.8) | 161 (61.2) | 137 (52.1) | 183 (62.9) | 187 (64.3) |
| Not reported | NA | NA | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Male, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 97 (63.0) | 81 (52.6) | 66 (58.4) | 65 (67.7) | 104 (61.5) | 88 (53.3) | 32 (62.7) | 24 (58.5) | 39 (48.8) | 47 (58.0) |
| 55-64 years | 107 (59.8) | 99 (55.6) | 63 (64.9) | 63 (60.0) | 103 (54.2) | 121 (61.1) | 58 (61.7) | 56 (51.9) | 60 (55.0) | 50 (48.5) |
| ≥65 years | 91 (57.2) | 83 (51.9) | 56 (66.7) | 56 (60.2) | 102 (55.7) | 104 (57.8) | 72 (61.0) | 60 (52.6) | 55 (53.9) | 53 (49.5) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 31 (58.5) | 24 (45.3) | 37 (48.7) | 50 (56.8) | 21 (41.2) | 22 (50.0) | 7 (43.8) | 7 (43.8) | 23 (44.2) | 26 (49.1) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 264 (60.1) | 239 (54.4) | 137 (67.5) | 123 (64.7) | 287 (58.6) | 291 (58.3) | 155 (62.8) | 133 (53.8) | 131 (54.8) | 123 (51.9) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 84 (65.1) | 89 (61.4) | 43 (53.8) | 53 (62.4) | 19 (67.9) | 14 (73.7) | 50 (58.1) | 60 (54.5) | 65 (68.4) | 61 (65.6) |
| Black/African American | 3 (30.0) | 8 (47.1) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (83.3) | 11 (45.8) | 12 (42.9) | 5 (45.5) | 7 (58.3) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (25.0) |
| Other | 13 (65.0) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (18.2) | 6 (50.0) | 7 (63.6) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (80.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) |
| White | 195 (58.6) | 161 (50.8) | 125 (69.8) | 109 (62.3) | 272 (56.9) | 285 (57.8) | 103 (64.0) | 71 (51.8) | 85 (46.4) | 84 (44.9) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 47.18 (5.99) | 46.95 (5.67) | 47.19 (5.82) | 47.26 (5.31) | 46.51 (6.24) | 47.32 (5.91) | 47.71 (5.93) | 48.73 (4.52) | 46.27 (6.68) | 47.40 (6.33) |
| 55-64 years | 59.79 (2.72) | 59.74 (2.73) | 59.51 (2.63) | 59.32 (2.79) | 59.30 (2.76) | 59.54 (2.91) | 59.66 (2.90) | 59.83 (2.85) | 60.40 (2.61) | 59.63 (2.69) |
| ≥65 years | 69.75 (4.17) | 69.33 (3.47) | 69.74 (3.47) | 69.37 (3.51) | 70.66 (4.60) | 70.31 (4.06) | 70.81 (4.61) | 70.21 (3.73) | 69.39 (3.82) | 69.65 (4.04) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 56.00 (10.06) | 57.32 (9.75) | 54.22 (8.70) | 56.08 (9.63) | 56.31 (9.79) | 56.02 (9.95) | 60.25 (10.00) | 57.50 (9.36) | 55.94 (10.77) | 56.77 (10.34) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 59.43 (9.99) | 59.04 (9.86) | 59.02 (10.46) | 59.37 (9.49) | 59.47 (10.85) | 59.69 (10.13) | 62.48 (9.78) | 62.93 (8.27) | 60.48 (9.83) | 60.67 (9.68) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 56.10 (11.26) | 55.83 (10.84) | 54.89 (10.64) | 56.36 (9.69) | 53.82 (9.51) | 56.53 (11.33) | 61.50 (9.90) | 62.43 (8.57) | 58.62 (10.96) | 58.62 (11.10) |
| Black/African American | 59.50 (8.00) | 60.06 (6.72) | 54.00 (8.94) | 60.67 (8.14) | 59.04 (11.66) | 58.79 (10.74) | 60.27 (8.38) | 62.25 (8.23) | 64.85 (7.44) | 57.88 (10.91) |
| Other | 55.50 (11.27) | 56.77 (11.50) | 50.91 (9.53) | 58.42 (7.79) | 58.45 (11.67) | 44.67 (5.13) | 58.80 (10.73) | 61.50 (11.00) | NA | 62.00 (5.66) |
| White | 60.41 (9.24) | 60.26 (9.14) | 59.58 (9.68) | 59.20 (9.70) | 59.49 (10.76) | 59.63 (10.03) | 63.05 (9.80) | 62.80 (8.34) | 59.85 (9.77) | 60.69 (9.23) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 31.01 (5.01) | 31.02 (5.10) | 30.03 (5.22) | 29.50 (5.00) | 34.11 (8.39) | 35.06 (7.37) | 30.75 (5.44) | 30.19 (3.91) | 31.20 (5.13) | 29.33 (5.38) |
| 55-64 years | 29.68 (4.61) | 29.81 (4.90) | 29.64 (5.49) | 29.55 (5.64) | 32.21 (6.41) | 32.87 (6.41) | 30.63 (5.27) | 29.38 (4.90) | 31.26 (4.64) | 30.69 (5.19) |
| ≥65 years | 29.32 (4.62) | 29.64 (5.09) | 29.92 (4.97) | 28.64 (4.35) | 31.49 (5.85) | 31.11 (6.59) | 28.11 (4.70) | 28.61 (5.15) | 29.28 (5.12) | 29.79 (4.52) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 30.72 (5.18) | 29.85 (4.46) | 30.55 (5.33) | 30.27 (4.71) | 34.21 (9.63) | 31.32 (5.44) | 32.09 (4.05) | 31.43 (3.43) | 32.22 (4.65) | 31.61 (5.41) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 29.89 (4.73) | 30.17 (5.12) | 29.58 (5.23) | 28.87 (5.14) | 32.40 (6.65) | 33.10 (7.05) | 29.36 (5.22) | 29.02 (4.94) | 30.19 (5.03) | 29.60 (4.87) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 27.23 (4.53) | 27.40 (4.53) | 25.90 (3.71) | 25.62 (3.23) | 28.25 (5.63) | 27.39 (4.49) | 25.79 (4.29) | 25.98 (3.65) | 27.25 (4.23) | 27.07 (4.12) |
| Black/African American | 32.09 (2.74) | 33.66 (4.99) | 29.76 (5.14) | 32.04 (4.22) | 33.07 (9.60) | 37.42 (9.66) | 30.63 (5.62) | 34.03 (3.44) | 32.48 (3.92) | 31.43 (3.53) |
| Other | 30.44 (5.17) | 30.64 (4.44) | 31.59 (6.59) | 30.78 (5.03) | 31.49 (6.24) | 33.93 (7.95) | 33.13 (3.99) | 31.66 (5.73) | NA | 29.75 (1.01) |
| White | 30.96 (4.49) | 31.17 (4.80) | 31.50 (4.86) | 30.91 (4.87) | 32.82 (6.87) | 32.91 (6.68) | 31.33 (4.56) | 31.23 (4.34) | 32.12 (4.63) | 31.34 (4.92) |
| Diabetes duration, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.13 (4.84) | 8.90 (5.72) | 8.73 (5.10) | 8.74 (5.19) | 8.60 (4.97) | 9.05 (6.13) | 11.09 (6.49) | 11.29 (6.64) | 12.87 (6.95) | 12.13 (6.55) |
| 55-64 years | 12.38 (6.33) | 11.76 (6.58) | 11.75 (5.86) | 11.17 (6.16) | 11.61 (5.99) | 11.29 (6.42) | 15.33 (6.27) | 16.39 (5.89) | 17.29 (7.82) | 15.76 (6.68) |
| ≥65 years | 14.15 (7.14) | 13.58 (7.09) | 13.71 (8.02) | 14.67 (6.88) | 15.14 (7.81) | 15.42 (8.65) | 19.86 (9.06) | 19.47 (8.86) | 22.69 (9.50) | 20.04 (7.56) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 11.50 (6.90) | 13.77 (8.46) | 9.93 (5.74) | 10.50 (6.05) | 10.45 (6.65) | 10.65 (7.20) | 16.60 (12.44) | 18.83 (9.97) | 16.84 (9.26) | 14.25 (5.86) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 11.64 (6.64) | 11.18 (6.47) | 11.53 (6.88) | 11.76 (6.78) | 12.03 (6.92) | 12.09 (7.63) | 16.53 (8.06) | 16.81 (7.77) | 18.21 (9.05) | 16.77 (7.94) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 11.95 (6.95) | 10.81 (6.64) | 9.74 (6.08) | 10.87 (6.44) | 13.07 (7.15) | 11.66 (7.95) | 17.55 (8.75) | 17.64 (8.01) | 18.07 (8.92) | 16.23 (8.28) |
| Black/African American | 11.04 (6.20) | 13.57 (7.75) | 12.99 (5.78) | 17.78 (5.10) | 11.24 (6.23) | 14.86 (10.01) | 15.48 (6.45) | 15.49 (12.60) | 25.60 (10.44) | 21.11 (9.28) |
| Other | 13.06 (10.32) | 14.27 (9.32) | 9.01 (6.23) | 12.95 (6.75) | 13.71 (8.30) | 3.32 (2.79) | 17.33 (19.32) | 17.00 (7.16) | NA | 21.59 (3.03) |
| White | 11.43 (6.29) | 11.53 (6.61) | 11.73 (6.83) | 11.27 (6.59) | 11.78 (6.91) | 11.88 (7.41) | 16.04 (7.81) | 16.49 (7.38) | 17.37 (8.87) | 16.09 (7.26) |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.64 (1.01) | 8.62 (1.09) | 8.75 (1.16) | 8.59 (0.95) | 9.26 (1.76) | 9.14 (1.46) | 8.36 (0.87) | 8.32 (0.91) | 8.45 (0.94) | 8.52 (0.94) |
| 55-64 years | 8.47 (0.98) | 8.38 (0.97) | 8.49 (1.02) | 8.65 (1.14) | 8.90 (1.51) | 8.92 (1.62) | 8.19 (0.78) | 8.08 (0.73) | 8.29 (0.81) | 8.46 (0.97) |
| ≥65 years | 8.42 (0.98) | 8.34 (0.99) | 8.35 (1.13) | 8.19 (0.86) | 8.74 (1.57) | 8.61 (1.34) | 8.07 (0.72) | 8.04 (0.75) | 8.16 (0.83) | 8.01 (0.68) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 8.72 (1.09) | 8.57 (1.16) | 9.09 (1.32) | 8.61 (1.04) | 10.18 (1.70) | 9.96 (1.91) | 8.38 (0.87) | 8.44 (1.04) | 8.39 (0.84) | 8.27 (0.85) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 8.48 (0.98) | 8.43 (1.00) | 8.36 (0.98) | 8.40 (0.98) | 8.83 (1.56) | 8.79 (1.42) | 8.15 (0.77) | 8.08 (0.75) | 8.27 (0.86) | 8.32 (0.91) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 8.35 (1.00) | 8.36 (1.08) | 8.20 (0.91) | 8.41 (0.95) | 8.82 (1.30) | 9.39 (1.40) | 8.04 (0.68) | 7.99 (0.72) | 8.32 (0.94) | 8.43 (0.95) |
| Black/African American | 8.93 (0.80) | 8.62 (0.93) | 9.21 (1.12) | 8.55 (1.91) | 9.86 (2.22) | 9.02 (1.62) | 8.15 (0.91) | 8.04 (0.82) | 8.35 (0.59) | 8.56 (0.98) |
| Other | 8.43 (0.70) | 8.55 (1.26) | 9.19 (1.35) | 8.63 (1.50) | 8.58 (1.27) | 8.07 (0.23) | 7.96 (0.61) | 8.43 (1.44) | NA | 7.80 (1.13) |
| White | 8.55 (1.01) | 8.47 (0.99) | 8.64 (1.16) | 8.48 (0.95) | 8.93 (1.60) | 8.86 (1.49) | 8.24 (0.81) | 8.18 (0.79) | 8.27 (0.84) | 8.25 (0.86) |
The “Other” race subgroup included American Indian or Alaska native, and native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
Abbreviations: aspart, insulin aspart; BMI, body mass index; degludec, insulin degludec; glargine U100, insulin glargine U100; glargine U300, insulin glargine U300; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; icodec, insulin icodec; NA, not applicable; OD, once daily.
aIn ONWARDS 5, participants in the OD comparator arm received OD degludec, glargine U100, or glargine U300 at the investigators’ discretion. Across trials, 174 participants were aged ≥75 years at baseline. Baseline characteristics for the 97 participants aged ≥75 years who received icodec (30-90% of whom were male) are as follows: mean baseline BMI range of 27.97 to 29.42 kg/m2, a mean diabetes duration range of 15.7 to 27.9 years, and mean baseline HbA1c range of 7.95% to 8.88% (63.4-73.6 mmol/mol). Baseline characteristics for the 77 participants aged ≥75 years who received OD comparators (46-78% of whom were male) are as follows: mean baseline BMI range of 27.42 to 31.71 kg/m2, a mean diabetes duration range of 15.8 to 22.9 years, and mean baseline HbA1c range of 7.99 to 8.53% (63.9-69.7 mmol/mol).
Baseline characteristics for the ONWARDS 1 to 5 participants by age, ethnicity, and race
| . | ONWARDS 1 . | ONWARDS 3 . | ONWARDS 5 . | ONWARDS 2 . | ONWARDS 4 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Icodec . | Glargine U100 . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + app . | OD insulin analogsa . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + aspart . | Glargine U100 + aspart . |
| Participants, n | 492 | 492 | 294 | 294 | 542 | 543 | 263 | 263 | 291 | 291 |
| Age subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 154 (31.3) | 154 (31.3) | 113 (38.4) | 96 (32.7) | 169 (31.2) | 165 (30.4) | 51 (19.4) | 41 (15.6) | 80 (27.5) | 81 (27.8) |
| 55-64 years | 179 (36.4) | 178 (36.2) | 97 (33.0) | 105 (35.7) | 190 (35.1) | 198 (36.5) | 94 (35.7) | 108 (41.1) | 109 (37.5) | 103 (35.4) |
| ≥65 years | 159 (32.3) | 160 (32.5) | 84 (28.6) | 93 (31.6) | 183 (33.8) | 180 (33.1) | 118 (44.9) | 114 (43.3) | 102 (35.1) | 107 (36.8) |
| Ethnicity subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 53 (10.8) | 53 (10.8) | 76 (25.9) | 88 (29.9) | 51 (9.4) | 44 (8.1) | 16 (6.1) | 16 (6.1) | 52 (17.9) | 53 (18.2) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 439 (89.2) | 439 (89.2) | 203 (69.0) | 190 (64.6) | 490 (90.4) | 499 (91.9) | 247 (93.9) | 247 (93.9) | 239 (82.1) | 237 (81.4) |
| Not reported | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Race subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Asian | 129 (26.2) | 145 (29.5) | 80 (27.2) | 85 (28.9) | 28 (5.2) | 19 (3.5) | 86 (32.7) | 110 (41.8) | 95 (32.6) | 93 (32.0) |
| Black/African American | 10 (2.0) | 17 (3.5) | 9 (3.1) | 6 (2.0) | 24 (4.4) | 28 (5.2) | 11 (4.2) | 12 (4.6) | 13 (4.5) | 8 (2.7) |
| Other | 20 (4.1) | 13 (2.6) | 11 (3.7) | 12 (4.1) | 11 (2.0) | 3 (0.6) | 5 (1.9) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) |
| White | 333 (67.7) | 317 (64.4) | 179 (60.9) | 175 (59.5) | 478 (88.2) | 493 (90.8) | 161 (61.2) | 137 (52.1) | 183 (62.9) | 187 (64.3) |
| Not reported | NA | NA | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Male, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 97 (63.0) | 81 (52.6) | 66 (58.4) | 65 (67.7) | 104 (61.5) | 88 (53.3) | 32 (62.7) | 24 (58.5) | 39 (48.8) | 47 (58.0) |
| 55-64 years | 107 (59.8) | 99 (55.6) | 63 (64.9) | 63 (60.0) | 103 (54.2) | 121 (61.1) | 58 (61.7) | 56 (51.9) | 60 (55.0) | 50 (48.5) |
| ≥65 years | 91 (57.2) | 83 (51.9) | 56 (66.7) | 56 (60.2) | 102 (55.7) | 104 (57.8) | 72 (61.0) | 60 (52.6) | 55 (53.9) | 53 (49.5) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 31 (58.5) | 24 (45.3) | 37 (48.7) | 50 (56.8) | 21 (41.2) | 22 (50.0) | 7 (43.8) | 7 (43.8) | 23 (44.2) | 26 (49.1) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 264 (60.1) | 239 (54.4) | 137 (67.5) | 123 (64.7) | 287 (58.6) | 291 (58.3) | 155 (62.8) | 133 (53.8) | 131 (54.8) | 123 (51.9) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 84 (65.1) | 89 (61.4) | 43 (53.8) | 53 (62.4) | 19 (67.9) | 14 (73.7) | 50 (58.1) | 60 (54.5) | 65 (68.4) | 61 (65.6) |
| Black/African American | 3 (30.0) | 8 (47.1) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (83.3) | 11 (45.8) | 12 (42.9) | 5 (45.5) | 7 (58.3) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (25.0) |
| Other | 13 (65.0) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (18.2) | 6 (50.0) | 7 (63.6) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (80.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) |
| White | 195 (58.6) | 161 (50.8) | 125 (69.8) | 109 (62.3) | 272 (56.9) | 285 (57.8) | 103 (64.0) | 71 (51.8) | 85 (46.4) | 84 (44.9) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 47.18 (5.99) | 46.95 (5.67) | 47.19 (5.82) | 47.26 (5.31) | 46.51 (6.24) | 47.32 (5.91) | 47.71 (5.93) | 48.73 (4.52) | 46.27 (6.68) | 47.40 (6.33) |
| 55-64 years | 59.79 (2.72) | 59.74 (2.73) | 59.51 (2.63) | 59.32 (2.79) | 59.30 (2.76) | 59.54 (2.91) | 59.66 (2.90) | 59.83 (2.85) | 60.40 (2.61) | 59.63 (2.69) |
| ≥65 years | 69.75 (4.17) | 69.33 (3.47) | 69.74 (3.47) | 69.37 (3.51) | 70.66 (4.60) | 70.31 (4.06) | 70.81 (4.61) | 70.21 (3.73) | 69.39 (3.82) | 69.65 (4.04) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 56.00 (10.06) | 57.32 (9.75) | 54.22 (8.70) | 56.08 (9.63) | 56.31 (9.79) | 56.02 (9.95) | 60.25 (10.00) | 57.50 (9.36) | 55.94 (10.77) | 56.77 (10.34) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 59.43 (9.99) | 59.04 (9.86) | 59.02 (10.46) | 59.37 (9.49) | 59.47 (10.85) | 59.69 (10.13) | 62.48 (9.78) | 62.93 (8.27) | 60.48 (9.83) | 60.67 (9.68) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 56.10 (11.26) | 55.83 (10.84) | 54.89 (10.64) | 56.36 (9.69) | 53.82 (9.51) | 56.53 (11.33) | 61.50 (9.90) | 62.43 (8.57) | 58.62 (10.96) | 58.62 (11.10) |
| Black/African American | 59.50 (8.00) | 60.06 (6.72) | 54.00 (8.94) | 60.67 (8.14) | 59.04 (11.66) | 58.79 (10.74) | 60.27 (8.38) | 62.25 (8.23) | 64.85 (7.44) | 57.88 (10.91) |
| Other | 55.50 (11.27) | 56.77 (11.50) | 50.91 (9.53) | 58.42 (7.79) | 58.45 (11.67) | 44.67 (5.13) | 58.80 (10.73) | 61.50 (11.00) | NA | 62.00 (5.66) |
| White | 60.41 (9.24) | 60.26 (9.14) | 59.58 (9.68) | 59.20 (9.70) | 59.49 (10.76) | 59.63 (10.03) | 63.05 (9.80) | 62.80 (8.34) | 59.85 (9.77) | 60.69 (9.23) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 31.01 (5.01) | 31.02 (5.10) | 30.03 (5.22) | 29.50 (5.00) | 34.11 (8.39) | 35.06 (7.37) | 30.75 (5.44) | 30.19 (3.91) | 31.20 (5.13) | 29.33 (5.38) |
| 55-64 years | 29.68 (4.61) | 29.81 (4.90) | 29.64 (5.49) | 29.55 (5.64) | 32.21 (6.41) | 32.87 (6.41) | 30.63 (5.27) | 29.38 (4.90) | 31.26 (4.64) | 30.69 (5.19) |
| ≥65 years | 29.32 (4.62) | 29.64 (5.09) | 29.92 (4.97) | 28.64 (4.35) | 31.49 (5.85) | 31.11 (6.59) | 28.11 (4.70) | 28.61 (5.15) | 29.28 (5.12) | 29.79 (4.52) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 30.72 (5.18) | 29.85 (4.46) | 30.55 (5.33) | 30.27 (4.71) | 34.21 (9.63) | 31.32 (5.44) | 32.09 (4.05) | 31.43 (3.43) | 32.22 (4.65) | 31.61 (5.41) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 29.89 (4.73) | 30.17 (5.12) | 29.58 (5.23) | 28.87 (5.14) | 32.40 (6.65) | 33.10 (7.05) | 29.36 (5.22) | 29.02 (4.94) | 30.19 (5.03) | 29.60 (4.87) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 27.23 (4.53) | 27.40 (4.53) | 25.90 (3.71) | 25.62 (3.23) | 28.25 (5.63) | 27.39 (4.49) | 25.79 (4.29) | 25.98 (3.65) | 27.25 (4.23) | 27.07 (4.12) |
| Black/African American | 32.09 (2.74) | 33.66 (4.99) | 29.76 (5.14) | 32.04 (4.22) | 33.07 (9.60) | 37.42 (9.66) | 30.63 (5.62) | 34.03 (3.44) | 32.48 (3.92) | 31.43 (3.53) |
| Other | 30.44 (5.17) | 30.64 (4.44) | 31.59 (6.59) | 30.78 (5.03) | 31.49 (6.24) | 33.93 (7.95) | 33.13 (3.99) | 31.66 (5.73) | NA | 29.75 (1.01) |
| White | 30.96 (4.49) | 31.17 (4.80) | 31.50 (4.86) | 30.91 (4.87) | 32.82 (6.87) | 32.91 (6.68) | 31.33 (4.56) | 31.23 (4.34) | 32.12 (4.63) | 31.34 (4.92) |
| Diabetes duration, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.13 (4.84) | 8.90 (5.72) | 8.73 (5.10) | 8.74 (5.19) | 8.60 (4.97) | 9.05 (6.13) | 11.09 (6.49) | 11.29 (6.64) | 12.87 (6.95) | 12.13 (6.55) |
| 55-64 years | 12.38 (6.33) | 11.76 (6.58) | 11.75 (5.86) | 11.17 (6.16) | 11.61 (5.99) | 11.29 (6.42) | 15.33 (6.27) | 16.39 (5.89) | 17.29 (7.82) | 15.76 (6.68) |
| ≥65 years | 14.15 (7.14) | 13.58 (7.09) | 13.71 (8.02) | 14.67 (6.88) | 15.14 (7.81) | 15.42 (8.65) | 19.86 (9.06) | 19.47 (8.86) | 22.69 (9.50) | 20.04 (7.56) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 11.50 (6.90) | 13.77 (8.46) | 9.93 (5.74) | 10.50 (6.05) | 10.45 (6.65) | 10.65 (7.20) | 16.60 (12.44) | 18.83 (9.97) | 16.84 (9.26) | 14.25 (5.86) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 11.64 (6.64) | 11.18 (6.47) | 11.53 (6.88) | 11.76 (6.78) | 12.03 (6.92) | 12.09 (7.63) | 16.53 (8.06) | 16.81 (7.77) | 18.21 (9.05) | 16.77 (7.94) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 11.95 (6.95) | 10.81 (6.64) | 9.74 (6.08) | 10.87 (6.44) | 13.07 (7.15) | 11.66 (7.95) | 17.55 (8.75) | 17.64 (8.01) | 18.07 (8.92) | 16.23 (8.28) |
| Black/African American | 11.04 (6.20) | 13.57 (7.75) | 12.99 (5.78) | 17.78 (5.10) | 11.24 (6.23) | 14.86 (10.01) | 15.48 (6.45) | 15.49 (12.60) | 25.60 (10.44) | 21.11 (9.28) |
| Other | 13.06 (10.32) | 14.27 (9.32) | 9.01 (6.23) | 12.95 (6.75) | 13.71 (8.30) | 3.32 (2.79) | 17.33 (19.32) | 17.00 (7.16) | NA | 21.59 (3.03) |
| White | 11.43 (6.29) | 11.53 (6.61) | 11.73 (6.83) | 11.27 (6.59) | 11.78 (6.91) | 11.88 (7.41) | 16.04 (7.81) | 16.49 (7.38) | 17.37 (8.87) | 16.09 (7.26) |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.64 (1.01) | 8.62 (1.09) | 8.75 (1.16) | 8.59 (0.95) | 9.26 (1.76) | 9.14 (1.46) | 8.36 (0.87) | 8.32 (0.91) | 8.45 (0.94) | 8.52 (0.94) |
| 55-64 years | 8.47 (0.98) | 8.38 (0.97) | 8.49 (1.02) | 8.65 (1.14) | 8.90 (1.51) | 8.92 (1.62) | 8.19 (0.78) | 8.08 (0.73) | 8.29 (0.81) | 8.46 (0.97) |
| ≥65 years | 8.42 (0.98) | 8.34 (0.99) | 8.35 (1.13) | 8.19 (0.86) | 8.74 (1.57) | 8.61 (1.34) | 8.07 (0.72) | 8.04 (0.75) | 8.16 (0.83) | 8.01 (0.68) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 8.72 (1.09) | 8.57 (1.16) | 9.09 (1.32) | 8.61 (1.04) | 10.18 (1.70) | 9.96 (1.91) | 8.38 (0.87) | 8.44 (1.04) | 8.39 (0.84) | 8.27 (0.85) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 8.48 (0.98) | 8.43 (1.00) | 8.36 (0.98) | 8.40 (0.98) | 8.83 (1.56) | 8.79 (1.42) | 8.15 (0.77) | 8.08 (0.75) | 8.27 (0.86) | 8.32 (0.91) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 8.35 (1.00) | 8.36 (1.08) | 8.20 (0.91) | 8.41 (0.95) | 8.82 (1.30) | 9.39 (1.40) | 8.04 (0.68) | 7.99 (0.72) | 8.32 (0.94) | 8.43 (0.95) |
| Black/African American | 8.93 (0.80) | 8.62 (0.93) | 9.21 (1.12) | 8.55 (1.91) | 9.86 (2.22) | 9.02 (1.62) | 8.15 (0.91) | 8.04 (0.82) | 8.35 (0.59) | 8.56 (0.98) |
| Other | 8.43 (0.70) | 8.55 (1.26) | 9.19 (1.35) | 8.63 (1.50) | 8.58 (1.27) | 8.07 (0.23) | 7.96 (0.61) | 8.43 (1.44) | NA | 7.80 (1.13) |
| White | 8.55 (1.01) | 8.47 (0.99) | 8.64 (1.16) | 8.48 (0.95) | 8.93 (1.60) | 8.86 (1.49) | 8.24 (0.81) | 8.18 (0.79) | 8.27 (0.84) | 8.25 (0.86) |
| . | ONWARDS 1 . | ONWARDS 3 . | ONWARDS 5 . | ONWARDS 2 . | ONWARDS 4 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Icodec . | Glargine U100 . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + app . | OD insulin analogsa . | Icodec . | Degludec . | Icodec + aspart . | Glargine U100 + aspart . |
| Participants, n | 492 | 492 | 294 | 294 | 542 | 543 | 263 | 263 | 291 | 291 |
| Age subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 154 (31.3) | 154 (31.3) | 113 (38.4) | 96 (32.7) | 169 (31.2) | 165 (30.4) | 51 (19.4) | 41 (15.6) | 80 (27.5) | 81 (27.8) |
| 55-64 years | 179 (36.4) | 178 (36.2) | 97 (33.0) | 105 (35.7) | 190 (35.1) | 198 (36.5) | 94 (35.7) | 108 (41.1) | 109 (37.5) | 103 (35.4) |
| ≥65 years | 159 (32.3) | 160 (32.5) | 84 (28.6) | 93 (31.6) | 183 (33.8) | 180 (33.1) | 118 (44.9) | 114 (43.3) | 102 (35.1) | 107 (36.8) |
| Ethnicity subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 53 (10.8) | 53 (10.8) | 76 (25.9) | 88 (29.9) | 51 (9.4) | 44 (8.1) | 16 (6.1) | 16 (6.1) | 52 (17.9) | 53 (18.2) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 439 (89.2) | 439 (89.2) | 203 (69.0) | 190 (64.6) | 490 (90.4) | 499 (91.9) | 247 (93.9) | 247 (93.9) | 239 (82.1) | 237 (81.4) |
| Not reported | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Race subgroups, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Asian | 129 (26.2) | 145 (29.5) | 80 (27.2) | 85 (28.9) | 28 (5.2) | 19 (3.5) | 86 (32.7) | 110 (41.8) | 95 (32.6) | 93 (32.0) |
| Black/African American | 10 (2.0) | 17 (3.5) | 9 (3.1) | 6 (2.0) | 24 (4.4) | 28 (5.2) | 11 (4.2) | 12 (4.6) | 13 (4.5) | 8 (2.7) |
| Other | 20 (4.1) | 13 (2.6) | 11 (3.7) | 12 (4.1) | 11 (2.0) | 3 (0.6) | 5 (1.9) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) |
| White | 333 (67.7) | 317 (64.4) | 179 (60.9) | 175 (59.5) | 478 (88.2) | 493 (90.8) | 161 (61.2) | 137 (52.1) | 183 (62.9) | 187 (64.3) |
| Not reported | NA | NA | 15 (5.1) | 16 (5.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Male, n (%) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 97 (63.0) | 81 (52.6) | 66 (58.4) | 65 (67.7) | 104 (61.5) | 88 (53.3) | 32 (62.7) | 24 (58.5) | 39 (48.8) | 47 (58.0) |
| 55-64 years | 107 (59.8) | 99 (55.6) | 63 (64.9) | 63 (60.0) | 103 (54.2) | 121 (61.1) | 58 (61.7) | 56 (51.9) | 60 (55.0) | 50 (48.5) |
| ≥65 years | 91 (57.2) | 83 (51.9) | 56 (66.7) | 56 (60.2) | 102 (55.7) | 104 (57.8) | 72 (61.0) | 60 (52.6) | 55 (53.9) | 53 (49.5) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 31 (58.5) | 24 (45.3) | 37 (48.7) | 50 (56.8) | 21 (41.2) | 22 (50.0) | 7 (43.8) | 7 (43.8) | 23 (44.2) | 26 (49.1) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 264 (60.1) | 239 (54.4) | 137 (67.5) | 123 (64.7) | 287 (58.6) | 291 (58.3) | 155 (62.8) | 133 (53.8) | 131 (54.8) | 123 (51.9) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 84 (65.1) | 89 (61.4) | 43 (53.8) | 53 (62.4) | 19 (67.9) | 14 (73.7) | 50 (58.1) | 60 (54.5) | 65 (68.4) | 61 (65.6) |
| Black/African American | 3 (30.0) | 8 (47.1) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (83.3) | 11 (45.8) | 12 (42.9) | 5 (45.5) | 7 (58.3) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (25.0) |
| Other | 13 (65.0) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (18.2) | 6 (50.0) | 7 (63.6) | 2 (66.7) | 4 (80.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) |
| White | 195 (58.6) | 161 (50.8) | 125 (69.8) | 109 (62.3) | 272 (56.9) | 285 (57.8) | 103 (64.0) | 71 (51.8) | 85 (46.4) | 84 (44.9) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 47.18 (5.99) | 46.95 (5.67) | 47.19 (5.82) | 47.26 (5.31) | 46.51 (6.24) | 47.32 (5.91) | 47.71 (5.93) | 48.73 (4.52) | 46.27 (6.68) | 47.40 (6.33) |
| 55-64 years | 59.79 (2.72) | 59.74 (2.73) | 59.51 (2.63) | 59.32 (2.79) | 59.30 (2.76) | 59.54 (2.91) | 59.66 (2.90) | 59.83 (2.85) | 60.40 (2.61) | 59.63 (2.69) |
| ≥65 years | 69.75 (4.17) | 69.33 (3.47) | 69.74 (3.47) | 69.37 (3.51) | 70.66 (4.60) | 70.31 (4.06) | 70.81 (4.61) | 70.21 (3.73) | 69.39 (3.82) | 69.65 (4.04) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 56.00 (10.06) | 57.32 (9.75) | 54.22 (8.70) | 56.08 (9.63) | 56.31 (9.79) | 56.02 (9.95) | 60.25 (10.00) | 57.50 (9.36) | 55.94 (10.77) | 56.77 (10.34) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 59.43 (9.99) | 59.04 (9.86) | 59.02 (10.46) | 59.37 (9.49) | 59.47 (10.85) | 59.69 (10.13) | 62.48 (9.78) | 62.93 (8.27) | 60.48 (9.83) | 60.67 (9.68) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 56.10 (11.26) | 55.83 (10.84) | 54.89 (10.64) | 56.36 (9.69) | 53.82 (9.51) | 56.53 (11.33) | 61.50 (9.90) | 62.43 (8.57) | 58.62 (10.96) | 58.62 (11.10) |
| Black/African American | 59.50 (8.00) | 60.06 (6.72) | 54.00 (8.94) | 60.67 (8.14) | 59.04 (11.66) | 58.79 (10.74) | 60.27 (8.38) | 62.25 (8.23) | 64.85 (7.44) | 57.88 (10.91) |
| Other | 55.50 (11.27) | 56.77 (11.50) | 50.91 (9.53) | 58.42 (7.79) | 58.45 (11.67) | 44.67 (5.13) | 58.80 (10.73) | 61.50 (11.00) | NA | 62.00 (5.66) |
| White | 60.41 (9.24) | 60.26 (9.14) | 59.58 (9.68) | 59.20 (9.70) | 59.49 (10.76) | 59.63 (10.03) | 63.05 (9.80) | 62.80 (8.34) | 59.85 (9.77) | 60.69 (9.23) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 31.01 (5.01) | 31.02 (5.10) | 30.03 (5.22) | 29.50 (5.00) | 34.11 (8.39) | 35.06 (7.37) | 30.75 (5.44) | 30.19 (3.91) | 31.20 (5.13) | 29.33 (5.38) |
| 55-64 years | 29.68 (4.61) | 29.81 (4.90) | 29.64 (5.49) | 29.55 (5.64) | 32.21 (6.41) | 32.87 (6.41) | 30.63 (5.27) | 29.38 (4.90) | 31.26 (4.64) | 30.69 (5.19) |
| ≥65 years | 29.32 (4.62) | 29.64 (5.09) | 29.92 (4.97) | 28.64 (4.35) | 31.49 (5.85) | 31.11 (6.59) | 28.11 (4.70) | 28.61 (5.15) | 29.28 (5.12) | 29.79 (4.52) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 30.72 (5.18) | 29.85 (4.46) | 30.55 (5.33) | 30.27 (4.71) | 34.21 (9.63) | 31.32 (5.44) | 32.09 (4.05) | 31.43 (3.43) | 32.22 (4.65) | 31.61 (5.41) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 29.89 (4.73) | 30.17 (5.12) | 29.58 (5.23) | 28.87 (5.14) | 32.40 (6.65) | 33.10 (7.05) | 29.36 (5.22) | 29.02 (4.94) | 30.19 (5.03) | 29.60 (4.87) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 27.23 (4.53) | 27.40 (4.53) | 25.90 (3.71) | 25.62 (3.23) | 28.25 (5.63) | 27.39 (4.49) | 25.79 (4.29) | 25.98 (3.65) | 27.25 (4.23) | 27.07 (4.12) |
| Black/African American | 32.09 (2.74) | 33.66 (4.99) | 29.76 (5.14) | 32.04 (4.22) | 33.07 (9.60) | 37.42 (9.66) | 30.63 (5.62) | 34.03 (3.44) | 32.48 (3.92) | 31.43 (3.53) |
| Other | 30.44 (5.17) | 30.64 (4.44) | 31.59 (6.59) | 30.78 (5.03) | 31.49 (6.24) | 33.93 (7.95) | 33.13 (3.99) | 31.66 (5.73) | NA | 29.75 (1.01) |
| White | 30.96 (4.49) | 31.17 (4.80) | 31.50 (4.86) | 30.91 (4.87) | 32.82 (6.87) | 32.91 (6.68) | 31.33 (4.56) | 31.23 (4.34) | 32.12 (4.63) | 31.34 (4.92) |
| Diabetes duration, years, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.13 (4.84) | 8.90 (5.72) | 8.73 (5.10) | 8.74 (5.19) | 8.60 (4.97) | 9.05 (6.13) | 11.09 (6.49) | 11.29 (6.64) | 12.87 (6.95) | 12.13 (6.55) |
| 55-64 years | 12.38 (6.33) | 11.76 (6.58) | 11.75 (5.86) | 11.17 (6.16) | 11.61 (5.99) | 11.29 (6.42) | 15.33 (6.27) | 16.39 (5.89) | 17.29 (7.82) | 15.76 (6.68) |
| ≥65 years | 14.15 (7.14) | 13.58 (7.09) | 13.71 (8.02) | 14.67 (6.88) | 15.14 (7.81) | 15.42 (8.65) | 19.86 (9.06) | 19.47 (8.86) | 22.69 (9.50) | 20.04 (7.56) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 11.50 (6.90) | 13.77 (8.46) | 9.93 (5.74) | 10.50 (6.05) | 10.45 (6.65) | 10.65 (7.20) | 16.60 (12.44) | 18.83 (9.97) | 16.84 (9.26) | 14.25 (5.86) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 11.64 (6.64) | 11.18 (6.47) | 11.53 (6.88) | 11.76 (6.78) | 12.03 (6.92) | 12.09 (7.63) | 16.53 (8.06) | 16.81 (7.77) | 18.21 (9.05) | 16.77 (7.94) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 11.95 (6.95) | 10.81 (6.64) | 9.74 (6.08) | 10.87 (6.44) | 13.07 (7.15) | 11.66 (7.95) | 17.55 (8.75) | 17.64 (8.01) | 18.07 (8.92) | 16.23 (8.28) |
| Black/African American | 11.04 (6.20) | 13.57 (7.75) | 12.99 (5.78) | 17.78 (5.10) | 11.24 (6.23) | 14.86 (10.01) | 15.48 (6.45) | 15.49 (12.60) | 25.60 (10.44) | 21.11 (9.28) |
| Other | 13.06 (10.32) | 14.27 (9.32) | 9.01 (6.23) | 12.95 (6.75) | 13.71 (8.30) | 3.32 (2.79) | 17.33 (19.32) | 17.00 (7.16) | NA | 21.59 (3.03) |
| White | 11.43 (6.29) | 11.53 (6.61) | 11.73 (6.83) | 11.27 (6.59) | 11.78 (6.91) | 11.88 (7.41) | 16.04 (7.81) | 16.49 (7.38) | 17.37 (8.87) | 16.09 (7.26) |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Age subgroups | ||||||||||
| <55 years | 8.64 (1.01) | 8.62 (1.09) | 8.75 (1.16) | 8.59 (0.95) | 9.26 (1.76) | 9.14 (1.46) | 8.36 (0.87) | 8.32 (0.91) | 8.45 (0.94) | 8.52 (0.94) |
| 55-64 years | 8.47 (0.98) | 8.38 (0.97) | 8.49 (1.02) | 8.65 (1.14) | 8.90 (1.51) | 8.92 (1.62) | 8.19 (0.78) | 8.08 (0.73) | 8.29 (0.81) | 8.46 (0.97) |
| ≥65 years | 8.42 (0.98) | 8.34 (0.99) | 8.35 (1.13) | 8.19 (0.86) | 8.74 (1.57) | 8.61 (1.34) | 8.07 (0.72) | 8.04 (0.75) | 8.16 (0.83) | 8.01 (0.68) |
| Ethnicity subgroups | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 8.72 (1.09) | 8.57 (1.16) | 9.09 (1.32) | 8.61 (1.04) | 10.18 (1.70) | 9.96 (1.91) | 8.38 (0.87) | 8.44 (1.04) | 8.39 (0.84) | 8.27 (0.85) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 8.48 (0.98) | 8.43 (1.00) | 8.36 (0.98) | 8.40 (0.98) | 8.83 (1.56) | 8.79 (1.42) | 8.15 (0.77) | 8.08 (0.75) | 8.27 (0.86) | 8.32 (0.91) |
| Race subgroups | ||||||||||
| Asian | 8.35 (1.00) | 8.36 (1.08) | 8.20 (0.91) | 8.41 (0.95) | 8.82 (1.30) | 9.39 (1.40) | 8.04 (0.68) | 7.99 (0.72) | 8.32 (0.94) | 8.43 (0.95) |
| Black/African American | 8.93 (0.80) | 8.62 (0.93) | 9.21 (1.12) | 8.55 (1.91) | 9.86 (2.22) | 9.02 (1.62) | 8.15 (0.91) | 8.04 (0.82) | 8.35 (0.59) | 8.56 (0.98) |
| Other | 8.43 (0.70) | 8.55 (1.26) | 9.19 (1.35) | 8.63 (1.50) | 8.58 (1.27) | 8.07 (0.23) | 7.96 (0.61) | 8.43 (1.44) | NA | 7.80 (1.13) |
| White | 8.55 (1.01) | 8.47 (0.99) | 8.64 (1.16) | 8.48 (0.95) | 8.93 (1.60) | 8.86 (1.49) | 8.24 (0.81) | 8.18 (0.79) | 8.27 (0.84) | 8.25 (0.86) |
The “Other” race subgroup included American Indian or Alaska native, and native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
Abbreviations: aspart, insulin aspart; BMI, body mass index; degludec, insulin degludec; glargine U100, insulin glargine U100; glargine U300, insulin glargine U300; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; icodec, insulin icodec; NA, not applicable; OD, once daily.
aIn ONWARDS 5, participants in the OD comparator arm received OD degludec, glargine U100, or glargine U300 at the investigators’ discretion. Across trials, 174 participants were aged ≥75 years at baseline. Baseline characteristics for the 97 participants aged ≥75 years who received icodec (30-90% of whom were male) are as follows: mean baseline BMI range of 27.97 to 29.42 kg/m2, a mean diabetes duration range of 15.7 to 27.9 years, and mean baseline HbA1c range of 7.95% to 8.88% (63.4-73.6 mmol/mol). Baseline characteristics for the 77 participants aged ≥75 years who received OD comparators (46-78% of whom were male) are as follows: mean baseline BMI range of 27.42 to 31.71 kg/m2, a mean diabetes duration range of 15.8 to 22.9 years, and mean baseline HbA1c range of 7.99 to 8.53% (63.9-69.7 mmol/mol).
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