Table 1: Open in new tab Baseline...

Variable	AKI-normalNa (Na⁺ < 145 mmol/l) n = 279	AKI-hyperNa (Na⁺ > 145 mmol/l) n = 78	Total	P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)	54 (40–67)	55 (41–68)	55 (40–67)	0.909
Male sex (%)	166 (59.5)	57 (73.08)	223 (62.46)	0.034^a
Weight (kg)	70 (60–80)	75 (67.5–81.25)	70 (62–80)	0.005^a
Height (m)	1.65 (1.59–1.71)	1.69 (1.64–1.74)	1.65 (1.6–1.72)	0.003^a
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	114 (101–129)	119 (108–137)	115 (102–130)	0.040^a
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	68 (59–78)	71.5 (61–80)	69 (60–78)	0.098
Temperature (C^o)	36.5 (36–36.9)	36.7 (36.3–37.4)	36.5 (36–37)	0.003^a
Heart rate	85 (76–96)	90.5 (80–101)	86 (77–98)	0.019^a
Respiratory rate	19 (17–20)	19 (17–22)	19 (17–20)	0.173
Diabetes (%)	82 (23.39)	17 (21.79)	99 (27.73)	0.201
Hypertension (%)	86 (30.82)	28 (35.9)	114 (31.93)	0.412
Tobacco use (%)	62 (22.22)	12 (15.38)	74 (20.73)	0.209
Hypothyroidism (5)	4 (1.43)	0	4 (1.12)	0.580
Congestive heart failure (%)	30 (10.75)	5 (6.41)	35 (9.80)	0.291
CKD (%)	26 (9.32)	5 (6.41)	31 (8.68)	0.502
Ischemic stroke (%)	7 (2.51)	5 (6.41)	12 (3.36)	0.145
Coronary artery disease (%)	15 (5.38)	1 (1.28)	16 (4.48)	0.211
Cirrhosis (%)	13 (4.66)	1 (1.28)	14 (3.92)	0.319
NSAIDs (%)	79 (28.32)	18 (23.08)	97 (27.17)	0.391
Antibiotic use (%)	180 (64.52)	60 (76.92)	240 (67.23)	0.041
Antihypertensive use (%)	68 (24.37)	20 (25.64)	88 (24.65)	0.882
Diuretic use (%)	95 (34.05)	23 (29.49)	118 (33.05)	0.498
Vasopressor use (%)	89 (31.9)	27 (34.62)	116 (32.49)	0.196
Statin use (%)	43 (15.4)	7 (8.97)	50 (14.01)	0.148
Aspirin (%)	27 (9.68)	3 (3.85)	30 (8.40)	0.111
ISGLT2	26 (9.32)	1 (1.89)	27 (8.13)	0.096
Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 (0.7–1.09)	0.92 (0.74–1.06)	0.9 (0.7–1.08)	0.544
Days with hypernatremia	0 (0–0)	3 (2–6)	0 (0–0)	0.000^a
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)	17.88 (9.92–27.3)	18.7 (10.7–32.7)	17.9 (10.04–27.7)	0.476
AKI Stage 1	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
AKI Stage 2	36 (12.90)	12 (15.28)	48 (13.45)	0.575
AKI Stage 3	224 (80.29)	61 (78.21)	285 (78.83)	0.685
Acute on chronic AKI	1 (0.36)	3 (3.85)	4 (1.12)	0.034^a
AKI Etiology (%)
Sepsis	131 (46.95)	41 (52.56)	172 (48.18)	0.442
Hypovolemia	73 (26.16)	22 (28.21)	95 (26.61)	0.772
Cardiorenal syndrome	28 (10.04)	4 (5.13)	32 (8.96)	0.261
Nephrotoxic medication	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
Shock state	57 (20.43)	13 (16.67)	70 (19.61)	0.521
Obstruction	41 (14.70)	6 (7.69)	47 (13.17)	0.130
Hyperbilirubinemia	5 (1.79)	0	5 (1.40)	0.590
Treatment (%)
Fluid adjustment	259 (92.83)	56 (83.58)	315 (91.04)	0.029^a
Nephrotoxic suspension	19 (6.81)	9 (13.43)	28 (8.09)	0.083
Antibiotic adjustment	29 (10.39)	14 (20.90)	43 (12.43)	0.024^a
Nutritional adjustment	2 (0.72)	4 (5.97)	6 (1.74)	0.014^a
Change to non-hyperchloremic fluids	4 (1.43)	7 (10.45)	11 (3.18)	0.001^a
AKI complication (%)
Hyperkalemia	33 (11.83)	8 (10.26)	41 (11.48)	0.842
Metabolic Acidosis	23 (8.24)	12 (15.38)	35 (9.80)	0.082
Fluid overload	20 (7.17)	7 (8.97)	27 (7.56)	0.629
Uremia	34 (12.19)	14 (17.95)	48 (13.45)	0.192
Laboratory values
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	9.81 (8.24–11.69)	10.12 (8.61–11.5)	9.92 (8.29–11.69)	0.588
Platelets (× 10⁹/l)	213 (128.6–323.1)	179 (114.8–275.7)	207 (125.4–314.8)	0.213
Leucocytes (× 10⁹/l)	12.59 (8.69–16.82)	13.14 (8.54–20.71)	12.59 (8.62–18.1)	0.278
Glucose (mg/dl)	109 (86–147)	126 (99–171)	112 (88–156)	0.051
Urea (mg/dl)	131 (94–193)	169 (113–204)	136 (96–201)	0.013^a
Creatinine (mg/dl)	3.42 (2.2–5.36)	3.38 (2.36–5.1)	3.41 (2.22–5.23)	0.870
Sodium (mEq/L)	134 (128–138)	150 (147–153)	135 (130–142)	0.000^a
Potassium (mEq/L)	4.76 (4.09–5.65)	4.49 (3.72–5.06)	4.63 (4–5.56)	0.007^a
Chloride (mEq/L)	101 (96–106)	117 (109.3–120)	103 (98–109)	0.000^a
Calcium (mg/dl)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	7.9 (7.3–8.6)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	0.603
Phosphorus (mg/dl)	5.7 (4.5–7.6)	5 (3.6–6.7)	5.6 (4.2–7.4)	0.002^a
At least one day with hyperNa	176 (63.08)	78 (100)	254 (71.15)	0.000^a

Variable

AKI-normalNa (Na⁺ < 145 mmol/l) n = 279

AKI-hyperNa (Na⁺ > 145 mmol/l) n = 78

Total

P value

Demographic characteristics

Age (years)

54 (40–67)

55 (41–68)

55 (40–67)

0.909

Male sex (%)

166 (59.5)

57 (73.08)

223 (62.46)

0.034^a

Weight (kg)

70 (60–80)

75 (67.5–81.25)

70 (62–80)

0.005^a

Height (m)

1.65 (1.59–1.71)

1.69 (1.64–1.74)

1.65 (1.6–1.72)

0.003^a

Systolic pressure (mmHg)

114 (101–129)

119 (108–137)

115 (102–130)

0.040^a

Diastolic pressure (mmHg)

68 (59–78)

71.5 (61–80)

69 (60–78)

0.098

Temperature (C^o)

36.5 (36–36.9)

36.7 (36.3–37.4)

36.5 (36–37)

0.003^a

Heart rate

85 (76–96)

90.5 (80–101)

86 (77–98)

0.019^a

Respiratory rate

19 (17–20)

19 (17–22)

19 (17–20)

0.173

Diabetes (%)

82 (23.39)

17 (21.79)

99 (27.73)

0.201

Hypertension (%)

86 (30.82)

28 (35.9)

114 (31.93)

0.412

Tobacco use (%)

62 (22.22)

12 (15.38)

74 (20.73)

0.209

Hypothyroidism (5)

4 (1.43)

4 (1.12)

0.580

Congestive heart failure (%)

30 (10.75)

5 (6.41)

35 (9.80)

0.291

CKD (%)

26 (9.32)

5 (6.41)

31 (8.68)

0.502

Ischemic stroke (%)

7 (2.51)

5 (6.41)

12 (3.36)

0.145

Coronary artery disease (%)

15 (5.38)

1 (1.28)

16 (4.48)

0.211

Cirrhosis (%)

13 (4.66)

1 (1.28)

14 (3.92)

0.319

NSAIDs (%)

79 (28.32)

18 (23.08)

97 (27.17)

0.391

Antibiotic use (%)

180 (64.52)

60 (76.92)

240 (67.23)

0.041

Antihypertensive use (%)

68 (24.37)

20 (25.64)

88 (24.65)

0.882

Diuretic use (%)

95 (34.05)

23 (29.49)

118 (33.05)

0.498

Vasopressor use (%)

89 (31.9)

27 (34.62)

116 (32.49)

0.196

Statin use (%)

43 (15.4)

7 (8.97)

50 (14.01)

0.148

Aspirin (%)

27 (9.68)

3 (3.85)

30 (8.40)

0.111

ISGLT2

26 (9.32)

1 (1.89)

27 (8.13)

0.096

Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)

0.9 (0.7–1.09)

0.92 (0.74–1.06)

0.9 (0.7–1.08)

0.544

Days with hypernatremia

0 (0–0)

3 (2–6)

0 (0–0)

0.000^a

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

17.88 (9.92–27.3)

18.7 (10.7–32.7)

17.9 (10.04–27.7)

0.476

AKI Stage 1

18 (6.45)

2 (2.56)

20 (5.60)

0.267

AKI Stage 2

36 (12.90)

12 (15.28)

48 (13.45)

0.575

AKI Stage 3

224 (80.29)

61 (78.21)

285 (78.83)

0.685

Acute on chronic AKI

1 (0.36)

3 (3.85)

4 (1.12)

0.034^a

AKI Etiology (%)

Sepsis

131 (46.95)

41 (52.56)

172 (48.18)

0.442

Hypovolemia

73 (26.16)

22 (28.21)

95 (26.61)

0.772

Cardiorenal syndrome

28 (10.04)

4 (5.13)

32 (8.96)

0.261

Nephrotoxic medication

18 (6.45)

2 (2.56)

20 (5.60)

0.267

Shock state

57 (20.43)

13 (16.67)

70 (19.61)

0.521

Obstruction

41 (14.70)

6 (7.69)

47 (13.17)

0.130

Hyperbilirubinemia

5 (1.79)

5 (1.40)

0.590

Treatment (%)

Fluid adjustment

259 (92.83)

56 (83.58)

315 (91.04)

0.029^a

Nephrotoxic suspension

19 (6.81)

9 (13.43)

28 (8.09)

0.083

Antibiotic adjustment

29 (10.39)

14 (20.90)

43 (12.43)

0.024^a

Nutritional adjustment

2 (0.72)

4 (5.97)

6 (1.74)

0.014^a

Change to non-hyperchloremic fluids

4 (1.43)

7 (10.45)

11 (3.18)

0.001^a

AKI complication (%)

Hyperkalemia

33 (11.83)

8 (10.26)

41 (11.48)

0.842

Metabolic Acidosis

23 (8.24)

12 (15.38)

35 (9.80)

0.082

Fluid overload

20 (7.17)

7 (8.97)

27 (7.56)

0.629

Uremia

34 (12.19)

14 (17.95)

48 (13.45)

0.192

Laboratory values

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

9.81 (8.24–11.69)

10.12 (8.61–11.5)

9.92 (8.29–11.69)

0.588

Platelets (× 10⁹/l)

213 (128.6–323.1)

179 (114.8–275.7)

207 (125.4–314.8)

0.213

Leucocytes (× 10⁹/l)

12.59 (8.69–16.82)

13.14 (8.54–20.71)

12.59 (8.62–18.1)

0.278

Glucose (mg/dl)

109 (86–147)

126 (99–171)

112 (88–156)

0.051

Urea (mg/dl)

131 (94–193)

169 (113–204)

136 (96–201)

0.013^a

Creatinine (mg/dl)

3.42 (2.2–5.36)

3.38 (2.36–5.1)

3.41 (2.22–5.23)

0.870

Sodium (mEq/L)

134 (128–138)

150 (147–153)

135 (130–142)

0.000^a

Potassium (mEq/L)

4.76 (4.09–5.65)

4.49 (3.72–5.06)

4.63 (4–5.56)

0.007^a

Chloride (mEq/L)

101 (96–106)

117 (109.3–120)

103 (98–109)

0.000^a

Calcium (mg/dl)

7.9 (7.3–8.5)

7.9 (7.3–8.6)

7.9 (7.3–8.5)

0.603

Phosphorus (mg/dl)

5.7 (4.5–7.6)

5 (3.6–6.7)

5.6 (4.2–7.4)

0.002^a

At least one day with hyperNa

176 (63.08)

78 (100)

254 (71.15)

0.000^a

Variable	AKI-normalNa (Na⁺ < 145 mmol/l) n = 279	AKI-hyperNa (Na⁺ > 145 mmol/l) n = 78	Total	P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)	54 (40–67)	55 (41–68)	55 (40–67)	0.909
Male sex (%)	166 (59.5)	57 (73.08)	223 (62.46)	0.034^a
Weight (kg)	70 (60–80)	75 (67.5–81.25)	70 (62–80)	0.005^a
Height (m)	1.65 (1.59–1.71)	1.69 (1.64–1.74)	1.65 (1.6–1.72)	0.003^a
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	114 (101–129)	119 (108–137)	115 (102–130)	0.040^a
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	68 (59–78)	71.5 (61–80)	69 (60–78)	0.098
Temperature (C^o)	36.5 (36–36.9)	36.7 (36.3–37.4)	36.5 (36–37)	0.003^a
Heart rate	85 (76–96)	90.5 (80–101)	86 (77–98)	0.019^a
Respiratory rate	19 (17–20)	19 (17–22)	19 (17–20)	0.173
Diabetes (%)	82 (23.39)	17 (21.79)	99 (27.73)	0.201
Hypertension (%)	86 (30.82)	28 (35.9)	114 (31.93)	0.412
Tobacco use (%)	62 (22.22)	12 (15.38)	74 (20.73)	0.209
Hypothyroidism (5)	4 (1.43)	0	4 (1.12)	0.580
Congestive heart failure (%)	30 (10.75)	5 (6.41)	35 (9.80)	0.291
CKD (%)	26 (9.32)	5 (6.41)	31 (8.68)	0.502
Ischemic stroke (%)	7 (2.51)	5 (6.41)	12 (3.36)	0.145
Coronary artery disease (%)	15 (5.38)	1 (1.28)	16 (4.48)	0.211
Cirrhosis (%)	13 (4.66)	1 (1.28)	14 (3.92)	0.319
NSAIDs (%)	79 (28.32)	18 (23.08)	97 (27.17)	0.391
Antibiotic use (%)	180 (64.52)	60 (76.92)	240 (67.23)	0.041
Antihypertensive use (%)	68 (24.37)	20 (25.64)	88 (24.65)	0.882
Diuretic use (%)	95 (34.05)	23 (29.49)	118 (33.05)	0.498
Vasopressor use (%)	89 (31.9)	27 (34.62)	116 (32.49)	0.196
Statin use (%)	43 (15.4)	7 (8.97)	50 (14.01)	0.148
Aspirin (%)	27 (9.68)	3 (3.85)	30 (8.40)	0.111
ISGLT2	26 (9.32)	1 (1.89)	27 (8.13)	0.096
Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 (0.7–1.09)	0.92 (0.74–1.06)	0.9 (0.7–1.08)	0.544
Days with hypernatremia	0 (0–0)	3 (2–6)	0 (0–0)	0.000^a
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)	17.88 (9.92–27.3)	18.7 (10.7–32.7)	17.9 (10.04–27.7)	0.476
AKI Stage 1	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
AKI Stage 2	36 (12.90)	12 (15.28)	48 (13.45)	0.575
AKI Stage 3	224 (80.29)	61 (78.21)	285 (78.83)	0.685
Acute on chronic AKI	1 (0.36)	3 (3.85)	4 (1.12)	0.034^a
AKI Etiology (%)
Sepsis	131 (46.95)	41 (52.56)	172 (48.18)	0.442
Hypovolemia	73 (26.16)	22 (28.21)	95 (26.61)	0.772
Cardiorenal syndrome	28 (10.04)	4 (5.13)	32 (8.96)	0.261
Nephrotoxic medication	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
Shock state	57 (20.43)	13 (16.67)	70 (19.61)	0.521
Obstruction	41 (14.70)	6 (7.69)	47 (13.17)	0.130
Hyperbilirubinemia	5 (1.79)	0	5 (1.40)	0.590
Treatment (%)
Fluid adjustment	259 (92.83)	56 (83.58)	315 (91.04)	0.029^a
Nephrotoxic suspension	19 (6.81)	9 (13.43)	28 (8.09)	0.083
Antibiotic adjustment	29 (10.39)	14 (20.90)	43 (12.43)	0.024^a
Nutritional adjustment	2 (0.72)	4 (5.97)	6 (1.74)	0.014^a
Change to non-hyperchloremic fluids	4 (1.43)	7 (10.45)	11 (3.18)	0.001^a
AKI complication (%)
Hyperkalemia	33 (11.83)	8 (10.26)	41 (11.48)	0.842
Metabolic Acidosis	23 (8.24)	12 (15.38)	35 (9.80)	0.082
Fluid overload	20 (7.17)	7 (8.97)	27 (7.56)	0.629
Uremia	34 (12.19)	14 (17.95)	48 (13.45)	0.192
Laboratory values
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	9.81 (8.24–11.69)	10.12 (8.61–11.5)	9.92 (8.29–11.69)	0.588
Platelets (× 10⁹/l)	213 (128.6–323.1)	179 (114.8–275.7)	207 (125.4–314.8)	0.213
Leucocytes (× 10⁹/l)	12.59 (8.69–16.82)	13.14 (8.54–20.71)	12.59 (8.62–18.1)	0.278
Glucose (mg/dl)	109 (86–147)	126 (99–171)	112 (88–156)	0.051
Urea (mg/dl)	131 (94–193)	169 (113–204)	136 (96–201)	0.013^a
Creatinine (mg/dl)	3.42 (2.2–5.36)	3.38 (2.36–5.1)	3.41 (2.22–5.23)	0.870
Sodium (mEq/L)	134 (128–138)	150 (147–153)	135 (130–142)	0.000^a
Potassium (mEq/L)	4.76 (4.09–5.65)	4.49 (3.72–5.06)	4.63 (4–5.56)	0.007^a
Chloride (mEq/L)	101 (96–106)	117 (109.3–120)	103 (98–109)	0.000^a
Calcium (mg/dl)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	7.9 (7.3–8.6)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	0.603
Phosphorus (mg/dl)	5.7 (4.5–7.6)	5 (3.6–6.7)	5.6 (4.2–7.4)	0.002^a
At least one day with hyperNa	176 (63.08)	78 (100)	254 (71.15)	0.000^a

Variable

AKI-normalNa (Na⁺ < 145 mmol/l) n = 279

AKI-hyperNa (Na⁺ > 145 mmol/l) n = 78

Total

P value

Demographic characteristics

Age (years)

54 (40–67)

55 (41–68)

55 (40–67)

0.909

Male sex (%)

166 (59.5)

57 (73.08)

223 (62.46)

0.034^a

Weight (kg)

70 (60–80)

75 (67.5–81.25)

70 (62–80)

0.005^a

Height (m)

1.65 (1.59–1.71)

1.69 (1.64–1.74)

1.65 (1.6–1.72)

0.003^a

Systolic pressure (mmHg)

114 (101–129)

119 (108–137)

115 (102–130)

0.040^a

Diastolic pressure (mmHg)

68 (59–78)

71.5 (61–80)

69 (60–78)

0.098

Temperature (C^o)

36.5 (36–36.9)

36.7 (36.3–37.4)

36.5 (36–37)

0.003^a

Heart rate

85 (76–96)

90.5 (80–101)

86 (77–98)

0.019^a

Respiratory rate

19 (17–20)

19 (17–22)

19 (17–20)

0.173

Diabetes (%)

82 (23.39)

17 (21.79)

99 (27.73)

0.201

Hypertension (%)

86 (30.82)

28 (35.9)

114 (31.93)

0.412

Tobacco use (%)

62 (22.22)

12 (15.38)

74 (20.73)

0.209

Hypothyroidism (5)

4 (1.43)

4 (1.12)

0.580

Congestive heart failure (%)

30 (10.75)

5 (6.41)

35 (9.80)

0.291

CKD (%)

26 (9.32)

5 (6.41)

31 (8.68)

0.502

Ischemic stroke (%)

7 (2.51)

5 (6.41)

12 (3.36)

0.145

Coronary artery disease (%)

15 (5.38)

1 (1.28)

16 (4.48)

0.211

Cirrhosis (%)

13 (4.66)

1 (1.28)

14 (3.92)

0.319

NSAIDs (%)

79 (28.32)

18 (23.08)

97 (27.17)

0.391

Antibiotic use (%)

180 (64.52)

60 (76.92)

240 (67.23)

0.041

Antihypertensive use (%)

68 (24.37)

20 (25.64)

88 (24.65)

0.882

Diuretic use (%)

95 (34.05)

23 (29.49)

118 (33.05)

0.498

Vasopressor use (%)

89 (31.9)

27 (34.62)

116 (32.49)

0.196

Statin use (%)

43 (15.4)

7 (8.97)

50 (14.01)

0.148

Aspirin (%)

27 (9.68)

3 (3.85)

30 (8.40)

0.111

ISGLT2

26 (9.32)

1 (1.89)

27 (8.13)

0.096

Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)

0.9 (0.7–1.09)

0.92 (0.74–1.06)

0.9 (0.7–1.08)

0.544

Days with hypernatremia

0 (0–0)

3 (2–6)

0 (0–0)

0.000^a

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

17.88 (9.92–27.3)

18.7 (10.7–32.7)

17.9 (10.04–27.7)

0.476

AKI Stage 1

18 (6.45)

2 (2.56)

20 (5.60)

0.267

AKI Stage 2

36 (12.90)

12 (15.28)

48 (13.45)

0.575

AKI Stage 3

224 (80.29)

61 (78.21)

285 (78.83)

0.685

Acute on chronic AKI

1 (0.36)

3 (3.85)

4 (1.12)

0.034^a

AKI Etiology (%)

Sepsis

131 (46.95)

41 (52.56)

172 (48.18)

0.442

Hypovolemia

73 (26.16)

22 (28.21)

95 (26.61)

0.772

Cardiorenal syndrome

28 (10.04)

4 (5.13)

32 (8.96)

0.261

Nephrotoxic medication

18 (6.45)

2 (2.56)

20 (5.60)

0.267

Shock state

57 (20.43)

13 (16.67)

70 (19.61)

0.521

Obstruction

41 (14.70)

6 (7.69)

47 (13.17)

0.130

Hyperbilirubinemia

5 (1.79)

5 (1.40)

0.590

Treatment (%)

Fluid adjustment

259 (92.83)

56 (83.58)

315 (91.04)

0.029^a

Nephrotoxic suspension

19 (6.81)

9 (13.43)

28 (8.09)

0.083

Antibiotic adjustment

29 (10.39)

14 (20.90)

43 (12.43)

0.024^a

Nutritional adjustment

2 (0.72)

4 (5.97)

6 (1.74)

0.014^a

Change to non-hyperchloremic fluids

4 (1.43)

7 (10.45)

11 (3.18)

0.001^a

AKI complication (%)

Hyperkalemia

33 (11.83)

8 (10.26)

41 (11.48)

0.842

Metabolic Acidosis

23 (8.24)

12 (15.38)

35 (9.80)

0.082

Fluid overload

20 (7.17)

7 (8.97)

27 (7.56)

0.629

Uremia

34 (12.19)

14 (17.95)

48 (13.45)

0.192

Laboratory values

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

9.81 (8.24–11.69)

10.12 (8.61–11.5)

9.92 (8.29–11.69)

0.588

Platelets (× 10⁹/l)

213 (128.6–323.1)

179 (114.8–275.7)

207 (125.4–314.8)

0.213

Leucocytes (× 10⁹/l)

12.59 (8.69–16.82)

13.14 (8.54–20.71)

12.59 (8.62–18.1)

0.278

Glucose (mg/dl)

109 (86–147)

126 (99–171)

112 (88–156)

0.051

Urea (mg/dl)

131 (94–193)

169 (113–204)

136 (96–201)

0.013^a

Creatinine (mg/dl)

3.42 (2.2–5.36)

3.38 (2.36–5.1)

3.41 (2.22–5.23)

0.870

Sodium (mEq/L)

134 (128–138)

150 (147–153)

135 (130–142)

0.000^a

Potassium (mEq/L)

4.76 (4.09–5.65)

4.49 (3.72–5.06)

4.63 (4–5.56)

0.007^a

Chloride (mEq/L)

101 (96–106)

117 (109.3–120)

103 (98–109)

0.000^a

Calcium (mg/dl)

7.9 (7.3–8.5)

7.9 (7.3–8.6)

7.9 (7.3–8.5)

0.603

Phosphorus (mg/dl)

5.7 (4.5–7.6)

5 (3.6–6.7)

5.6 (4.2–7.4)

0.002^a

At least one day with hyperNa

176 (63.08)

78 (100)

254 (71.15)

0.000^a

Table 1:

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Baseline clinical characteristics of patients according to hypernatremia at nephrology evaluation.

Variable	AKI-normalNa (Na⁺ < 145 mmol/l) n = 279	AKI-hyperNa (Na⁺ > 145 mmol/l) n = 78	Total	P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)	54 (40–67)	55 (41–68)	55 (40–67)	0.909
Male sex (%)	166 (59.5)	57 (73.08)	223 (62.46)	0.034^a
Weight (kg)	70 (60–80)	75 (67.5–81.25)	70 (62–80)	0.005^a
Height (m)	1.65 (1.59–1.71)	1.69 (1.64–1.74)	1.65 (1.6–1.72)	0.003^a
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	114 (101–129)	119 (108–137)	115 (102–130)	0.040^a
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	68 (59–78)	71.5 (61–80)	69 (60–78)	0.098
Temperature (C^o)	36.5 (36–36.9)	36.7 (36.3–37.4)	36.5 (36–37)	0.003^a
Heart rate	85 (76–96)	90.5 (80–101)	86 (77–98)	0.019^a
Respiratory rate	19 (17–20)	19 (17–22)	19 (17–20)	0.173
Diabetes (%)	82 (23.39)	17 (21.79)	99 (27.73)	0.201
Hypertension (%)	86 (30.82)	28 (35.9)	114 (31.93)	0.412
Tobacco use (%)	62 (22.22)	12 (15.38)	74 (20.73)	0.209
Hypothyroidism (5)	4 (1.43)	0	4 (1.12)	0.580
Congestive heart failure (%)	30 (10.75)	5 (6.41)	35 (9.80)	0.291
CKD (%)	26 (9.32)	5 (6.41)	31 (8.68)	0.502
Ischemic stroke (%)	7 (2.51)	5 (6.41)	12 (3.36)	0.145
Coronary artery disease (%)	15 (5.38)	1 (1.28)	16 (4.48)	0.211
Cirrhosis (%)	13 (4.66)	1 (1.28)	14 (3.92)	0.319
NSAIDs (%)	79 (28.32)	18 (23.08)	97 (27.17)	0.391
Antibiotic use (%)	180 (64.52)	60 (76.92)	240 (67.23)	0.041
Antihypertensive use (%)	68 (24.37)	20 (25.64)	88 (24.65)	0.882
Diuretic use (%)	95 (34.05)	23 (29.49)	118 (33.05)	0.498
Vasopressor use (%)	89 (31.9)	27 (34.62)	116 (32.49)	0.196
Statin use (%)	43 (15.4)	7 (8.97)	50 (14.01)	0.148
Aspirin (%)	27 (9.68)	3 (3.85)	30 (8.40)	0.111
ISGLT2	26 (9.32)	1 (1.89)	27 (8.13)	0.096
Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 (0.7–1.09)	0.92 (0.74–1.06)	0.9 (0.7–1.08)	0.544
Days with hypernatremia	0 (0–0)	3 (2–6)	0 (0–0)	0.000^a
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)	17.88 (9.92–27.3)	18.7 (10.7–32.7)	17.9 (10.04–27.7)	0.476
AKI Stage 1	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
AKI Stage 2	36 (12.90)	12 (15.28)	48 (13.45)	0.575
AKI Stage 3	224 (80.29)	61 (78.21)	285 (78.83)	0.685
Acute on chronic AKI	1 (0.36)	3 (3.85)	4 (1.12)	0.034^a
AKI Etiology (%)
Sepsis	131 (46.95)	41 (52.56)	172 (48.18)	0.442
Hypovolemia	73 (26.16)	22 (28.21)	95 (26.61)	0.772
Cardiorenal syndrome	28 (10.04)	4 (5.13)	32 (8.96)	0.261
Nephrotoxic medication	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
Shock state	57 (20.43)	13 (16.67)	70 (19.61)	0.521
Obstruction	41 (14.70)	6 (7.69)	47 (13.17)	0.130
Hyperbilirubinemia	5 (1.79)	0	5 (1.40)	0.590
Treatment (%)
Fluid adjustment	259 (92.83)	56 (83.58)	315 (91.04)	0.029^a
Nephrotoxic suspension	19 (6.81)	9 (13.43)	28 (8.09)	0.083
Antibiotic adjustment	29 (10.39)	14 (20.90)	43 (12.43)	0.024^a
Nutritional adjustment	2 (0.72)	4 (5.97)	6 (1.74)	0.014^a
Change to non-hyperchloremic fluids	4 (1.43)	7 (10.45)	11 (3.18)	0.001^a
AKI complication (%)
Hyperkalemia	33 (11.83)	8 (10.26)	41 (11.48)	0.842
Metabolic Acidosis	23 (8.24)	12 (15.38)	35 (9.80)	0.082
Fluid overload	20 (7.17)	7 (8.97)	27 (7.56)	0.629
Uremia	34 (12.19)	14 (17.95)	48 (13.45)	0.192
Laboratory values
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	9.81 (8.24–11.69)	10.12 (8.61–11.5)	9.92 (8.29–11.69)	0.588
Platelets (× 10⁹/l)	213 (128.6–323.1)	179 (114.8–275.7)	207 (125.4–314.8)	0.213
Leucocytes (× 10⁹/l)	12.59 (8.69–16.82)	13.14 (8.54–20.71)	12.59 (8.62–18.1)	0.278
Glucose (mg/dl)	109 (86–147)	126 (99–171)	112 (88–156)	0.051
Urea (mg/dl)	131 (94–193)	169 (113–204)	136 (96–201)	0.013^a
Creatinine (mg/dl)	3.42 (2.2–5.36)	3.38 (2.36–5.1)	3.41 (2.22–5.23)	0.870
Sodium (mEq/L)	134 (128–138)	150 (147–153)	135 (130–142)	0.000^a
Potassium (mEq/L)	4.76 (4.09–5.65)	4.49 (3.72–5.06)	4.63 (4–5.56)	0.007^a
Chloride (mEq/L)	101 (96–106)	117 (109.3–120)	103 (98–109)	0.000^a
Calcium (mg/dl)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	7.9 (7.3–8.6)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	0.603
Phosphorus (mg/dl)	5.7 (4.5–7.6)	5 (3.6–6.7)	5.6 (4.2–7.4)	0.002^a
At least one day with hyperNa	176 (63.08)	78 (100)	254 (71.15)	0.000^a

Variable	AKI-normalNa (Na⁺ < 145 mmol/l) n = 279	AKI-hyperNa (Na⁺ > 145 mmol/l) n = 78	Total	P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)	54 (40–67)	55 (41–68)	55 (40–67)	0.909
Male sex (%)	166 (59.5)	57 (73.08)	223 (62.46)	0.034^a
Weight (kg)	70 (60–80)	75 (67.5–81.25)	70 (62–80)	0.005^a
Height (m)	1.65 (1.59–1.71)	1.69 (1.64–1.74)	1.65 (1.6–1.72)	0.003^a
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	114 (101–129)	119 (108–137)	115 (102–130)	0.040^a
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	68 (59–78)	71.5 (61–80)	69 (60–78)	0.098
Temperature (C^o)	36.5 (36–36.9)	36.7 (36.3–37.4)	36.5 (36–37)	0.003^a
Heart rate	85 (76–96)	90.5 (80–101)	86 (77–98)	0.019^a
Respiratory rate	19 (17–20)	19 (17–22)	19 (17–20)	0.173
Diabetes (%)	82 (23.39)	17 (21.79)	99 (27.73)	0.201
Hypertension (%)	86 (30.82)	28 (35.9)	114 (31.93)	0.412
Tobacco use (%)	62 (22.22)	12 (15.38)	74 (20.73)	0.209
Hypothyroidism (5)	4 (1.43)	0	4 (1.12)	0.580
Congestive heart failure (%)	30 (10.75)	5 (6.41)	35 (9.80)	0.291
CKD (%)	26 (9.32)	5 (6.41)	31 (8.68)	0.502
Ischemic stroke (%)	7 (2.51)	5 (6.41)	12 (3.36)	0.145
Coronary artery disease (%)	15 (5.38)	1 (1.28)	16 (4.48)	0.211
Cirrhosis (%)	13 (4.66)	1 (1.28)	14 (3.92)	0.319
NSAIDs (%)	79 (28.32)	18 (23.08)	97 (27.17)	0.391
Antibiotic use (%)	180 (64.52)	60 (76.92)	240 (67.23)	0.041
Antihypertensive use (%)	68 (24.37)	20 (25.64)	88 (24.65)	0.882
Diuretic use (%)	95 (34.05)	23 (29.49)	118 (33.05)	0.498
Vasopressor use (%)	89 (31.9)	27 (34.62)	116 (32.49)	0.196
Statin use (%)	43 (15.4)	7 (8.97)	50 (14.01)	0.148
Aspirin (%)	27 (9.68)	3 (3.85)	30 (8.40)	0.111
ISGLT2	26 (9.32)	1 (1.89)	27 (8.13)	0.096
Baseline creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 (0.7–1.09)	0.92 (0.74–1.06)	0.9 (0.7–1.08)	0.544
Days with hypernatremia	0 (0–0)	3 (2–6)	0 (0–0)	0.000^a
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)	17.88 (9.92–27.3)	18.7 (10.7–32.7)	17.9 (10.04–27.7)	0.476
AKI Stage 1	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
AKI Stage 2	36 (12.90)	12 (15.28)	48 (13.45)	0.575
AKI Stage 3	224 (80.29)	61 (78.21)	285 (78.83)	0.685
Acute on chronic AKI	1 (0.36)	3 (3.85)	4 (1.12)	0.034^a
AKI Etiology (%)
Sepsis	131 (46.95)	41 (52.56)	172 (48.18)	0.442
Hypovolemia	73 (26.16)	22 (28.21)	95 (26.61)	0.772
Cardiorenal syndrome	28 (10.04)	4 (5.13)	32 (8.96)	0.261
Nephrotoxic medication	18 (6.45)	2 (2.56)	20 (5.60)	0.267
Shock state	57 (20.43)	13 (16.67)	70 (19.61)	0.521
Obstruction	41 (14.70)	6 (7.69)	47 (13.17)	0.130
Hyperbilirubinemia	5 (1.79)	0	5 (1.40)	0.590
Treatment (%)
Fluid adjustment	259 (92.83)	56 (83.58)	315 (91.04)	0.029^a
Nephrotoxic suspension	19 (6.81)	9 (13.43)	28 (8.09)	0.083
Antibiotic adjustment	29 (10.39)	14 (20.90)	43 (12.43)	0.024^a
Nutritional adjustment	2 (0.72)	4 (5.97)	6 (1.74)	0.014^a
Change to non-hyperchloremic fluids	4 (1.43)	7 (10.45)	11 (3.18)	0.001^a
AKI complication (%)
Hyperkalemia	33 (11.83)	8 (10.26)	41 (11.48)	0.842
Metabolic Acidosis	23 (8.24)	12 (15.38)	35 (9.80)	0.082
Fluid overload	20 (7.17)	7 (8.97)	27 (7.56)	0.629
Uremia	34 (12.19)	14 (17.95)	48 (13.45)	0.192
Laboratory values
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	9.81 (8.24–11.69)	10.12 (8.61–11.5)	9.92 (8.29–11.69)	0.588
Platelets (× 10⁹/l)	213 (128.6–323.1)	179 (114.8–275.7)	207 (125.4–314.8)	0.213
Leucocytes (× 10⁹/l)	12.59 (8.69–16.82)	13.14 (8.54–20.71)	12.59 (8.62–18.1)	0.278
Glucose (mg/dl)	109 (86–147)	126 (99–171)	112 (88–156)	0.051
Urea (mg/dl)	131 (94–193)	169 (113–204)	136 (96–201)	0.013^a
Creatinine (mg/dl)	3.42 (2.2–5.36)	3.38 (2.36–5.1)	3.41 (2.22–5.23)	0.870
Sodium (mEq/L)	134 (128–138)	150 (147–153)	135 (130–142)	0.000^a
Potassium (mEq/L)	4.76 (4.09–5.65)	4.49 (3.72–5.06)	4.63 (4–5.56)	0.007^a
Chloride (mEq/L)	101 (96–106)	117 (109.3–120)	103 (98–109)	0.000^a
Calcium (mg/dl)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	7.9 (7.3–8.6)	7.9 (7.3–8.5)	0.603
Phosphorus (mg/dl)	5.7 (4.5–7.6)	5 (3.6–6.7)	5.6 (4.2–7.4)	0.002^a
At least one day with hyperNa	176 (63.08)	78 (100)	254 (71.15)	0.000^a

Abbreviations: CKD: chronic kidney disease; HR: Hazard ratio; LCI: lower confidence interval; MAKE: major adverse kidney events; NSAIDs: Non steroidal analgesic drugs; SGLT2i: sodium glucose type 2 inhibitors; UCI: upper confidence interval.

p= <0.05

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