Table 2 Open in new tab Associations of...

		General loneliness		Workplace loneliness
Gender
Men	1					1
Women	0.92	0.81-1.03	.151		0.89	0.79-1.00	.046	*
Other/refusal	1.69	1.17-2.44	.005	*	1.89	1.34-2.66	<.001	*
		Wald chi-square = 11.0, df = 2, P = .004		Wald chi-square = 19.7, df = 2, P < .001
Age group, y
20-29	1					1
30-39	1.65	1.21-2.25	<.001	*	1.31	1.01-1.71	.046	*
40-49	1.86	1.38-2.51	<.001	*	1.35	1.05-1.74	.020	*
50-59	1.92	1.42-2.58	<.001	*	1.41	1.09-1.82	.008	*
60+	1.27	0.92-1.76	.150		0.96	0.72-1.27	.768
		Wald chi-square = 45.8, df = 4, P < .001		Wald chi-square = 31.9, df = 4, P < .001
Marital status
Married	1					1
Not married	1.33	1.17-1.52	<.001	*	1.47	1.30-1.67	<.001	*
Child(ren)
Any	1					1
None	1.09	0.96-1.23	.194		1.08	0.96-1.22	.204
Educational attainment
High-school graduate	1
Some college	1.00	0.87-1.15	.961		1.04	0.91-1.19	.601
University graduate or higher	1.06	0.94-1.20	.339		1.08	0.96-1.21	.223
Others	1.18	0.86-1.61	.312		1.28	0.96-1.72	.091
		Wald chi-square = 2.1, df = 3, P = .546		Wald chi-square = 3.7, df = 3, P = .293
Household income (×10 000 JPY)
≤400	1					1
401-600	0.72	0.63-0.82	<.001	*	0.69	0.61-0.78	<.001	*
601-800	0.71	0.62-0.83	<.001	*	0.68	0.59-0.79	<.001	*
801-1000	0.63	0.53-0.75	<.001	*	0.60	0.50-0.71	<.001	*
1001+	0.61	0.51-0.73	<.001	*	0.55	0.47-0.66	<.001	*
		Wald chi-square = 45.1, df = 4, P < .001		Wald chi-square = 64.6, df = 4, P < .001
Industrial sector
Manufacturing	1					1
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining	1.15	0.59-2.25	.680		0.92	0.46-1.85	.811
Construction	0.99	0.79-1.25	.961		1.02	0.82-1.27	.885
Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water	1.03	0.71-1.49	.891		1.15	0.81-1.63	.421
Information and communications	0.77	0.61-0.97	.026	*	0.82	0.66-1.02	.074
Transport and postal services	0.95	0.77-1.17	.638		0.87	0.71-1.07	.202
Wholesale and retail trade	0.77	0.64-0.93	.006	*	0.88	0.74-1.05	.163
Finance and insurance	0.93	0.74-1.18	.572		0.89	0.70-1.13	.331
Real estate, goods rental and leasing	0.92	0.64-1.32	.637		0.96	0.68-1.36	.823
Scientific research, professional and technical services	0.63	0.42-0.93	.020	*	0.65	0.44-0.95	.025	*
Accommodations, eating and drinking services	0.80	0.58-1.11	.183		0.93	0.69-1.25	.634
Living-related and personal services and amusement services	0.84	0.58-1.22	.369		0.84	0.59-1.20	.345
Education, learning support	0.76	0.59-0.96	.023	*	0.71	0.56-0.90	.005	*
Medical, health care, and welfare	0.88	0.74-1.04	.141		0.84	0.71-0.99	.043	*
Compound services	0.89	0.57-1.39	.609		0.85	0.55-1.30	.446
Services, nec.	0.87	0.72-1.05	.155		0.91	0.76-1.09	.299
Civil services, nec	0.91	0.74-1.11	.348		0.86	0.70-1.05	.127
Others	1.21	0.95-1.53	.128		1.33	1.07-1.67	.012	*
		Wald chi-square = 25.9, df = 17, P = .076		Wald chi-square = 32.1, df = 17, P = .014
Employment contract
Regular contract
Nonregular (fixed-term, part-time, dispatched)	0.97	0.85-1.10	.611		1.01	0.89-1.15	.838

General loneliness

Workplace loneliness

95% CI

Gender

Men

Women

0.92

0.81-1.03

.151

0.89

0.79-1.00

.046

Other/refusal

1.69

1.17-2.44

.005

1.89

1.34-2.66

<.001

Wald chi-square = 11.0, df = 2, P = .004

Wald chi-square = 19.7, df = 2, P < .001

Age group, y

20-29

30-39

1.65

1.21-2.25

<.001

1.31

1.01-1.71

.046

40-49

1.86

1.38-2.51

<.001

1.35

1.05-1.74

.020

50-59

1.92

1.42-2.58

<.001

1.41

1.09-1.82

.008

60+

1.27

0.92-1.76

.150

0.96

0.72-1.27

.768

Wald chi-square = 45.8, df = 4, P < .001

Wald chi-square = 31.9, df = 4, P < .001

Marital status

Married

Not married

1.33

1.17-1.52

<.001

1.47

1.30-1.67

<.001

Child(ren)

Any

None

1.09

0.96-1.23

.194

1.08

0.96-1.22

.204

Educational attainment

High-school graduate

Some college

1.00

0.87-1.15

.961

1.04

0.91-1.19

.601

University graduate or higher

1.06

0.94-1.20

.339

1.08

0.96-1.21

.223

Others

1.18

0.86-1.61

.312

1.28

0.96-1.72

.091

Wald chi-square = 2.1, df = 3, P = .546

Wald chi-square = 3.7, df = 3, P = .293

Household income (×10 000 JPY)

≤400

401-600

0.72

0.63-0.82

<.001

0.69

0.61-0.78

<.001

601-800

0.71

0.62-0.83

<.001

0.68

0.59-0.79

<.001

801-1000

0.63

0.53-0.75

<.001

0.60

0.50-0.71

<.001

1001+

0.61

0.51-0.73

<.001

0.55

0.47-0.66

<.001

Wald chi-square = 45.1, df = 4, P < .001

Wald chi-square = 64.6, df = 4, P < .001

Industrial sector

Manufacturing

Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining

1.15

0.59-2.25

.680

0.92

0.46-1.85

.811

Construction

0.99

0.79-1.25

.961

1.02

0.82-1.27

.885

Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water

1.03

0.71-1.49

.891

1.15

0.81-1.63

.421

Information and communications

0.77

0.61-0.97

.026

0.82

0.66-1.02

.074

Transport and postal services

0.95

0.77-1.17

.638

0.87

0.71-1.07

.202

Wholesale and retail trade

0.77

0.64-0.93

.006

0.88

0.74-1.05

.163

Finance and insurance

0.93

0.74-1.18

.572

0.89

0.70-1.13

.331

Real estate, goods rental and leasing

0.92

0.64-1.32

.637

0.96

0.68-1.36

.823

Scientific research, professional and technical services

0.63

0.42-0.93

.020

0.65

0.44-0.95

.025

Accommodations, eating and drinking services

0.80

0.58-1.11

.183

0.93

0.69-1.25

.634

Living-related and personal services and amusement services

0.84

0.58-1.22

.369

0.84

0.59-1.20

.345

Education, learning support

0.76

0.59-0.96

.023

0.71

0.56-0.90

.005

Medical, health care, and welfare

0.88

0.74-1.04

.141

0.84

0.71-0.99

.043

Compound services

0.89

0.57-1.39

.609

0.85

0.55-1.30

.446

Services, nec.

0.87

0.72-1.05

.155

0.91

0.76-1.09

.299

Civil services, nec

0.91

0.74-1.11

.348

0.86

0.70-1.05

.127

Others

1.21

0.95-1.53

.128

1.33

1.07-1.67

.012

Wald chi-square = 25.9, df = 17, P = .076

Wald chi-square = 32.1, df = 17, P = .014

Employment contract

Regular contract

Nonregular (fixed-term, part-time, dispatched)

0.97

0.85-1.10

.611

1.01

0.89-1.15

.838

		General loneliness		Workplace loneliness
Gender
Men	1					1
Women	0.92	0.81-1.03	.151		0.89	0.79-1.00	.046	*
Other/refusal	1.69	1.17-2.44	.005	*	1.89	1.34-2.66	<.001	*
		Wald chi-square = 11.0, df = 2, P = .004		Wald chi-square = 19.7, df = 2, P < .001
Age group, y
20-29	1					1
30-39	1.65	1.21-2.25	<.001	*	1.31	1.01-1.71	.046	*
40-49	1.86	1.38-2.51	<.001	*	1.35	1.05-1.74	.020	*
50-59	1.92	1.42-2.58	<.001	*	1.41	1.09-1.82	.008	*
60+	1.27	0.92-1.76	.150		0.96	0.72-1.27	.768
		Wald chi-square = 45.8, df = 4, P < .001		Wald chi-square = 31.9, df = 4, P < .001
Marital status
Married	1					1
Not married	1.33	1.17-1.52	<.001	*	1.47	1.30-1.67	<.001	*
Child(ren)
Any	1					1
None	1.09	0.96-1.23	.194		1.08	0.96-1.22	.204
Educational attainment
High-school graduate	1
Some college	1.00	0.87-1.15	.961		1.04	0.91-1.19	.601
University graduate or higher	1.06	0.94-1.20	.339		1.08	0.96-1.21	.223
Others	1.18	0.86-1.61	.312		1.28	0.96-1.72	.091
		Wald chi-square = 2.1, df = 3, P = .546		Wald chi-square = 3.7, df = 3, P = .293
Household income (×10 000 JPY)
≤400	1					1
401-600	0.72	0.63-0.82	<.001	*	0.69	0.61-0.78	<.001	*
601-800	0.71	0.62-0.83	<.001	*	0.68	0.59-0.79	<.001	*
801-1000	0.63	0.53-0.75	<.001	*	0.60	0.50-0.71	<.001	*
1001+	0.61	0.51-0.73	<.001	*	0.55	0.47-0.66	<.001	*
		Wald chi-square = 45.1, df = 4, P < .001		Wald chi-square = 64.6, df = 4, P < .001
Industrial sector
Manufacturing	1					1
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining	1.15	0.59-2.25	.680		0.92	0.46-1.85	.811
Construction	0.99	0.79-1.25	.961		1.02	0.82-1.27	.885
Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water	1.03	0.71-1.49	.891		1.15	0.81-1.63	.421
Information and communications	0.77	0.61-0.97	.026	*	0.82	0.66-1.02	.074
Transport and postal services	0.95	0.77-1.17	.638		0.87	0.71-1.07	.202
Wholesale and retail trade	0.77	0.64-0.93	.006	*	0.88	0.74-1.05	.163
Finance and insurance	0.93	0.74-1.18	.572		0.89	0.70-1.13	.331
Real estate, goods rental and leasing	0.92	0.64-1.32	.637		0.96	0.68-1.36	.823
Scientific research, professional and technical services	0.63	0.42-0.93	.020	*	0.65	0.44-0.95	.025	*
Accommodations, eating and drinking services	0.80	0.58-1.11	.183		0.93	0.69-1.25	.634
Living-related and personal services and amusement services	0.84	0.58-1.22	.369		0.84	0.59-1.20	.345
Education, learning support	0.76	0.59-0.96	.023	*	0.71	0.56-0.90	.005	*
Medical, health care, and welfare	0.88	0.74-1.04	.141		0.84	0.71-0.99	.043	*
Compound services	0.89	0.57-1.39	.609		0.85	0.55-1.30	.446
Services, nec.	0.87	0.72-1.05	.155		0.91	0.76-1.09	.299
Civil services, nec	0.91	0.74-1.11	.348		0.86	0.70-1.05	.127
Others	1.21	0.95-1.53	.128		1.33	1.07-1.67	.012	*
		Wald chi-square = 25.9, df = 17, P = .076		Wald chi-square = 32.1, df = 17, P = .014
Employment contract
Regular contract
Nonregular (fixed-term, part-time, dispatched)	0.97	0.85-1.10	.611		1.01	0.89-1.15	.838

General loneliness

Workplace loneliness

95% CI

Gender

Men

Women

0.92

0.81-1.03

.151

0.89

0.79-1.00

.046

Other/refusal

1.69

1.17-2.44

.005

1.89

1.34-2.66

<.001

Wald chi-square = 11.0, df = 2, P = .004

Wald chi-square = 19.7, df = 2, P < .001

Age group, y

20-29

30-39

1.65

1.21-2.25

<.001

1.31

1.01-1.71

.046

40-49

1.86

1.38-2.51

<.001

1.35

1.05-1.74

.020

50-59

1.92

1.42-2.58

<.001

1.41

1.09-1.82

.008

60+

1.27

0.92-1.76

.150

0.96

0.72-1.27

.768

Wald chi-square = 45.8, df = 4, P < .001

Wald chi-square = 31.9, df = 4, P < .001

Marital status

Married

Not married

1.33

1.17-1.52

<.001

1.47

1.30-1.67

<.001

Child(ren)

Any

None

1.09

0.96-1.23

.194

1.08

0.96-1.22

.204

Educational attainment

High-school graduate

Some college

1.00

0.87-1.15

.961

1.04

0.91-1.19

.601

University graduate or higher

1.06

0.94-1.20

.339

1.08

0.96-1.21

.223

Others

1.18

0.86-1.61

.312

1.28

0.96-1.72

.091

Wald chi-square = 2.1, df = 3, P = .546

Wald chi-square = 3.7, df = 3, P = .293

Household income (×10 000 JPY)

≤400

401-600

0.72

0.63-0.82

<.001

0.69

0.61-0.78

<.001

601-800

0.71

0.62-0.83

<.001

0.68

0.59-0.79

<.001

801-1000

0.63

0.53-0.75

<.001

0.60

0.50-0.71

<.001

1001+

0.61

0.51-0.73

<.001

0.55

0.47-0.66

<.001

Wald chi-square = 45.1, df = 4, P < .001

Wald chi-square = 64.6, df = 4, P < .001

Industrial sector

Manufacturing

Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining

1.15

0.59-2.25

.680

0.92

0.46-1.85

.811

Construction

0.99

0.79-1.25

.961

1.02

0.82-1.27

.885

Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water

1.03

0.71-1.49

.891

1.15

0.81-1.63

.421

Information and communications

0.77

0.61-0.97

.026

0.82

0.66-1.02

.074

Transport and postal services

0.95

0.77-1.17

.638

0.87

0.71-1.07

.202

Wholesale and retail trade

0.77

0.64-0.93

.006

0.88

0.74-1.05

.163

Finance and insurance

0.93

0.74-1.18

.572

0.89

0.70-1.13

.331

Real estate, goods rental and leasing

0.92

0.64-1.32

.637

0.96

0.68-1.36

.823

Scientific research, professional and technical services

0.63

0.42-0.93

.020

0.65

0.44-0.95

.025

Accommodations, eating and drinking services

0.80

0.58-1.11

.183

0.93

0.69-1.25

.634

Living-related and personal services and amusement services

0.84

0.58-1.22

.369

0.84

0.59-1.20

.345

Education, learning support

0.76

0.59-0.96

.023

0.71

0.56-0.90

.005

Medical, health care, and welfare

0.88

0.74-1.04

.141

0.84

0.71-0.99

.043

Compound services

0.89

0.57-1.39

.609

0.85

0.55-1.30

.446

Services, nec.

0.87

0.72-1.05

.155

0.91

0.76-1.09

.299

Civil services, nec

0.91

0.74-1.11

.348

0.86

0.70-1.05

.127

Others

1.21

0.95-1.53

.128

1.33

1.07-1.67

.012

Wald chi-square = 25.9, df = 17, P = .076

Wald chi-square = 32.1, df = 17, P = .014

Employment contract

Regular contract

Nonregular (fixed-term, part-time, dispatched)

0.97

0.85-1.10

.611

1.01

0.89-1.15

.838

Table 2

Open in new tab

Associations of demographic and work-related characteristics with general and workplace loneliness in a large sample of employees in Japan (N = 24 021): odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs estimated by multiple logistic regressions.

	General loneliness				Workplace loneliness
	OR	95% CI	P		OR	95% CI	P
Gender
Men	1				1
Women	0.92	0.81-1.03	.151		0.89	0.79-1.00	.046	*
Other/refusal	1.69	1.17-2.44	.005	*	1.89	1.34-2.66	<.001	*
	Wald chi-square = 11.0, df = 2, P = .004				Wald chi-square = 19.7, df = 2, P < .001
Age group, y
20-29	1				1
30-39	1.65	1.21-2.25	<.001	*	1.31	1.01-1.71	.046	*
40-49	1.86	1.38-2.51	<.001	*	1.35	1.05-1.74	.020	*
50-59	1.92	1.42-2.58	<.001	*	1.41	1.09-1.82	.008	*
60+	1.27	0.92-1.76	.150		0.96	0.72-1.27	.768
	Wald chi-square = 45.8, df = 4, P < .001				Wald chi-square = 31.9, df = 4, P < .001
Marital status
Married	1				1
Not married	1.33	1.17-1.52	<.001	*	1.47	1.30-1.67	<.001	*
Child(ren)
Any	1				1
None	1.09	0.96-1.23	.194		1.08	0.96-1.22	.204
Educational attainment
High-school graduate	1
Some college	1.00	0.87-1.15	.961		1.04	0.91-1.19	.601
University graduate or higher	1.06	0.94-1.20	.339		1.08	0.96-1.21	.223
Others	1.18	0.86-1.61	.312		1.28	0.96-1.72	.091
	Wald chi-square = 2.1, df = 3, P = .546				Wald chi-square = 3.7, df = 3, P = .293
Household income (×10 000 JPY)
≤400	1				1
401-600	0.72	0.63-0.82	<.001	*	0.69	0.61-0.78	<.001	*
601-800	0.71	0.62-0.83	<.001	*	0.68	0.59-0.79	<.001	*
801-1000	0.63	0.53-0.75	<.001	*	0.60	0.50-0.71	<.001	*
1001+	0.61	0.51-0.73	<.001	*	0.55	0.47-0.66	<.001	*
	Wald chi-square = 45.1, df = 4, P < .001				Wald chi-square = 64.6, df = 4, P < .001
Industrial sector
Manufacturing	1				1
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining	1.15	0.59-2.25	.680		0.92	0.46-1.85	.811
Construction	0.99	0.79-1.25	.961		1.02	0.82-1.27	.885
Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water	1.03	0.71-1.49	.891		1.15	0.81-1.63	.421
Information and communications	0.77	0.61-0.97	.026	*	0.82	0.66-1.02	.074
Transport and postal services	0.95	0.77-1.17	.638		0.87	0.71-1.07	.202
Wholesale and retail trade	0.77	0.64-0.93	.006	*	0.88	0.74-1.05	.163
Finance and insurance	0.93	0.74-1.18	.572		0.89	0.70-1.13	.331
Real estate, goods rental and leasing	0.92	0.64-1.32	.637		0.96	0.68-1.36	.823
Scientific research, professional and technical services	0.63	0.42-0.93	.020	*	0.65	0.44-0.95	.025	*
Accommodations, eating and drinking services	0.80	0.58-1.11	.183		0.93	0.69-1.25	.634
Living-related and personal services and amusement services	0.84	0.58-1.22	.369		0.84	0.59-1.20	.345
Education, learning support	0.76	0.59-0.96	.023	*	0.71	0.56-0.90	.005	*
Medical, health care, and welfare	0.88	0.74-1.04	.141		0.84	0.71-0.99	.043	*
Compound services	0.89	0.57-1.39	.609		0.85	0.55-1.30	.446
Services, nec.	0.87	0.72-1.05	.155		0.91	0.76-1.09	.299
Civil services, nec	0.91	0.74-1.11	.348		0.86	0.70-1.05	.127
Others	1.21	0.95-1.53	.128		1.33	1.07-1.67	.012	*
	Wald chi-square = 25.9, df = 17, P = .076				Wald chi-square = 32.1, df = 17, P = .014
Employment contract
Regular contract
Nonregular (fixed-term, part-time, dispatched)	0.97	0.85-1.10	.611		1.01	0.89-1.15	.838

	General loneliness				Workplace loneliness
	OR	95% CI	P		OR	95% CI	P
Gender
Men	1				1
Women	0.92	0.81-1.03	.151		0.89	0.79-1.00	.046	*
Other/refusal	1.69	1.17-2.44	.005	*	1.89	1.34-2.66	<.001	*
	Wald chi-square = 11.0, df = 2, P = .004				Wald chi-square = 19.7, df = 2, P < .001
Age group, y
20-29	1				1
30-39	1.65	1.21-2.25	<.001	*	1.31	1.01-1.71	.046	*
40-49	1.86	1.38-2.51	<.001	*	1.35	1.05-1.74	.020	*
50-59	1.92	1.42-2.58	<.001	*	1.41	1.09-1.82	.008	*
60+	1.27	0.92-1.76	.150		0.96	0.72-1.27	.768
	Wald chi-square = 45.8, df = 4, P < .001				Wald chi-square = 31.9, df = 4, P < .001
Marital status
Married	1				1
Not married	1.33	1.17-1.52	<.001	*	1.47	1.30-1.67	<.001	*
Child(ren)
Any	1				1
None	1.09	0.96-1.23	.194		1.08	0.96-1.22	.204
Educational attainment
High-school graduate	1
Some college	1.00	0.87-1.15	.961		1.04	0.91-1.19	.601
University graduate or higher	1.06	0.94-1.20	.339		1.08	0.96-1.21	.223
Others	1.18	0.86-1.61	.312		1.28	0.96-1.72	.091
	Wald chi-square = 2.1, df = 3, P = .546				Wald chi-square = 3.7, df = 3, P = .293
Household income (×10 000 JPY)
≤400	1				1
401-600	0.72	0.63-0.82	<.001	*	0.69	0.61-0.78	<.001	*
601-800	0.71	0.62-0.83	<.001	*	0.68	0.59-0.79	<.001	*
801-1000	0.63	0.53-0.75	<.001	*	0.60	0.50-0.71	<.001	*
1001+	0.61	0.51-0.73	<.001	*	0.55	0.47-0.66	<.001	*
	Wald chi-square = 45.1, df = 4, P < .001				Wald chi-square = 64.6, df = 4, P < .001
Industrial sector
Manufacturing	1				1
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and mining	1.15	0.59-2.25	.680		0.92	0.46-1.85	.811
Construction	0.99	0.79-1.25	.961		1.02	0.82-1.27	.885
Electricity, gas, heat supply, and water	1.03	0.71-1.49	.891		1.15	0.81-1.63	.421
Information and communications	0.77	0.61-0.97	.026	*	0.82	0.66-1.02	.074
Transport and postal services	0.95	0.77-1.17	.638		0.87	0.71-1.07	.202
Wholesale and retail trade	0.77	0.64-0.93	.006	*	0.88	0.74-1.05	.163
Finance and insurance	0.93	0.74-1.18	.572		0.89	0.70-1.13	.331
Real estate, goods rental and leasing	0.92	0.64-1.32	.637		0.96	0.68-1.36	.823
Scientific research, professional and technical services	0.63	0.42-0.93	.020	*	0.65	0.44-0.95	.025	*
Accommodations, eating and drinking services	0.80	0.58-1.11	.183		0.93	0.69-1.25	.634
Living-related and personal services and amusement services	0.84	0.58-1.22	.369		0.84	0.59-1.20	.345
Education, learning support	0.76	0.59-0.96	.023	*	0.71	0.56-0.90	.005	*
Medical, health care, and welfare	0.88	0.74-1.04	.141		0.84	0.71-0.99	.043	*
Compound services	0.89	0.57-1.39	.609		0.85	0.55-1.30	.446
Services, nec.	0.87	0.72-1.05	.155		0.91	0.76-1.09	.299
Civil services, nec	0.91	0.74-1.11	.348		0.86	0.70-1.05	.127
Others	1.21	0.95-1.53	.128		1.33	1.07-1.67	.012	*
	Wald chi-square = 25.9, df = 17, P = .076				Wald chi-square = 32.1, df = 17, P = .014
Employment contract
Regular contract
Nonregular (fixed-term, part-time, dispatched)	0.97	0.85-1.10	.611		1.01	0.89-1.15	.838

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