Biomarker Levels of the Subset Patients With Extended Panel of CSF Markers: COVID-19 Patients With Encephalitis, Non–COVID-19 Related Encephalitis, and Neurologically Healthy Controls
| . | Cov-Enceph . | Enceph . | Ctrl . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.5 (60.0–73.9) | 48.0 (28.4–62.5) | 42.0 (37.4–44.5) | <.001a |
| Sex, male:female | 11:5 | 12:7 | 4:6 | .214b |
| P-tau 181, pg/mL | 47.0 (43.0–48.2) | 22.8 (20.4–35.3) | 24.8 (17.1–37.7) | .098a |
| T-tau, pg/mL | 322 (231–456) | 359 (271–530) | 165 (130–267) | .02 |
| NfL, pg/mL | 1047 (787–1811) | 686 (477–2350) | 437 (366–457) | .040 |
| Aβ38, pg/mL | 1223 (734–2056) | 1403 (1012–2072) | 1497 (1349–2128) | .760a |
| Aβ40, pg/mL | 3281 (2502–4746) | 3869 (3636–5624) | 4543 (3948–5992) | .492a |
| Aβ42, pg/mL | 251 (105–336) | 352 (202–545) | 331 (260–515) | .461a |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.07 (0.07–0.08) | .537a |
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 0.28 (0.28–0.28) | 0.28 (0.27–0.28) | 0.27 (0.27–0.27) | .001c, d, e |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.12 (0.87–3.49) | 2.12 (0.71–3.20) | 1.14 (0.92–2.15) | .832c |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 87.5 (53.3–163) | 113 (60.0–143) | 52.7 (44.1–70.6) | .162c |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 0.17 (0.16–0.23) | 0.29 (0.17–2.30) | 0.22 (0.17–0.34) | .156c |
| YKL-40, pg/mL | 198 (146–239) | 197 (149–313) | 83.6 (81.1–106) | .001c, d, e |
| sTREM2, pg/mL | 3882 (2205–4848) | 3349 (1879–4216) | 987 (823–1210) | <.001c, d, e |
| GFAP, pg/mL | 444 (251–757) | 318 (283–582) | 138 (107–174) | .004c, d, e |
| . | Cov-Enceph . | Enceph . | Ctrl . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.5 (60.0–73.9) | 48.0 (28.4–62.5) | 42.0 (37.4–44.5) | <.001a |
| Sex, male:female | 11:5 | 12:7 | 4:6 | .214b |
| P-tau 181, pg/mL | 47.0 (43.0–48.2) | 22.8 (20.4–35.3) | 24.8 (17.1–37.7) | .098a |
| T-tau, pg/mL | 322 (231–456) | 359 (271–530) | 165 (130–267) | .02 |
| NfL, pg/mL | 1047 (787–1811) | 686 (477–2350) | 437 (366–457) | .040 |
| Aβ38, pg/mL | 1223 (734–2056) | 1403 (1012–2072) | 1497 (1349–2128) | .760a |
| Aβ40, pg/mL | 3281 (2502–4746) | 3869 (3636–5624) | 4543 (3948–5992) | .492a |
| Aβ42, pg/mL | 251 (105–336) | 352 (202–545) | 331 (260–515) | .461a |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.07 (0.07–0.08) | .537a |
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 0.28 (0.28–0.28) | 0.28 (0.27–0.28) | 0.27 (0.27–0.27) | .001c, d, e |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.12 (0.87–3.49) | 2.12 (0.71–3.20) | 1.14 (0.92–2.15) | .832c |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 87.5 (53.3–163) | 113 (60.0–143) | 52.7 (44.1–70.6) | .162c |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 0.17 (0.16–0.23) | 0.29 (0.17–2.30) | 0.22 (0.17–0.34) | .156c |
| YKL-40, pg/mL | 198 (146–239) | 197 (149–313) | 83.6 (81.1–106) | .001c, d, e |
| sTREM2, pg/mL | 3882 (2205–4848) | 3349 (1879–4216) | 987 (823–1210) | <.001c, d, e |
| GFAP, pg/mL | 444 (251–757) | 318 (283–582) | 138 (107–174) | .004c, d, e |
Data are median and interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles).
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid-β; Cov-Enceph, patients with COVID-19 and encephalitis; COVID-19, patiens with coronavirus disease 2019; Ctrl, neurologically healthy controls; Enceph, patients with non–COVID-19 related encephalitis; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; IL, interleukin; NfL, neurofilament light polypeptide; P-tau 181, phosphorylated tau-181; sTREM2, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; T-tau, total tau;
aANOVA test.
bBonferroni/Mann-Whitney test.
cKruskal-Wallis post hoc analysis.
dSignificant comparison Enceph versus Ctrl.
eSignificant comparison Cov-Enceph versus Ctrl. Note the lack of significant differences in biomarkers between Enceph and Cov-Enceph patients.
Biomarker Levels of the Subset Patients With Extended Panel of CSF Markers: COVID-19 Patients With Encephalitis, Non–COVID-19 Related Encephalitis, and Neurologically Healthy Controls
| . | Cov-Enceph . | Enceph . | Ctrl . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.5 (60.0–73.9) | 48.0 (28.4–62.5) | 42.0 (37.4–44.5) | <.001a |
| Sex, male:female | 11:5 | 12:7 | 4:6 | .214b |
| P-tau 181, pg/mL | 47.0 (43.0–48.2) | 22.8 (20.4–35.3) | 24.8 (17.1–37.7) | .098a |
| T-tau, pg/mL | 322 (231–456) | 359 (271–530) | 165 (130–267) | .02 |
| NfL, pg/mL | 1047 (787–1811) | 686 (477–2350) | 437 (366–457) | .040 |
| Aβ38, pg/mL | 1223 (734–2056) | 1403 (1012–2072) | 1497 (1349–2128) | .760a |
| Aβ40, pg/mL | 3281 (2502–4746) | 3869 (3636–5624) | 4543 (3948–5992) | .492a |
| Aβ42, pg/mL | 251 (105–336) | 352 (202–545) | 331 (260–515) | .461a |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.07 (0.07–0.08) | .537a |
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 0.28 (0.28–0.28) | 0.28 (0.27–0.28) | 0.27 (0.27–0.27) | .001c, d, e |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.12 (0.87–3.49) | 2.12 (0.71–3.20) | 1.14 (0.92–2.15) | .832c |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 87.5 (53.3–163) | 113 (60.0–143) | 52.7 (44.1–70.6) | .162c |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 0.17 (0.16–0.23) | 0.29 (0.17–2.30) | 0.22 (0.17–0.34) | .156c |
| YKL-40, pg/mL | 198 (146–239) | 197 (149–313) | 83.6 (81.1–106) | .001c, d, e |
| sTREM2, pg/mL | 3882 (2205–4848) | 3349 (1879–4216) | 987 (823–1210) | <.001c, d, e |
| GFAP, pg/mL | 444 (251–757) | 318 (283–582) | 138 (107–174) | .004c, d, e |
| . | Cov-Enceph . | Enceph . | Ctrl . | P Value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.5 (60.0–73.9) | 48.0 (28.4–62.5) | 42.0 (37.4–44.5) | <.001a |
| Sex, male:female | 11:5 | 12:7 | 4:6 | .214b |
| P-tau 181, pg/mL | 47.0 (43.0–48.2) | 22.8 (20.4–35.3) | 24.8 (17.1–37.7) | .098a |
| T-tau, pg/mL | 322 (231–456) | 359 (271–530) | 165 (130–267) | .02 |
| NfL, pg/mL | 1047 (787–1811) | 686 (477–2350) | 437 (366–457) | .040 |
| Aβ38, pg/mL | 1223 (734–2056) | 1403 (1012–2072) | 1497 (1349–2128) | .760a |
| Aβ40, pg/mL | 3281 (2502–4746) | 3869 (3636–5624) | 4543 (3948–5992) | .492a |
| Aβ42, pg/mL | 251 (105–336) | 352 (202–545) | 331 (260–515) | .461a |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 | 0.07 (0.05–0.09) | 0.07 (0.06–0.09) | 0.07 (0.07–0.08) | .537a |
| IL-1β, pg/mL | 0.28 (0.28–0.28) | 0.28 (0.27–0.28) | 0.27 (0.27–0.27) | .001c, d, e |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 1.12 (0.87–3.49) | 2.12 (0.71–3.20) | 1.14 (0.92–2.15) | .832c |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 87.5 (53.3–163) | 113 (60.0–143) | 52.7 (44.1–70.6) | .162c |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 0.17 (0.16–0.23) | 0.29 (0.17–2.30) | 0.22 (0.17–0.34) | .156c |
| YKL-40, pg/mL | 198 (146–239) | 197 (149–313) | 83.6 (81.1–106) | .001c, d, e |
| sTREM2, pg/mL | 3882 (2205–4848) | 3349 (1879–4216) | 987 (823–1210) | <.001c, d, e |
| GFAP, pg/mL | 444 (251–757) | 318 (283–582) | 138 (107–174) | .004c, d, e |
Data are median and interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles).
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid-β; Cov-Enceph, patients with COVID-19 and encephalitis; COVID-19, patiens with coronavirus disease 2019; Ctrl, neurologically healthy controls; Enceph, patients with non–COVID-19 related encephalitis; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; IL, interleukin; NfL, neurofilament light polypeptide; P-tau 181, phosphorylated tau-181; sTREM2, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; T-tau, total tau;
aANOVA test.
bBonferroni/Mann-Whitney test.
cKruskal-Wallis post hoc analysis.
dSignificant comparison Enceph versus Ctrl.
eSignificant comparison Cov-Enceph versus Ctrl. Note the lack of significant differences in biomarkers between Enceph and Cov-Enceph patients.
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