Summary of review articles addressing cancer cells exposed to microgravity conditions and 3D MCS formation.
| Cell line . | Origin . | Microgravity platform . | Timeline . | Findings . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain tumors | |||||
| CS83iCTR-33n21 | Neural stem cells | ISS | 39,6 d | Incomplete cell division; impaired cytokinesis; multi-daughter cell division and alterations in the secretome | 32 |
| Lung cancer | |||||
| A549 | Lung carcinoma | RWV/ hanging drop | 48, 72 d | Reverted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype; impaired proliferation and cell morphological changes | 33 |
| RPM | 24, 36, 48 h | Impaired proliferation; presence of polynucleated cells; altered morphology of mitochondria and alterations in miRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and stress | 34 | ||
| Calu-3 | Lung adenocarcinoma | 3 d | Increased estrogen sensitivity and altered spheroid stability | 12 | |
| NCI-H1703 | Lung squamosal carcinoma | Altered spheroid stability | |||
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | 72 h | Disruption of actin and tubulin network in MCS; reductions in Vinculin; ERK inactivation and observed apoptosis | 35 | |
| Breast cancer | |||||
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 72 h | Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, cancer stemness and metastasis | 36 |
| CRL2351 | Breast adenocarcinoma | 5 d | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, migration and cytoskeletal dynamics Downregulation of genes involved in vesicle trafficking Cytoskeletal rearrangement into a spherical shape | 37 | |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | Gravite system | 96 h | Upregulation of Ras-like small GTPases; allterations in extracellular vesicles biogenesis and content | 38 |
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 5, 10 d | Increased secretion of extracellular vesicles; increased exosome marker expression such as CD81, CD63, and CD9 | 39 |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | 14 d | Involvement of novel genes related to cellular signaling pathways (MAPK, PAM, and VEGF) in spheroids | 40 | |
| Thyroid cancer | |||||
| FTC-133 | Follicular thyroid carcinoma | ISS | 12 d | Altered exosome subpopulation | 42 |
| 5, 10 d | Changes in gene expression of ECM components, cell adhesion factors, growth factors, cytokines and others such as RELA, ERK1, ERK2 | 55 | |||
| RPM | 4 h, 3 d | Dexamethasone inhibits MCS formation; possible targets include ECM components, anti-adhesion molecules, cell junctions and phosphorylated glucocorticoid receptor | 14,57 | ||
| 1, 3 d | MCS formation influenced by cell flask geometry, averaged gravity vector direction, angular velocity, fluid flow, and air bubbles | 13 | |||
| Prostate cancer | |||||
| PC-3 | Prostate adeno-carcinoma | Parabolic flight | / | Presence of F-actin stress fibers and pseudopodia; early differential expression of IL6 and CXCL8; alterations in regulatory lncRNAs and microRNAs | 61 |
| RPM | 3, 5 d | Alterations in VEGF signaling components, cytoskeleton components, ECM components, and the focal adhesion complex, suggest a more aggressive cancer phenotype under microgravity conditions | 62 | ||
| 0.5, 2, 4 and 24 h | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to cytokine production such as IL6, CXCL8, and IL1A Upregulation of genes related to cytoskeleton components and ECM components Activated PAM signaling pathways in MCS | 65 | |||
| Gastrointestinal cancer | |||||
| HGC-27 | Gastric carcinoma | RCCS | 1,3 d | Induced glycolytic pathways | 66 |
| EPG85-257 | Gastric carcinoma | 24, 48, 72, 96 h | Altered expression of multidrug resistance genes; cytoskeletal reorganization; changes in cell survival; increased cell susceptibility to chemotherapy | 67 | |
| PaCa-44 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | RPM | 1, 7, 9 d | Presence of an aggressive and metastatic stem cell-like phenotype; actin reorganization, enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | 27 |
| CFPAC-1 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | ||||
| LS180 | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | Clinostat | 20 d | Verified spheroids as a suitable model for pharmaceutical testing | 68 |
| Skin cancer | |||||
| HaCaT | Aneuploid immortal keratino-cyte | Clinostat | 2 h | Increased viability and mitochondrial activity; inhibited proliferation; altered cell morphology with a shrinked and rounded shape and lamellipodia but decreased filopodia and stress fibers; showed a disrupted actin network | 69 |
| A375 | malignant melanoma | ||||
| Cell line . | Origin . | Microgravity platform . | Timeline . | Findings . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain tumors | |||||
| CS83iCTR-33n21 | Neural stem cells | ISS | 39,6 d | Incomplete cell division; impaired cytokinesis; multi-daughter cell division and alterations in the secretome | 32 |
| Lung cancer | |||||
| A549 | Lung carcinoma | RWV/ hanging drop | 48, 72 d | Reverted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype; impaired proliferation and cell morphological changes | 33 |
| RPM | 24, 36, 48 h | Impaired proliferation; presence of polynucleated cells; altered morphology of mitochondria and alterations in miRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and stress | 34 | ||
| Calu-3 | Lung adenocarcinoma | 3 d | Increased estrogen sensitivity and altered spheroid stability | 12 | |
| NCI-H1703 | Lung squamosal carcinoma | Altered spheroid stability | |||
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | 72 h | Disruption of actin and tubulin network in MCS; reductions in Vinculin; ERK inactivation and observed apoptosis | 35 | |
| Breast cancer | |||||
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 72 h | Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, cancer stemness and metastasis | 36 |
| CRL2351 | Breast adenocarcinoma | 5 d | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, migration and cytoskeletal dynamics Downregulation of genes involved in vesicle trafficking Cytoskeletal rearrangement into a spherical shape | 37 | |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | Gravite system | 96 h | Upregulation of Ras-like small GTPases; allterations in extracellular vesicles biogenesis and content | 38 |
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 5, 10 d | Increased secretion of extracellular vesicles; increased exosome marker expression such as CD81, CD63, and CD9 | 39 |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | 14 d | Involvement of novel genes related to cellular signaling pathways (MAPK, PAM, and VEGF) in spheroids | 40 | |
| Thyroid cancer | |||||
| FTC-133 | Follicular thyroid carcinoma | ISS | 12 d | Altered exosome subpopulation | 42 |
| 5, 10 d | Changes in gene expression of ECM components, cell adhesion factors, growth factors, cytokines and others such as RELA, ERK1, ERK2 | 55 | |||
| RPM | 4 h, 3 d | Dexamethasone inhibits MCS formation; possible targets include ECM components, anti-adhesion molecules, cell junctions and phosphorylated glucocorticoid receptor | 14,57 | ||
| 1, 3 d | MCS formation influenced by cell flask geometry, averaged gravity vector direction, angular velocity, fluid flow, and air bubbles | 13 | |||
| Prostate cancer | |||||
| PC-3 | Prostate adeno-carcinoma | Parabolic flight | / | Presence of F-actin stress fibers and pseudopodia; early differential expression of IL6 and CXCL8; alterations in regulatory lncRNAs and microRNAs | 61 |
| RPM | 3, 5 d | Alterations in VEGF signaling components, cytoskeleton components, ECM components, and the focal adhesion complex, suggest a more aggressive cancer phenotype under microgravity conditions | 62 | ||
| 0.5, 2, 4 and 24 h | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to cytokine production such as IL6, CXCL8, and IL1A Upregulation of genes related to cytoskeleton components and ECM components Activated PAM signaling pathways in MCS | 65 | |||
| Gastrointestinal cancer | |||||
| HGC-27 | Gastric carcinoma | RCCS | 1,3 d | Induced glycolytic pathways | 66 |
| EPG85-257 | Gastric carcinoma | 24, 48, 72, 96 h | Altered expression of multidrug resistance genes; cytoskeletal reorganization; changes in cell survival; increased cell susceptibility to chemotherapy | 67 | |
| PaCa-44 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | RPM | 1, 7, 9 d | Presence of an aggressive and metastatic stem cell-like phenotype; actin reorganization, enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | 27 |
| CFPAC-1 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | ||||
| LS180 | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | Clinostat | 20 d | Verified spheroids as a suitable model for pharmaceutical testing | 68 |
| Skin cancer | |||||
| HaCaT | Aneuploid immortal keratino-cyte | Clinostat | 2 h | Increased viability and mitochondrial activity; inhibited proliferation; altered cell morphology with a shrinked and rounded shape and lamellipodia but decreased filopodia and stress fibers; showed a disrupted actin network | 69 |
| A375 | malignant melanoma | ||||
Summary of review articles addressing cancer cells exposed to microgravity conditions and 3D MCS formation.
| Cell line . | Origin . | Microgravity platform . | Timeline . | Findings . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain tumors | |||||
| CS83iCTR-33n21 | Neural stem cells | ISS | 39,6 d | Incomplete cell division; impaired cytokinesis; multi-daughter cell division and alterations in the secretome | 32 |
| Lung cancer | |||||
| A549 | Lung carcinoma | RWV/ hanging drop | 48, 72 d | Reverted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype; impaired proliferation and cell morphological changes | 33 |
| RPM | 24, 36, 48 h | Impaired proliferation; presence of polynucleated cells; altered morphology of mitochondria and alterations in miRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and stress | 34 | ||
| Calu-3 | Lung adenocarcinoma | 3 d | Increased estrogen sensitivity and altered spheroid stability | 12 | |
| NCI-H1703 | Lung squamosal carcinoma | Altered spheroid stability | |||
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | 72 h | Disruption of actin and tubulin network in MCS; reductions in Vinculin; ERK inactivation and observed apoptosis | 35 | |
| Breast cancer | |||||
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 72 h | Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, cancer stemness and metastasis | 36 |
| CRL2351 | Breast adenocarcinoma | 5 d | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, migration and cytoskeletal dynamics Downregulation of genes involved in vesicle trafficking Cytoskeletal rearrangement into a spherical shape | 37 | |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | Gravite system | 96 h | Upregulation of Ras-like small GTPases; allterations in extracellular vesicles biogenesis and content | 38 |
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 5, 10 d | Increased secretion of extracellular vesicles; increased exosome marker expression such as CD81, CD63, and CD9 | 39 |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | 14 d | Involvement of novel genes related to cellular signaling pathways (MAPK, PAM, and VEGF) in spheroids | 40 | |
| Thyroid cancer | |||||
| FTC-133 | Follicular thyroid carcinoma | ISS | 12 d | Altered exosome subpopulation | 42 |
| 5, 10 d | Changes in gene expression of ECM components, cell adhesion factors, growth factors, cytokines and others such as RELA, ERK1, ERK2 | 55 | |||
| RPM | 4 h, 3 d | Dexamethasone inhibits MCS formation; possible targets include ECM components, anti-adhesion molecules, cell junctions and phosphorylated glucocorticoid receptor | 14,57 | ||
| 1, 3 d | MCS formation influenced by cell flask geometry, averaged gravity vector direction, angular velocity, fluid flow, and air bubbles | 13 | |||
| Prostate cancer | |||||
| PC-3 | Prostate adeno-carcinoma | Parabolic flight | / | Presence of F-actin stress fibers and pseudopodia; early differential expression of IL6 and CXCL8; alterations in regulatory lncRNAs and microRNAs | 61 |
| RPM | 3, 5 d | Alterations in VEGF signaling components, cytoskeleton components, ECM components, and the focal adhesion complex, suggest a more aggressive cancer phenotype under microgravity conditions | 62 | ||
| 0.5, 2, 4 and 24 h | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to cytokine production such as IL6, CXCL8, and IL1A Upregulation of genes related to cytoskeleton components and ECM components Activated PAM signaling pathways in MCS | 65 | |||
| Gastrointestinal cancer | |||||
| HGC-27 | Gastric carcinoma | RCCS | 1,3 d | Induced glycolytic pathways | 66 |
| EPG85-257 | Gastric carcinoma | 24, 48, 72, 96 h | Altered expression of multidrug resistance genes; cytoskeletal reorganization; changes in cell survival; increased cell susceptibility to chemotherapy | 67 | |
| PaCa-44 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | RPM | 1, 7, 9 d | Presence of an aggressive and metastatic stem cell-like phenotype; actin reorganization, enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | 27 |
| CFPAC-1 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | ||||
| LS180 | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | Clinostat | 20 d | Verified spheroids as a suitable model for pharmaceutical testing | 68 |
| Skin cancer | |||||
| HaCaT | Aneuploid immortal keratino-cyte | Clinostat | 2 h | Increased viability and mitochondrial activity; inhibited proliferation; altered cell morphology with a shrinked and rounded shape and lamellipodia but decreased filopodia and stress fibers; showed a disrupted actin network | 69 |
| A375 | malignant melanoma | ||||
| Cell line . | Origin . | Microgravity platform . | Timeline . | Findings . | Ref. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brain tumors | |||||
| CS83iCTR-33n21 | Neural stem cells | ISS | 39,6 d | Incomplete cell division; impaired cytokinesis; multi-daughter cell division and alterations in the secretome | 32 |
| Lung cancer | |||||
| A549 | Lung carcinoma | RWV/ hanging drop | 48, 72 d | Reverted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype; impaired proliferation and cell morphological changes | 33 |
| RPM | 24, 36, 48 h | Impaired proliferation; presence of polynucleated cells; altered morphology of mitochondria and alterations in miRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and stress | 34 | ||
| Calu-3 | Lung adenocarcinoma | 3 d | Increased estrogen sensitivity and altered spheroid stability | 12 | |
| NCI-H1703 | Lung squamosal carcinoma | Altered spheroid stability | |||
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | 72 h | Disruption of actin and tubulin network in MCS; reductions in Vinculin; ERK inactivation and observed apoptosis | 35 | |
| Breast cancer | |||||
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 72 h | Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, cancer stemness and metastasis | 36 |
| CRL2351 | Breast adenocarcinoma | 5 d | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to proliferation, migration and cytoskeletal dynamics Downregulation of genes involved in vesicle trafficking Cytoskeletal rearrangement into a spherical shape | 37 | |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | Gravite system | 96 h | Upregulation of Ras-like small GTPases; allterations in extracellular vesicles biogenesis and content | 38 |
| MCF-7 | Breast carcinoma | RPM | 5, 10 d | Increased secretion of extracellular vesicles; increased exosome marker expression such as CD81, CD63, and CD9 | 39 |
| MDA-MB-231 | Breast carcinoma | 14 d | Involvement of novel genes related to cellular signaling pathways (MAPK, PAM, and VEGF) in spheroids | 40 | |
| Thyroid cancer | |||||
| FTC-133 | Follicular thyroid carcinoma | ISS | 12 d | Altered exosome subpopulation | 42 |
| 5, 10 d | Changes in gene expression of ECM components, cell adhesion factors, growth factors, cytokines and others such as RELA, ERK1, ERK2 | 55 | |||
| RPM | 4 h, 3 d | Dexamethasone inhibits MCS formation; possible targets include ECM components, anti-adhesion molecules, cell junctions and phosphorylated glucocorticoid receptor | 14,57 | ||
| 1, 3 d | MCS formation influenced by cell flask geometry, averaged gravity vector direction, angular velocity, fluid flow, and air bubbles | 13 | |||
| Prostate cancer | |||||
| PC-3 | Prostate adeno-carcinoma | Parabolic flight | / | Presence of F-actin stress fibers and pseudopodia; early differential expression of IL6 and CXCL8; alterations in regulatory lncRNAs and microRNAs | 61 |
| RPM | 3, 5 d | Alterations in VEGF signaling components, cytoskeleton components, ECM components, and the focal adhesion complex, suggest a more aggressive cancer phenotype under microgravity conditions | 62 | ||
| 0.5, 2, 4 and 24 h | Gene analysis Upregulation of genes related to cytokine production such as IL6, CXCL8, and IL1A Upregulation of genes related to cytoskeleton components and ECM components Activated PAM signaling pathways in MCS | 65 | |||
| Gastrointestinal cancer | |||||
| HGC-27 | Gastric carcinoma | RCCS | 1,3 d | Induced glycolytic pathways | 66 |
| EPG85-257 | Gastric carcinoma | 24, 48, 72, 96 h | Altered expression of multidrug resistance genes; cytoskeletal reorganization; changes in cell survival; increased cell susceptibility to chemotherapy | 67 | |
| PaCa-44 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | RPM | 1, 7, 9 d | Presence of an aggressive and metastatic stem cell-like phenotype; actin reorganization, enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition | 27 |
| CFPAC-1 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | ||||
| LS180 | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | Clinostat | 20 d | Verified spheroids as a suitable model for pharmaceutical testing | 68 |
| Skin cancer | |||||
| HaCaT | Aneuploid immortal keratino-cyte | Clinostat | 2 h | Increased viability and mitochondrial activity; inhibited proliferation; altered cell morphology with a shrinked and rounded shape and lamellipodia but decreased filopodia and stress fibers; showed a disrupted actin network | 69 |
| A375 | malignant melanoma | ||||
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