Table 1 Open in new tab The...

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Panel A. Dependent variable is log of life expectancy at birth
Democracy	0.066***	0.014***	0.008***	0.007***
(0.011)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treated group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,108	3,108	3,108	3,108
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	71	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,297	1,297	1,297	1,297
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.072	0.042	0.027	0.020
Panel B. Dependent variable is log of infant mortality rate
Democracy	−0.363***	−0.101***	−0.016	−0.009*
(0.047)	(0.022)	(0.010)	(0.005)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treatment group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,043	3,043	3,043	3,043
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	59	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,243	1,243	1,243	1,243
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.344	0.135	0.064	0.039

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

PCDID MG

Panel A. Dependent variable is log of life expectancy at birth

Democracy

0.066***

0.014***

0.008***

0.007***

(0.011)

(0.004)

(0.003)

(0.002)

Control variables

Log of GDP per capita

Yes

Log of GDP per capita squared

Yes

Trade openness

Yes

Common proxies

Yes

Treated group: transitioned democracies

Observations

3,108

No. of countries

No. of democratization events

101

No. of democratic reversals

Control group: never democracies

Observations

1,297

No. of countries

RMSE

0.072

0.042

0.027

0.020

Panel B. Dependent variable is log of infant mortality rate

Democracy

−0.363***

−0.101***

−0.016

−0.009*

(0.047)

(0.022)

(0.010)

(0.005)

Control variables

Log of GDP per capita

Yes

Log of GDP per capita squared

Yes

Trade openness

Yes

Common proxies

Yes

Treatment group: transitioned democracies

Observations

3,043

No. of countries

No. of democratization events

101

No. of democratic reversals

Control group: never democracies

Observations

1,243

No. of countries

RMSE

0.344

0.135

0.064

0.039

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Panel A. Dependent variable is log of life expectancy at birth
Democracy	0.066***	0.014***	0.008***	0.007***
(0.011)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treated group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,108	3,108	3,108	3,108
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	71	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,297	1,297	1,297	1,297
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.072	0.042	0.027	0.020
Panel B. Dependent variable is log of infant mortality rate
Democracy	−0.363***	−0.101***	−0.016	−0.009*
(0.047)	(0.022)	(0.010)	(0.005)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treatment group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,043	3,043	3,043	3,043
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	59	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,243	1,243	1,243	1,243
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.344	0.135	0.064	0.039

Table 1

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The heterogeneous treatment effect of democracy on population health.

	MG	MG	PCDID MG	PCDID MG
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Panel A. Dependent variable is log of life expectancy at birth
Democracy	0.066***	0.014***	0.008***	0.007***
Democracy	(0.011)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treated group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,108	3,108	3,108	3,108
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	71	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,297	1,297	1,297	1,297
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.072	0.042	0.027	0.020
Panel B. Dependent variable is log of infant mortality rate
Democracy	−0.363***	−0.101***	−0.016	−0.009*
Democracy	(0.047)	(0.022)	(0.010)	(0.005)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treatment group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,043	3,043	3,043	3,043
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	59	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,243	1,243	1,243	1,243
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.344	0.135	0.064	0.039

	MG	MG	PCDID MG	PCDID MG
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Panel A. Dependent variable is log of life expectancy at birth
Democracy	0.066***	0.014***	0.008***	0.007***
Democracy	(0.011)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treated group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,108	3,108	3,108	3,108
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	71	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,297	1,297	1,297	1,297
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.072	0.042	0.027	0.020
Panel B. Dependent variable is log of infant mortality rate
Democracy	−0.363***	−0.101***	−0.016	−0.009*
Democracy	(0.047)	(0.022)	(0.010)	(0.005)
Control variables
Log of GDP per capita	No	Yes	No	Yes
Log of GDP per capita squared	No	Yes	No	Yes
Trade openness	No	Yes	No	Yes
Common proxies	No	No	Yes	Yes
Treatment group: transitioned democracies
Observations	3,043	3,043	3,043	3,043
No. of countries	84	84	84	84
No. of democratization events	101	101	101	101
No. of democratic reversals	59	59	59	59
Control group: never democracies
Observations	1,243	1,243	1,243	1,243
No. of countries	39	39	39	39
RMSE	0.344	0.135	0.064	0.039

Notes: This table shows outlier-robust mean estimates of the heterogeneous treatment effect of democracy on health outcomes. A constant, not reported to conserve space, is incorporated in all the regressions. Standard errors are reported in parentheses. RMSE is the root mean squared error. *** and * denote statistical significance at the 1% and 10% levels, respectively. Source: Author’s estimations.

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