Traditional and CKD-specific risk factors for VC. LDL, low density lipoprotein; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ENPP1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; VDR, vitamin D receptor; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; UTs : uremic toxins; CRP: C-reactive protein.
| Main risk factors for VC . | |
|---|---|
| Traditional . | CKD specific . |
| Non-modifiable risk factors: Age Gender (AV: male; MV: female) Bicuspid AV Gene variants for Runx2, ApoE, ApoB, Notch1, ENPP1, VDR Modifiable risk factors: Smoking Comorbidity: Obesity Metabolic syndrome Hypertension Diabetes Familiar hypercholesterolaemia Kidney disease Osteoporosis History of chest irradiation Aortic stenosis (MV) Serum biochemistry: ↑ LDL and lipoprotein a ↑ triglycerides ↓ Vitamin K ↑ Homocystein ↑ Calcium ↑ Phosphate ↓ Magnesium | Disturbed mineral homeostasis: ↑ Calcium-phosphate product ↑ Serum phosphate ↑ PTH ↑ FGF-23 Loss of calcification inhibitors: ↓ Klotho ↓ Fetuin A ↓ Pyrophosphate ↓ Vitamin K Accumulation of UTs: ↑ Indoxyl-sulfate ↑ Homocystein ↑ ADMA ↑ β2-microglobulin Low-grade inflammation: ↑ CRP ↑ IL-6 |
| Main risk factors for VC . | |
|---|---|
| Traditional . | CKD specific . |
| Non-modifiable risk factors: Age Gender (AV: male; MV: female) Bicuspid AV Gene variants for Runx2, ApoE, ApoB, Notch1, ENPP1, VDR Modifiable risk factors: Smoking Comorbidity: Obesity Metabolic syndrome Hypertension Diabetes Familiar hypercholesterolaemia Kidney disease Osteoporosis History of chest irradiation Aortic stenosis (MV) Serum biochemistry: ↑ LDL and lipoprotein a ↑ triglycerides ↓ Vitamin K ↑ Homocystein ↑ Calcium ↑ Phosphate ↓ Magnesium | Disturbed mineral homeostasis: ↑ Calcium-phosphate product ↑ Serum phosphate ↑ PTH ↑ FGF-23 Loss of calcification inhibitors: ↓ Klotho ↓ Fetuin A ↓ Pyrophosphate ↓ Vitamin K Accumulation of UTs: ↑ Indoxyl-sulfate ↑ Homocystein ↑ ADMA ↑ β2-microglobulin Low-grade inflammation: ↑ CRP ↑ IL-6 |
Traditional and CKD-specific risk factors for VC. LDL, low density lipoprotein; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ENPP1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1; VDR, vitamin D receptor; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; UTs : uremic toxins; CRP: C-reactive protein.
| Main risk factors for VC . | |
|---|---|
| Traditional . | CKD specific . |
| Non-modifiable risk factors: Age Gender (AV: male; MV: female) Bicuspid AV Gene variants for Runx2, ApoE, ApoB, Notch1, ENPP1, VDR Modifiable risk factors: Smoking Comorbidity: Obesity Metabolic syndrome Hypertension Diabetes Familiar hypercholesterolaemia Kidney disease Osteoporosis History of chest irradiation Aortic stenosis (MV) Serum biochemistry: ↑ LDL and lipoprotein a ↑ triglycerides ↓ Vitamin K ↑ Homocystein ↑ Calcium ↑ Phosphate ↓ Magnesium | Disturbed mineral homeostasis: ↑ Calcium-phosphate product ↑ Serum phosphate ↑ PTH ↑ FGF-23 Loss of calcification inhibitors: ↓ Klotho ↓ Fetuin A ↓ Pyrophosphate ↓ Vitamin K Accumulation of UTs: ↑ Indoxyl-sulfate ↑ Homocystein ↑ ADMA ↑ β2-microglobulin Low-grade inflammation: ↑ CRP ↑ IL-6 |
| Main risk factors for VC . | |
|---|---|
| Traditional . | CKD specific . |
| Non-modifiable risk factors: Age Gender (AV: male; MV: female) Bicuspid AV Gene variants for Runx2, ApoE, ApoB, Notch1, ENPP1, VDR Modifiable risk factors: Smoking Comorbidity: Obesity Metabolic syndrome Hypertension Diabetes Familiar hypercholesterolaemia Kidney disease Osteoporosis History of chest irradiation Aortic stenosis (MV) Serum biochemistry: ↑ LDL and lipoprotein a ↑ triglycerides ↓ Vitamin K ↑ Homocystein ↑ Calcium ↑ Phosphate ↓ Magnesium | Disturbed mineral homeostasis: ↑ Calcium-phosphate product ↑ Serum phosphate ↑ PTH ↑ FGF-23 Loss of calcification inhibitors: ↓ Klotho ↓ Fetuin A ↓ Pyrophosphate ↓ Vitamin K Accumulation of UTs: ↑ Indoxyl-sulfate ↑ Homocystein ↑ ADMA ↑ β2-microglobulin Low-grade inflammation: ↑ CRP ↑ IL-6 |
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