Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis Caused by Different Species in the nHGNB Group
| Characteristics . | Non-HACEK Gram-Negatives, n = 121 . | E. coli, n = 34 . | P. aeruginosa, n = 16 . | K. pneumoniae & Oxytoca, n = 11 . | H. influenzae, n = 7 . | E. cloacae, n = 7 . | S. marcescens, n = 6 . | S. maltophilia, n = 4 . | Neiserria spp., n = 4 . | Other, n = 35 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median, y | 69 (26–93)a | 75 (51–93) | 63.5 (29–88) | 59 (26–81) | 68 (38–87) | 45 (26–79) | 43 (26–64) | 39 (33–57) | 62 (55–89) | 70 (26–88) |
| Male gender, No. (%) | 67 (55) | 15 (45) | 12 (75) | 7 (64) | 4 (57) | 4 (57) | 6 (100) | 0 | 3 (75) | 18 (51) |
| Underlying disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Diabetes | 33 (27) | 9 (26) | 5 (31) | 5 (45) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (17) | 1 (25) | 0 | 10 (29) |
| Cancer | 18 (15) | 8 (24) | 2 (13) | 5 (45) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (25) | 5 (18) |
| IVDU | 24 (20) | 1 (3) | 3 (19) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 5 (71) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Underlying heart disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Native valve disease | 14 (12) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (14) | 0 | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0 |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 26 (21) | 11 (32) | 4 (25) | 1 (9) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 7 (20) |
| Previous IE, No. (%) | 19 (16) | 0 | 5 (31)** | 2 (18) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 4 (67) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 5 (14) |
| Pacemaker/ICD, No. (%) | 17 (14) | 5 (15) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 0 | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Predisposing factors for IEb,b No. (%) | 68 (56) | 18 (53) | 9 (56) | 5 (45) | 3 (43) | 7 (100) | 5 (83) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 17 (49) |
| Definite IE, No. (%) | 99 (82) | 27 (79) | 15 (84) | 9 (82) | 5 (71) | 7 (100) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 86 (30) |
| Type of infection, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| NVE, left | 75 (62) | 19 (56) | 6 (38) | 7 (64) | 7 (100) | 4 (57) | 0 | 3 (75) | 4 (100) | 26 (74) |
| NVE, right | 10 (8) | 0 | 3 (19)* | 2 (18) | 0 | 2 (29) | 3 (50) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| PVE | 26 (21) | 10 (29) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 1 (25) | 0 | 7 (20) |
| CIED | 10 (8) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| Polymicrobial, No. (%) | 23 (19) | 4 (12) | 2 (13) | 1 (9) | … | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | 23 (8) |
| Site of acquisition, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Community | 96 (79) | 26 (81) | 10 (67) | 11 (100) | 6 (86) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | 71 (25) |
| Nosocomial | 11 (9) | 3 (9) | 3 (20) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 (5) |
| Health care associated | 6 (5) | 3 (9) | 2 (13) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (1) |
| Time from disease | ||||||||||
| onset to hospitalization, d | 7 (0–200) | 3 (0–60) | 5 (0–108) | 10 (0–28) | 4 (1–14) | 14 (1–200) | 7 (1–7)* | 5 (1–26) | 12 (0–43) | 6 (0–39) |
| Length of stay, d | 36 (0–88) | 39 (8–88) | 43 (10–86) | 39 (10–71) | 31 (0–67) | 33 (13–50) | 38 (28–73) | 36 (32–54) | 23 (16–55) | 36 (8–85) |
| Treatment length, d | 30 (8–120) | 34 (10–120) | 42 (18–55) | 33 (17–60) | 34 (28–75) | 28 (13–43) | 30 (29–42)* | 31 (14–51) | 28 (17–32) | 29 (8–58)* |
| Embolization, No. (%) | 37 (31) | 6 (18) | 4 (25) | 7 (64) | 3 (43) | 6 (86) | 1 (17) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | 8 (23) |
| Surgery, No. (%) | 54 (45) | 14 (41) | 9 (56) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 14 (40) |
| In-hospital mortality, No. (%) | 21 (17) | 7 (21) | 3 (19) | 0 | 1 (14) | 3 (43) | 0 | 1 (25) | 0 | 6 (17) |
| Characteristics . | Non-HACEK Gram-Negatives, n = 121 . | E. coli, n = 34 . | P. aeruginosa, n = 16 . | K. pneumoniae & Oxytoca, n = 11 . | H. influenzae, n = 7 . | E. cloacae, n = 7 . | S. marcescens, n = 6 . | S. maltophilia, n = 4 . | Neiserria spp., n = 4 . | Other, n = 35 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median, y | 69 (26–93)a | 75 (51–93) | 63.5 (29–88) | 59 (26–81) | 68 (38–87) | 45 (26–79) | 43 (26–64) | 39 (33–57) | 62 (55–89) | 70 (26–88) |
| Male gender, No. (%) | 67 (55) | 15 (45) | 12 (75) | 7 (64) | 4 (57) | 4 (57) | 6 (100) | 0 | 3 (75) | 18 (51) |
| Underlying disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Diabetes | 33 (27) | 9 (26) | 5 (31) | 5 (45) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (17) | 1 (25) | 0 | 10 (29) |
| Cancer | 18 (15) | 8 (24) | 2 (13) | 5 (45) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (25) | 5 (18) |
| IVDU | 24 (20) | 1 (3) | 3 (19) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 5 (71) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Underlying heart disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Native valve disease | 14 (12) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (14) | 0 | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0 |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 26 (21) | 11 (32) | 4 (25) | 1 (9) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 7 (20) |
| Previous IE, No. (%) | 19 (16) | 0 | 5 (31)** | 2 (18) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 4 (67) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 5 (14) |
| Pacemaker/ICD, No. (%) | 17 (14) | 5 (15) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 0 | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Predisposing factors for IEb,b No. (%) | 68 (56) | 18 (53) | 9 (56) | 5 (45) | 3 (43) | 7 (100) | 5 (83) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 17 (49) |
| Definite IE, No. (%) | 99 (82) | 27 (79) | 15 (84) | 9 (82) | 5 (71) | 7 (100) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 86 (30) |
| Type of infection, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| NVE, left | 75 (62) | 19 (56) | 6 (38) | 7 (64) | 7 (100) | 4 (57) | 0 | 3 (75) | 4 (100) | 26 (74) |
| NVE, right | 10 (8) | 0 | 3 (19)* | 2 (18) | 0 | 2 (29) | 3 (50) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| PVE | 26 (21) | 10 (29) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 1 (25) | 0 | 7 (20) |
| CIED | 10 (8) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| Polymicrobial, No. (%) | 23 (19) | 4 (12) | 2 (13) | 1 (9) | … | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | 23 (8) |
| Site of acquisition, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Community | 96 (79) | 26 (81) | 10 (67) | 11 (100) | 6 (86) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | 71 (25) |
| Nosocomial | 11 (9) | 3 (9) | 3 (20) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 (5) |
| Health care associated | 6 (5) | 3 (9) | 2 (13) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (1) |
| Time from disease | ||||||||||
| onset to hospitalization, d | 7 (0–200) | 3 (0–60) | 5 (0–108) | 10 (0–28) | 4 (1–14) | 14 (1–200) | 7 (1–7)* | 5 (1–26) | 12 (0–43) | 6 (0–39) |
| Length of stay, d | 36 (0–88) | 39 (8–88) | 43 (10–86) | 39 (10–71) | 31 (0–67) | 33 (13–50) | 38 (28–73) | 36 (32–54) | 23 (16–55) | 36 (8–85) |
| Treatment length, d | 30 (8–120) | 34 (10–120) | 42 (18–55) | 33 (17–60) | 34 (28–75) | 28 (13–43) | 30 (29–42)* | 31 (14–51) | 28 (17–32) | 29 (8–58)* |
| Embolization, No. (%) | 37 (31) | 6 (18) | 4 (25) | 7 (64) | 3 (43) | 6 (86) | 1 (17) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | 8 (23) |
| Surgery, No. (%) | 54 (45) | 14 (41) | 9 (56) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 14 (40) |
| In-hospital mortality, No. (%) | 21 (17) | 7 (21) | 3 (19) | 0 | 1 (14) | 3 (43) | 0 | 1 (25) | 0 | 6 (17) |
Abbreviations: CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IE, infective endocarditis; IVDU, intravenous drug use; nHGNB, non-HACEK gram-negative bacteria; NVE, native valve disease; PVE, prosthetic valve disease.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
aNumbers in brackets for continuous variables indicate the range.
bPredisposing factors for IE were prosthetic valve, previous IE, IVDU, and native valve disease.
Characteristics of Infective Endocarditis Caused by Different Species in the nHGNB Group
| Characteristics . | Non-HACEK Gram-Negatives, n = 121 . | E. coli, n = 34 . | P. aeruginosa, n = 16 . | K. pneumoniae & Oxytoca, n = 11 . | H. influenzae, n = 7 . | E. cloacae, n = 7 . | S. marcescens, n = 6 . | S. maltophilia, n = 4 . | Neiserria spp., n = 4 . | Other, n = 35 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median, y | 69 (26–93)a | 75 (51–93) | 63.5 (29–88) | 59 (26–81) | 68 (38–87) | 45 (26–79) | 43 (26–64) | 39 (33–57) | 62 (55–89) | 70 (26–88) |
| Male gender, No. (%) | 67 (55) | 15 (45) | 12 (75) | 7 (64) | 4 (57) | 4 (57) | 6 (100) | 0 | 3 (75) | 18 (51) |
| Underlying disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Diabetes | 33 (27) | 9 (26) | 5 (31) | 5 (45) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (17) | 1 (25) | 0 | 10 (29) |
| Cancer | 18 (15) | 8 (24) | 2 (13) | 5 (45) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (25) | 5 (18) |
| IVDU | 24 (20) | 1 (3) | 3 (19) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 5 (71) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Underlying heart disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Native valve disease | 14 (12) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (14) | 0 | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0 |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 26 (21) | 11 (32) | 4 (25) | 1 (9) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 7 (20) |
| Previous IE, No. (%) | 19 (16) | 0 | 5 (31)** | 2 (18) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 4 (67) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 5 (14) |
| Pacemaker/ICD, No. (%) | 17 (14) | 5 (15) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 0 | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Predisposing factors for IEb,b No. (%) | 68 (56) | 18 (53) | 9 (56) | 5 (45) | 3 (43) | 7 (100) | 5 (83) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 17 (49) |
| Definite IE, No. (%) | 99 (82) | 27 (79) | 15 (84) | 9 (82) | 5 (71) | 7 (100) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 86 (30) |
| Type of infection, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| NVE, left | 75 (62) | 19 (56) | 6 (38) | 7 (64) | 7 (100) | 4 (57) | 0 | 3 (75) | 4 (100) | 26 (74) |
| NVE, right | 10 (8) | 0 | 3 (19)* | 2 (18) | 0 | 2 (29) | 3 (50) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| PVE | 26 (21) | 10 (29) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 1 (25) | 0 | 7 (20) |
| CIED | 10 (8) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| Polymicrobial, No. (%) | 23 (19) | 4 (12) | 2 (13) | 1 (9) | … | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | 23 (8) |
| Site of acquisition, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Community | 96 (79) | 26 (81) | 10 (67) | 11 (100) | 6 (86) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | 71 (25) |
| Nosocomial | 11 (9) | 3 (9) | 3 (20) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 (5) |
| Health care associated | 6 (5) | 3 (9) | 2 (13) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (1) |
| Time from disease | ||||||||||
| onset to hospitalization, d | 7 (0–200) | 3 (0–60) | 5 (0–108) | 10 (0–28) | 4 (1–14) | 14 (1–200) | 7 (1–7)* | 5 (1–26) | 12 (0–43) | 6 (0–39) |
| Length of stay, d | 36 (0–88) | 39 (8–88) | 43 (10–86) | 39 (10–71) | 31 (0–67) | 33 (13–50) | 38 (28–73) | 36 (32–54) | 23 (16–55) | 36 (8–85) |
| Treatment length, d | 30 (8–120) | 34 (10–120) | 42 (18–55) | 33 (17–60) | 34 (28–75) | 28 (13–43) | 30 (29–42)* | 31 (14–51) | 28 (17–32) | 29 (8–58)* |
| Embolization, No. (%) | 37 (31) | 6 (18) | 4 (25) | 7 (64) | 3 (43) | 6 (86) | 1 (17) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | 8 (23) |
| Surgery, No. (%) | 54 (45) | 14 (41) | 9 (56) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 14 (40) |
| In-hospital mortality, No. (%) | 21 (17) | 7 (21) | 3 (19) | 0 | 1 (14) | 3 (43) | 0 | 1 (25) | 0 | 6 (17) |
| Characteristics . | Non-HACEK Gram-Negatives, n = 121 . | E. coli, n = 34 . | P. aeruginosa, n = 16 . | K. pneumoniae & Oxytoca, n = 11 . | H. influenzae, n = 7 . | E. cloacae, n = 7 . | S. marcescens, n = 6 . | S. maltophilia, n = 4 . | Neiserria spp., n = 4 . | Other, n = 35 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median, y | 69 (26–93)a | 75 (51–93) | 63.5 (29–88) | 59 (26–81) | 68 (38–87) | 45 (26–79) | 43 (26–64) | 39 (33–57) | 62 (55–89) | 70 (26–88) |
| Male gender, No. (%) | 67 (55) | 15 (45) | 12 (75) | 7 (64) | 4 (57) | 4 (57) | 6 (100) | 0 | 3 (75) | 18 (51) |
| Underlying disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Diabetes | 33 (27) | 9 (26) | 5 (31) | 5 (45) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (17) | 1 (25) | 0 | 10 (29) |
| Cancer | 18 (15) | 8 (24) | 2 (13) | 5 (45) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (25) | 5 (18) |
| IVDU | 24 (20) | 1 (3) | 3 (19) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 5 (71) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Underlying heart disease, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Native valve disease | 14 (12) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 2 (29) | 1 (14) | 0 | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 0 |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 26 (21) | 11 (32) | 4 (25) | 1 (9) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 7 (20) |
| Previous IE, No. (%) | 19 (16) | 0 | 5 (31)** | 2 (18) | 1 (14) | 1 (14) | 4 (67) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 5 (14) |
| Pacemaker/ICD, No. (%) | 17 (14) | 5 (15) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 0 | 1 (25) | 4 (11) |
| Predisposing factors for IEb,b No. (%) | 68 (56) | 18 (53) | 9 (56) | 5 (45) | 3 (43) | 7 (100) | 5 (83) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 17 (49) |
| Definite IE, No. (%) | 99 (82) | 27 (79) | 15 (84) | 9 (82) | 5 (71) | 7 (100) | 3 (50) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 86 (30) |
| Type of infection, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| NVE, left | 75 (62) | 19 (56) | 6 (38) | 7 (64) | 7 (100) | 4 (57) | 0 | 3 (75) | 4 (100) | 26 (74) |
| NVE, right | 10 (8) | 0 | 3 (19)* | 2 (18) | 0 | 2 (29) | 3 (50) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| PVE | 26 (21) | 10 (29) | 4 (25) | 2 (18) | 0 | 1 (14) | 2 (33) | 1 (25) | 0 | 7 (20) |
| CIED | 10 (8) | 5 (15) | 3 (19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (17) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) |
| Polymicrobial, No. (%) | 23 (19) | 4 (12) | 2 (13) | 1 (9) | … | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | 23 (8) |
| Site of acquisition, No. (%) | ||||||||||
| Community | 96 (79) | 26 (81) | 10 (67) | 11 (100) | 6 (86) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 4 (100) | 4 (100) | 71 (25) |
| Nosocomial | 11 (9) | 3 (9) | 3 (20) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 (5) |
| Health care associated | 6 (5) | 3 (9) | 2 (13) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (1) |
| Time from disease | ||||||||||
| onset to hospitalization, d | 7 (0–200) | 3 (0–60) | 5 (0–108) | 10 (0–28) | 4 (1–14) | 14 (1–200) | 7 (1–7)* | 5 (1–26) | 12 (0–43) | 6 (0–39) |
| Length of stay, d | 36 (0–88) | 39 (8–88) | 43 (10–86) | 39 (10–71) | 31 (0–67) | 33 (13–50) | 38 (28–73) | 36 (32–54) | 23 (16–55) | 36 (8–85) |
| Treatment length, d | 30 (8–120) | 34 (10–120) | 42 (18–55) | 33 (17–60) | 34 (28–75) | 28 (13–43) | 30 (29–42)* | 31 (14–51) | 28 (17–32) | 29 (8–58)* |
| Embolization, No. (%) | 37 (31) | 6 (18) | 4 (25) | 7 (64) | 3 (43) | 6 (86) | 1 (17) | 2 (50) | 1 (25) | 8 (23) |
| Surgery, No. (%) | 54 (45) | 14 (41) | 9 (56) | 6 (55) | 1 (14) | 4 (57) | 1 (17) | 4 (100) | 2 (50) | 14 (40) |
| In-hospital mortality, No. (%) | 21 (17) | 7 (21) | 3 (19) | 0 | 1 (14) | 3 (43) | 0 | 1 (25) | 0 | 6 (17) |
Abbreviations: CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IE, infective endocarditis; IVDU, intravenous drug use; nHGNB, non-HACEK gram-negative bacteria; NVE, native valve disease; PVE, prosthetic valve disease.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
aNumbers in brackets for continuous variables indicate the range.
bPredisposing factors for IE were prosthetic valve, previous IE, IVDU, and native valve disease.
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