| Scientific optimism . | Scientific reservations . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | |
| Support populist incumbent | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.22*** | 0.18*** |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
| Female | −0.11*** | −0.11*** | 0.06 | 0.07* |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Age/100 | −0.38*** | −0.36*** | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| (0.15) | (0.13) | (0.15) | (0.15) | |
| Education level (reference = early childhood or no education) | ||||
| Primary education | 0.22*** | 0.21*** | −0.15* | −0.12 |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Secondary education | 0.26*** | 0.27*** | −0.17** | −0.14* |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Tertiary education | 0.41*** | 0.45*** | −0.31*** | −0.25*** |
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |
| Household income scale | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | 0.04*** | 0.04*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Left-right ideology scale | 0.07*** | — | 0.03*** | — |
| (0.01) | — | (0.01) | — | |
| Religiosity level | −0.05*** | —0.03** | 0.08*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
| Social trust | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |
| Confidence in religious organizations | 0.03 | 0.06** | 0.09*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.02) | |
| Confidence in universities | 0.20*** | 0.19*** | −0.07** | −0.06** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Confidence in representative political institutions | 0.09*** | 0.11*** | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Constant | 7.18*** | 7.42*** | 4.16*** | 4.49*** |
| (0.22) | (0.20) | (0.23) | (0.22) | |
| R2 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| F | 102.04*** | 108.45*** | 28.70*** | 26.99*** |
| Mean (max) VIF | 1.99 (4.07) | 2.11 (4.54) | 1.98 (4.06) | 2.11 (4.54) |
| N (individuals) | 9,524 | 11,203 | 9,441 | 11,084 |
| N (country) | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 |
| Scientific optimism . | Scientific reservations . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | |
| Support populist incumbent | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.22*** | 0.18*** |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
| Female | −0.11*** | −0.11*** | 0.06 | 0.07* |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Age/100 | −0.38*** | −0.36*** | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| (0.15) | (0.13) | (0.15) | (0.15) | |
| Education level (reference = early childhood or no education) | ||||
| Primary education | 0.22*** | 0.21*** | −0.15* | −0.12 |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Secondary education | 0.26*** | 0.27*** | −0.17** | −0.14* |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Tertiary education | 0.41*** | 0.45*** | −0.31*** | −0.25*** |
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |
| Household income scale | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | 0.04*** | 0.04*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Left-right ideology scale | 0.07*** | — | 0.03*** | — |
| (0.01) | — | (0.01) | — | |
| Religiosity level | −0.05*** | —0.03** | 0.08*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
| Social trust | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |
| Confidence in religious organizations | 0.03 | 0.06** | 0.09*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.02) | |
| Confidence in universities | 0.20*** | 0.19*** | −0.07** | −0.06** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Confidence in representative political institutions | 0.09*** | 0.11*** | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Constant | 7.18*** | 7.42*** | 4.16*** | 4.49*** |
| (0.22) | (0.20) | (0.23) | (0.22) | |
| R2 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| F | 102.04*** | 108.45*** | 28.70*** | 26.99*** |
| Mean (max) VIF | 1.99 (4.07) | 2.11 (4.54) | 1.98 (4.06) | 2.11 (4.54) |
| N (individuals) | 9,524 | 11,203 | 9,441 | 11,084 |
| N (country) | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 |
Notes: (1) Unstandardized coefficients are reported. (2) Robust standard errors are in parentheses. (3) *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .1. (4) Models 2 and 4 include data from Kyrgyzstan.
Source: WVS Wave 7.
| Scientific optimism . | Scientific reservations . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | |
| Support populist incumbent | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.22*** | 0.18*** |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
| Female | −0.11*** | −0.11*** | 0.06 | 0.07* |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Age/100 | −0.38*** | −0.36*** | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| (0.15) | (0.13) | (0.15) | (0.15) | |
| Education level (reference = early childhood or no education) | ||||
| Primary education | 0.22*** | 0.21*** | −0.15* | −0.12 |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Secondary education | 0.26*** | 0.27*** | −0.17** | −0.14* |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Tertiary education | 0.41*** | 0.45*** | −0.31*** | −0.25*** |
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |
| Household income scale | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | 0.04*** | 0.04*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Left-right ideology scale | 0.07*** | — | 0.03*** | — |
| (0.01) | — | (0.01) | — | |
| Religiosity level | −0.05*** | —0.03** | 0.08*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
| Social trust | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |
| Confidence in religious organizations | 0.03 | 0.06** | 0.09*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.02) | |
| Confidence in universities | 0.20*** | 0.19*** | −0.07** | −0.06** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Confidence in representative political institutions | 0.09*** | 0.11*** | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Constant | 7.18*** | 7.42*** | 4.16*** | 4.49*** |
| (0.22) | (0.20) | (0.23) | (0.22) | |
| R2 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| F | 102.04*** | 108.45*** | 28.70*** | 26.99*** |
| Mean (max) VIF | 1.99 (4.07) | 2.11 (4.54) | 1.98 (4.06) | 2.11 (4.54) |
| N (individuals) | 9,524 | 11,203 | 9,441 | 11,084 |
| N (country) | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 |
| Scientific optimism . | Scientific reservations . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 . | Model 2 . | Model 3 . | Model 4 . | |
| Support populist incumbent | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.22*** | 0.18*** |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
| Female | −0.11*** | −0.11*** | 0.06 | 0.07* |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Age/100 | −0.38*** | −0.36*** | 0.00 | 0.18 |
| (0.15) | (0.13) | (0.15) | (0.15) | |
| Education level (reference = early childhood or no education) | ||||
| Primary education | 0.22*** | 0.21*** | −0.15* | −0.12 |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Secondary education | 0.26*** | 0.27*** | −0.17** | −0.14* |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.08) | |
| Tertiary education | 0.41*** | 0.45*** | −0.31*** | −0.25*** |
| (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |
| Household income scale | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | 0.04*** | 0.04*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Left-right ideology scale | 0.07*** | — | 0.03*** | — |
| (0.01) | — | (0.01) | — | |
| Religiosity level | −0.05*** | —0.03** | 0.08*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
| Social trust | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | |
| Confidence in religious organizations | 0.03 | 0.06** | 0.09*** | 0.07*** |
| (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.02) | |
| Confidence in universities | 0.20*** | 0.19*** | −0.07** | −0.06** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Confidence in representative political institutions | 0.09*** | 0.11*** | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Constant | 7.18*** | 7.42*** | 4.16*** | 4.49*** |
| (0.22) | (0.20) | (0.23) | (0.22) | |
| R2 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| F | 102.04*** | 108.45*** | 28.70*** | 26.99*** |
| Mean (max) VIF | 1.99 (4.07) | 2.11 (4.54) | 1.98 (4.06) | 2.11 (4.54) |
| N (individuals) | 9,524 | 11,203 | 9,441 | 11,084 |
| N (country) | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 |
Notes: (1) Unstandardized coefficients are reported. (2) Robust standard errors are in parentheses. (3) *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .1. (4) Models 2 and 4 include data from Kyrgyzstan.
Source: WVS Wave 7.
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