Table 1 Open in new tab Demographic and...

Characteristics	Control group (n = 73)	In-person education (n = 63)	Telephone (n = 64)	In-person education and telephone (n = 62)	Total (n = 262)
Sex
Male	48 (66)	41 (65)	40 (62)	42 (68)	171 (65)
Educational attainment
Primary	45 (62)	38 (60)	37 (58)	31 (50)	151 (58)
Secondary	20 (27)	17 (27)	18 (28)	16 (26)	71 (27)
Higher degree/diploma	3 (4.1)	3 (4.8)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	10 (3.8)
Social status
Married	51 (70)	45 (71)	46 (72)	52 (84)	194 (74)
Divorced	4 (5.5)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Single	2 (2.7)	1 (1.6)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.2)	6 (2.3)
Widowed	15 (21)	12 (19)	14 (22)	5 (8.1)	46 (18)
Working status^a
Retired	53 (73)	46 (73)	43 (67)	47 (76)	189 (72)
Working	10 (14)	8 (13)	8 (12)	9 (15)	35 (13)
Unemployed	1 (1.4)	3 (4.8)	5 (7.8)	2 (3.2)	11 (4.2)
Disability retirement	3 (4.1)	1 (1.6)	3 (4.7)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Living status^b
With family	49 (67)	40 (63)	41 (64)	50 (81)	180 (69)
Alone with support	18 (25)	11 (17)	11 (17)	4 (6.5)	44 (17)
Clinical characteristics (at discharge)
NYHA I	15 (21)	18 (29)	16 (25)	17 (27)	66 (25)
NYHA II	21 (29)	28 (44)	26 (41)	25 (40)	100 (38)
NYHA III	23 (32)	12 (19)	17 (27)	13 (21)	65 (25)
NYHA IV	8 (11)	2 (3.2)	3 (4.7)	4 (6.5)	17 (6.5)
Previous MI	48 (68)	33 (54)	29 (46)	36 (58)	146 (57)
Diabetic mellitus	40 (56)	37 (59)	26 (43)	23 (38)	126 (50)
Hypertension	54 (76)	43 (68)	42 (70)	45 (75)	184 (72)
Ejection fraction	35 (11)	36 (8)	35 (11)	35 (9)	35 (10)
Implemented devices (ICD/CRT-D)	9 (12)	10 (16)	9 (14)	6 (9.8)	34 (13)
Pharmacological treatment
Diuretic^a	56 (85)	44 (80)	56 (90)	48 (81)	204 (84)
Aldosterone antagonist^a	21 (32)	15 (28)	22 (35)	14 (24)	72 (30)
Digoxin	8 (12)	9 (17)	13 (21)	6 (10)	36 (15)
β-Blocker^a	45 (68)	41 (75)	44 (72)	45 (76)	175 (73)
ACE-I/ARBs^a	42 (64)	34 (63)	38 (61)	46 (78)	160 (66)
First-line drugs^a	27 (41)	23 (43)	27 (44)	36 (61)	113 (47)
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	71 (±11)	70 (±10)	69 (±13)	63 (±11)	69 (±11)
BMI^b	28 (±5.1)	28.6 (±4.7)	28 (±4.7)	27.7 (±5.0)	28.1 (±4.9)

Characteristics

Control group (n = 73)

In-person education (n = 63)

Telephone (n = 64)

In-person education and telephone (n = 62)

Total (n = 262)

n (%)

Sex

Male

48 (66)

41 (65)

40 (62)

42 (68)

171 (65)

Educational attainment

Primary

45 (62)

38 (60)

37 (58)

31 (50)

151 (58)

Secondary

20 (27)

17 (27)

18 (28)

16 (26)

71 (27)

Higher degree/diploma

3 (4.1)

3 (4.8)

2 (3.1)

2 (3.2)

10 (3.8)

Social status

Married

51 (70)

45 (71)

46 (72)

52 (84)

194 (74)

Divorced

4 (5.5)

1 (1.6)

2 (3.1)

2 (3.2)

9 (3.4)

Single

2 (2.7)

1 (1.6)

2 (3.2)

6 (2.3)

Widowed

15 (21)

12 (19)

14 (22)

5 (8.1)

46 (18)

Working status^a

Retired

53 (73)

46 (73)

43 (67)

47 (76)

189 (72)

Working

10 (14)

8 (13)

8 (12)

9 (15)

35 (13)

Unemployed

1 (1.4)

3 (4.8)

5 (7.8)

2 (3.2)

11 (4.2)

Disability retirement

3 (4.1)

1 (1.6)

3 (4.7)

2 (3.2)

9 (3.4)

Living status^b

With family

49 (67)

40 (63)

41 (64)

50 (81)

180 (69)

Alone with support

18 (25)

11 (17)

4 (6.5)

44 (17)

Clinical characteristics (at discharge)

NYHA I

15 (21)

18 (29)

16 (25)

17 (27)

66 (25)

NYHA II

21 (29)

28 (44)

26 (41)

25 (40)

100 (38)

NYHA III

23 (32)

12 (19)

17 (27)

13 (21)

65 (25)

NYHA IV

8 (11)

2 (3.2)

3 (4.7)

4 (6.5)

17 (6.5)

Previous MI

48 (68)

33 (54)

29 (46)

36 (58)

146 (57)

Diabetic mellitus

40 (56)

37 (59)

26 (43)

23 (38)

126 (50)

Hypertension

54 (76)

43 (68)

42 (70)

45 (75)

184 (72)

Ejection fraction

35 (11)

36 (8)

35 (11)

35 (9)

35 (10)

Implemented devices (ICD/CRT-D)

9 (12)

10 (16)

9 (14)

6 (9.8)

34 (13)

Pharmacological treatment

Diuretic^a

56 (85)

44 (80)

56 (90)

48 (81)

204 (84)

Aldosterone antagonist^a

21 (32)

15 (28)

22 (35)

14 (24)

72 (30)

Digoxin

8 (12)

9 (17)

13 (21)

6 (10)

36 (15)

β-Blocker^a

45 (68)

41 (75)

44 (72)

45 (76)

175 (73)

ACE-I/ARBs^a

42 (64)

34 (63)

38 (61)

46 (78)

160 (66)

First-line drugs^a

27 (41)

23 (43)

27 (44)

36 (61)

113 (47)

Mean (SD)

Age (years)

71 (±11)

70 (±10)

69 (±13)

63 (±11)

69 (±11)

BMI^b

28 (±5.1)

28.6 (±4.7)

28 (±4.7)

27.7 (±5.0)

28.1 (±4.9)

Characteristics	Control group (n = 73)	In-person education (n = 63)	Telephone (n = 64)	In-person education and telephone (n = 62)	Total (n = 262)
Sex
Male	48 (66)	41 (65)	40 (62)	42 (68)	171 (65)
Educational attainment
Primary	45 (62)	38 (60)	37 (58)	31 (50)	151 (58)
Secondary	20 (27)	17 (27)	18 (28)	16 (26)	71 (27)
Higher degree/diploma	3 (4.1)	3 (4.8)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	10 (3.8)
Social status
Married	51 (70)	45 (71)	46 (72)	52 (84)	194 (74)
Divorced	4 (5.5)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Single	2 (2.7)	1 (1.6)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.2)	6 (2.3)
Widowed	15 (21)	12 (19)	14 (22)	5 (8.1)	46 (18)
Working status^a
Retired	53 (73)	46 (73)	43 (67)	47 (76)	189 (72)
Working	10 (14)	8 (13)	8 (12)	9 (15)	35 (13)
Unemployed	1 (1.4)	3 (4.8)	5 (7.8)	2 (3.2)	11 (4.2)
Disability retirement	3 (4.1)	1 (1.6)	3 (4.7)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Living status^b
With family	49 (67)	40 (63)	41 (64)	50 (81)	180 (69)
Alone with support	18 (25)	11 (17)	11 (17)	4 (6.5)	44 (17)
Clinical characteristics (at discharge)
NYHA I	15 (21)	18 (29)	16 (25)	17 (27)	66 (25)
NYHA II	21 (29)	28 (44)	26 (41)	25 (40)	100 (38)
NYHA III	23 (32)	12 (19)	17 (27)	13 (21)	65 (25)
NYHA IV	8 (11)	2 (3.2)	3 (4.7)	4 (6.5)	17 (6.5)
Previous MI	48 (68)	33 (54)	29 (46)	36 (58)	146 (57)
Diabetic mellitus	40 (56)	37 (59)	26 (43)	23 (38)	126 (50)
Hypertension	54 (76)	43 (68)	42 (70)	45 (75)	184 (72)
Ejection fraction	35 (11)	36 (8)	35 (11)	35 (9)	35 (10)
Implemented devices (ICD/CRT-D)	9 (12)	10 (16)	9 (14)	6 (9.8)	34 (13)
Pharmacological treatment
Diuretic^a	56 (85)	44 (80)	56 (90)	48 (81)	204 (84)
Aldosterone antagonist^a	21 (32)	15 (28)	22 (35)	14 (24)	72 (30)
Digoxin	8 (12)	9 (17)	13 (21)	6 (10)	36 (15)
β-Blocker^a	45 (68)	41 (75)	44 (72)	45 (76)	175 (73)
ACE-I/ARBs^a	42 (64)	34 (63)	38 (61)	46 (78)	160 (66)
First-line drugs^a	27 (41)	23 (43)	27 (44)	36 (61)	113 (47)
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	71 (±11)	70 (±10)	69 (±13)	63 (±11)	69 (±11)
BMI^b	28 (±5.1)	28.6 (±4.7)	28 (±4.7)	27.7 (±5.0)	28.1 (±4.9)

Table 1

Open in new tab

Demographic and baseline characteristics

Characteristics	Control group (n = 73)	In-person education (n = 63)	Telephone (n = 64)	In-person education and telephone (n = 62)	Total (n = 262)
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Sex
Male	48 (66)	41 (65)	40 (62)	42 (68)	171 (65)
Educational attainment
Primary	45 (62)	38 (60)	37 (58)	31 (50)	151 (58)
Secondary	20 (27)	17 (27)	18 (28)	16 (26)	71 (27)
Higher degree/diploma	3 (4.1)	3 (4.8)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	10 (3.8)
Social status
Married	51 (70)	45 (71)	46 (72)	52 (84)	194 (74)
Divorced	4 (5.5)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Single	2 (2.7)	1 (1.6)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.2)	6 (2.3)
Widowed	15 (21)	12 (19)	14 (22)	5 (8.1)	46 (18)
Working status^a
Retired	53 (73)	46 (73)	43 (67)	47 (76)	189 (72)
Working	10 (14)	8 (13)	8 (12)	9 (15)	35 (13)
Unemployed	1 (1.4)	3 (4.8)	5 (7.8)	2 (3.2)	11 (4.2)
Disability retirement	3 (4.1)	1 (1.6)	3 (4.7)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Living status^b
With family	49 (67)	40 (63)	41 (64)	50 (81)	180 (69)
Alone with support	18 (25)	11 (17)	11 (17)	4 (6.5)	44 (17)
Clinical characteristics (at discharge)
NYHA I	15 (21)	18 (29)	16 (25)	17 (27)	66 (25)
NYHA II	21 (29)	28 (44)	26 (41)	25 (40)	100 (38)
NYHA III	23 (32)	12 (19)	17 (27)	13 (21)	65 (25)
NYHA IV	8 (11)	2 (3.2)	3 (4.7)	4 (6.5)	17 (6.5)
Previous MI	48 (68)	33 (54)	29 (46)	36 (58)	146 (57)
Diabetic mellitus	40 (56)	37 (59)	26 (43)	23 (38)	126 (50)
Hypertension	54 (76)	43 (68)	42 (70)	45 (75)	184 (72)
Ejection fraction	35 (11)	36 (8)	35 (11)	35 (9)	35 (10)
Implemented devices (ICD/CRT-D)	9 (12)	10 (16)	9 (14)	6 (9.8)	34 (13)
Pharmacological treatment
Diuretic^a	56 (85)	44 (80)	56 (90)	48 (81)	204 (84)
Aldosterone antagonist^a	21 (32)	15 (28)	22 (35)	14 (24)	72 (30)
Digoxin	8 (12)	9 (17)	13 (21)	6 (10)	36 (15)
β-Blocker^a	45 (68)	41 (75)	44 (72)	45 (76)	175 (73)
ACE-I/ARBs^a	42 (64)	34 (63)	38 (61)	46 (78)	160 (66)
First-line drugs^a	27 (41)	23 (43)	27 (44)	36 (61)	113 (47)
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	71 (±11)	70 (±10)	69 (±13)	63 (±11)	69 (±11)
BMI^b	28 (±5.1)	28.6 (±4.7)	28 (±4.7)	27.7 (±5.0)	28.1 (±4.9)

Characteristics	Control group (n = 73)	In-person education (n = 63)	Telephone (n = 64)	In-person education and telephone (n = 62)	Total (n = 262)
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Sex
Male	48 (66)	41 (65)	40 (62)	42 (68)	171 (65)
Educational attainment
Primary	45 (62)	38 (60)	37 (58)	31 (50)	151 (58)
Secondary	20 (27)	17 (27)	18 (28)	16 (26)	71 (27)
Higher degree/diploma	3 (4.1)	3 (4.8)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	10 (3.8)
Social status
Married	51 (70)	45 (71)	46 (72)	52 (84)	194 (74)
Divorced	4 (5.5)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.1)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Single	2 (2.7)	1 (1.6)	1 (1.6)	2 (3.2)	6 (2.3)
Widowed	15 (21)	12 (19)	14 (22)	5 (8.1)	46 (18)
Working status^a
Retired	53 (73)	46 (73)	43 (67)	47 (76)	189 (72)
Working	10 (14)	8 (13)	8 (12)	9 (15)	35 (13)
Unemployed	1 (1.4)	3 (4.8)	5 (7.8)	2 (3.2)	11 (4.2)
Disability retirement	3 (4.1)	1 (1.6)	3 (4.7)	2 (3.2)	9 (3.4)
Living status^b
With family	49 (67)	40 (63)	41 (64)	50 (81)	180 (69)
Alone with support	18 (25)	11 (17)	11 (17)	4 (6.5)	44 (17)
Clinical characteristics (at discharge)
NYHA I	15 (21)	18 (29)	16 (25)	17 (27)	66 (25)
NYHA II	21 (29)	28 (44)	26 (41)	25 (40)	100 (38)
NYHA III	23 (32)	12 (19)	17 (27)	13 (21)	65 (25)
NYHA IV	8 (11)	2 (3.2)	3 (4.7)	4 (6.5)	17 (6.5)
Previous MI	48 (68)	33 (54)	29 (46)	36 (58)	146 (57)
Diabetic mellitus	40 (56)	37 (59)	26 (43)	23 (38)	126 (50)
Hypertension	54 (76)	43 (68)	42 (70)	45 (75)	184 (72)
Ejection fraction	35 (11)	36 (8)	35 (11)	35 (9)	35 (10)
Implemented devices (ICD/CRT-D)	9 (12)	10 (16)	9 (14)	6 (9.8)	34 (13)
Pharmacological treatment
Diuretic^a	56 (85)	44 (80)	56 (90)	48 (81)	204 (84)
Aldosterone antagonist^a	21 (32)	15 (28)	22 (35)	14 (24)	72 (30)
Digoxin	8 (12)	9 (17)	13 (21)	6 (10)	36 (15)
β-Blocker^a	45 (68)	41 (75)	44 (72)	45 (76)	175 (73)
ACE-I/ARBs^a	42 (64)	34 (63)	38 (61)	46 (78)	160 (66)
First-line drugs^a	27 (41)	23 (43)	27 (44)	36 (61)	113 (47)
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	71 (±11)	70 (±10)	69 (±13)	63 (±11)	69 (±11)
BMI^b	28 (±5.1)	28.6 (±4.7)	28 (±4.7)	27.7 (±5.0)	28.1 (±4.9)

BMI, body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; MI, myocardial infarction; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; ACE-I, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, Angiotensin receptor blockers, first-line drugs (ACE-I/ARB + β-blocker).

^aMissing data are represented between 5 and 10% of the overall.

^bMissing data are represented between 10 and 15% of the overall.

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