Table 2. Open in new tab Factors...

Independent variables	Men	Women
Age (per 10 y)	.024 (−.030, .077)	.386	.043 (−.017, .103)	.160	.201 (.159, .244)	<.001	.122 (.071, .173)	<.001
BMI (kg/m²)	−.006 (−.029, .016)	.579	−.003 (−.025, .020)	.805	.023 (.003, .043)	.028	−.014 (−.033, .006)	.168
Smoking (n,%)	.509 (.293, .725)	<.001	.395 (−.144, .647)	.002	−.065 (−.736, .606)	.849	.014 (−.601, .629)	.964
Drinking (n,%)	.399 (.168, .631)	.001	.209 (−.049, .466)	.112	−.511 (−.998, −.024)	.040	−.357 (−.813, .100)	.125
Dietary calcium (per 100 mg)	.029 (.010, .039)	.003	.031 (.011, .050)	.002	.064 (.042, .086)	<.001	.063 (.043, .084)	<.001
Diabetes (n,%)	.147 (−.188, .481)	.389	.060 (−.298, .418)	.742	.980 (.703, 1.256)	<.001	.215 (−.086, .515)	.161
Hypertension (n,%)	−.064 (−.302, .174)	.599	−.216 (−.492, .060)	.124	.932 (.749, 1.116)	<.001	.303 (.071, .535)	.011
Season	.226 (.023, .428)	.029	.311 (.110, .512)	.003	.355 (.165, .544)	<.001	.364 (.191, .536)	<.001
Calcium supplementation	−.222 (−.479, .034)	.089	−.312 (−.637, .013)	.060	.669 (.462, .876)	<.001	.033 (−.198, .263)	.791
Vitamin D supplementation	.111 (−.179, .402)	.452	−.245 (−.111, .602)	.177	.982 (.790, 1.175)	<.001	.560 (.337, .783)	<.001
Serum calcium (mmol/L)	.103 (−.211, .416)	.520	.133 (−.191, .457)	.420	−.081 (−.300, .137)	.466	.046 (−.154, .247)	.650
ALP (U/L)	−.001 (−.004, .003)	.778	.001 (−.003, .004)	.748	.003 (.001, .006)	.024	−.004 (−.006, −.001)	.015
BUN (U/L)	−.054 (−.097, −.011)	.014	−.054 (−.105, −.004)	.034	−.017 (−.064, .029)	.464	−.027 (−.076, .023)	.287
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	−.116 (−.511, .280)	.566	.036 (−.369, .440)	.863	−.688 (−1.006, −.371)	<.001	−.355 (−.649, −.060)	.018

Independent variables

Men

Women

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

β (95% CI)

P value

β (95% CI)

P value

β (95% CI)

P value

β (95% CI)

P value

Age (per 10 y)

.024 (−.030, .077)

.386

.043 (−.017, .103)

.160

.201 (.159, .244)

<.001

.122 (.071, .173)

<.001

BMI (kg/m²)

−.006 (−.029, .016)

.579

−.003 (−.025, .020)

.805

.023 (.003, .043)

.028

−.014 (−.033, .006)

.168

Smoking (n,%)

.509 (.293, .725)

<.001

.395 (−.144, .647)

.002

−.065 (−.736, .606)

.849

.014 (−.601, .629)

.964

Drinking (n,%)

.399 (.168, .631)

.001

.209 (−.049, .466)

.112

−.511 (−.998, −.024)

.040

−.357 (−.813, .100)

.125

Dietary calcium (per 100 mg)

.029 (.010, .039)

.003

.031 (.011, .050)

.002

.064 (.042, .086)

<.001

.063 (.043, .084)

<.001

Diabetes (n,%)

.147 (−.188, .481)

.389

.060 (−.298, .418)

.742

.980 (.703, 1.256)

<.001

.215 (−.086, .515)

.161

Hypertension (n,%)

−.064 (−.302, .174)

.599

−.216 (−.492, .060)

.124

.932 (.749, 1.116)

<.001

.303 (.071, .535)

.011

Season

.226 (.023, .428)

.029

.311 (.110, .512)

.003

.355 (.165, .544)

<.001

.364 (.191, .536)

<.001

Calcium supplementation

−.222 (−.479, .034)

.089

−.312 (−.637, .013)

.060

.669 (.462, .876)

<.001

.033 (−.198, .263)

.791

Vitamin D supplementation

.111 (−.179, .402)

.452

−.245 (−.111, .602)

.177

.982 (.790, 1.175)

<.001

.560 (.337, .783)

<.001

Serum calcium (mmol/L)

.103 (−.211, .416)

.520

.133 (−.191, .457)

.420

−.081 (−.300, .137)

.466

.046 (−.154, .247)

.650

ALP (U/L)

−.001 (−.004, .003)

.778

.001 (−.003, .004)

.748

.003 (.001, .006)

.024

−.004 (−.006, −.001)

.015

BUN (U/L)

−.054 (−.097, −.011)

.014

−.054 (−.105, −.004)

.034

−.017 (−.064, .029)

.464

−.027 (−.076, .023)

.287

Phosphorus (mmol/L)

−.116 (−.511, .280)

.566

.036 (−.369, .440)

.863

−.688 (−1.006, −.371)

<.001

−.355 (−.649, −.060)

.018

Independent variables	Men	Women
Age (per 10 y)	.024 (−.030, .077)	.386	.043 (−.017, .103)	.160	.201 (.159, .244)	<.001	.122 (.071, .173)	<.001
BMI (kg/m²)	−.006 (−.029, .016)	.579	−.003 (−.025, .020)	.805	.023 (.003, .043)	.028	−.014 (−.033, .006)	.168
Smoking (n,%)	.509 (.293, .725)	<.001	.395 (−.144, .647)	.002	−.065 (−.736, .606)	.849	.014 (−.601, .629)	.964
Drinking (n,%)	.399 (.168, .631)	.001	.209 (−.049, .466)	.112	−.511 (−.998, −.024)	.040	−.357 (−.813, .100)	.125
Dietary calcium (per 100 mg)	.029 (.010, .039)	.003	.031 (.011, .050)	.002	.064 (.042, .086)	<.001	.063 (.043, .084)	<.001
Diabetes (n,%)	.147 (−.188, .481)	.389	.060 (−.298, .418)	.742	.980 (.703, 1.256)	<.001	.215 (−.086, .515)	.161
Hypertension (n,%)	−.064 (−.302, .174)	.599	−.216 (−.492, .060)	.124	.932 (.749, 1.116)	<.001	.303 (.071, .535)	.011
Season	.226 (.023, .428)	.029	.311 (.110, .512)	.003	.355 (.165, .544)	<.001	.364 (.191, .536)	<.001
Calcium supplementation	−.222 (−.479, .034)	.089	−.312 (−.637, .013)	.060	.669 (.462, .876)	<.001	.033 (−.198, .263)	.791
Vitamin D supplementation	.111 (−.179, .402)	.452	−.245 (−.111, .602)	.177	.982 (.790, 1.175)	<.001	.560 (.337, .783)	<.001
Serum calcium (mmol/L)	.103 (−.211, .416)	.520	.133 (−.191, .457)	.420	−.081 (−.300, .137)	.466	.046 (−.154, .247)	.650
ALP (U/L)	−.001 (−.004, .003)	.778	.001 (−.003, .004)	.748	.003 (.001, .006)	.024	−.004 (−.006, −.001)	.015
BUN (U/L)	−.054 (−.097, −.011)	.014	−.054 (−.105, −.004)	.034	−.017 (−.064, .029)	.464	−.027 (−.076, .023)	.287
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	−.116 (−.511, .280)	.566	.036 (−.369, .440)	.863	−.688 (−1.006, −.371)	<.001	−.355 (−.649, −.060)	.018

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Factors associated with ln-transformed 24-hour UCaE/Ucr by sex

Independent variables	Men				Women
Independent variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value
Age (per 10 y)	.024 (−.030, .077)	.386	.043 (−.017, .103)	.160	.201 (.159, .244)	<.001	.122 (.071, .173)	<.001
BMI (kg/m²)	−.006 (−.029, .016)	.579	−.003 (−.025, .020)	.805	.023 (.003, .043)	.028	−.014 (−.033, .006)	.168
Smoking (n,%)	.509 (.293, .725)	<.001	.395 (−.144, .647)	.002	−.065 (−.736, .606)	.849	.014 (−.601, .629)	.964
Drinking (n,%)	.399 (.168, .631)	.001	.209 (−.049, .466)	.112	−.511 (−.998, −.024)	.040	−.357 (−.813, .100)	.125
Dietary calcium (per 100 mg)	.029 (.010, .039)	.003	.031 (.011, .050)	.002	.064 (.042, .086)	<.001	.063 (.043, .084)	<.001
Diabetes (n,%)	.147 (−.188, .481)	.389	.060 (−.298, .418)	.742	.980 (.703, 1.256)	<.001	.215 (−.086, .515)	.161
Hypertension (n,%)	−.064 (−.302, .174)	.599	−.216 (−.492, .060)	.124	.932 (.749, 1.116)	<.001	.303 (.071, .535)	.011
Season	.226 (.023, .428)	.029	.311 (.110, .512)	.003	.355 (.165, .544)	<.001	.364 (.191, .536)	<.001
Calcium supplementation	−.222 (−.479, .034)	.089	−.312 (−.637, .013)	.060	.669 (.462, .876)	<.001	.033 (−.198, .263)	.791
Vitamin D supplementation	.111 (−.179, .402)	.452	−.245 (−.111, .602)	.177	.982 (.790, 1.175)	<.001	.560 (.337, .783)	<.001
Serum calcium (mmol/L)	.103 (−.211, .416)	.520	.133 (−.191, .457)	.420	−.081 (−.300, .137)	.466	.046 (−.154, .247)	.650
ALP (U/L)	−.001 (−.004, .003)	.778	.001 (−.003, .004)	.748	.003 (.001, .006)	.024	−.004 (−.006, −.001)	.015
BUN (U/L)	−.054 (−.097, −.011)	.014	−.054 (−.105, −.004)	.034	−.017 (−.064, .029)	.464	−.027 (−.076, .023)	.287
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	−.116 (−.511, .280)	.566	.036 (−.369, .440)	.863	−.688 (−1.006, −.371)	<.001	−.355 (−.649, −.060)	.018

Independent variables	Men				Women
Independent variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value
Age (per 10 y)	.024 (−.030, .077)	.386	.043 (−.017, .103)	.160	.201 (.159, .244)	<.001	.122 (.071, .173)	<.001
BMI (kg/m²)	−.006 (−.029, .016)	.579	−.003 (−.025, .020)	.805	.023 (.003, .043)	.028	−.014 (−.033, .006)	.168
Smoking (n,%)	.509 (.293, .725)	<.001	.395 (−.144, .647)	.002	−.065 (−.736, .606)	.849	.014 (−.601, .629)	.964
Drinking (n,%)	.399 (.168, .631)	.001	.209 (−.049, .466)	.112	−.511 (−.998, −.024)	.040	−.357 (−.813, .100)	.125
Dietary calcium (per 100 mg)	.029 (.010, .039)	.003	.031 (.011, .050)	.002	.064 (.042, .086)	<.001	.063 (.043, .084)	<.001
Diabetes (n,%)	.147 (−.188, .481)	.389	.060 (−.298, .418)	.742	.980 (.703, 1.256)	<.001	.215 (−.086, .515)	.161
Hypertension (n,%)	−.064 (−.302, .174)	.599	−.216 (−.492, .060)	.124	.932 (.749, 1.116)	<.001	.303 (.071, .535)	.011
Season	.226 (.023, .428)	.029	.311 (.110, .512)	.003	.355 (.165, .544)	<.001	.364 (.191, .536)	<.001
Calcium supplementation	−.222 (−.479, .034)	.089	−.312 (−.637, .013)	.060	.669 (.462, .876)	<.001	.033 (−.198, .263)	.791
Vitamin D supplementation	.111 (−.179, .402)	.452	−.245 (−.111, .602)	.177	.982 (.790, 1.175)	<.001	.560 (.337, .783)	<.001
Serum calcium (mmol/L)	.103 (−.211, .416)	.520	.133 (−.191, .457)	.420	−.081 (−.300, .137)	.466	.046 (−.154, .247)	.650
ALP (U/L)	−.001 (−.004, .003)	.778	.001 (−.003, .004)	.748	.003 (.001, .006)	.024	−.004 (−.006, −.001)	.015
BUN (U/L)	−.054 (−.097, −.011)	.014	−.054 (−.105, −.004)	.034	−.017 (−.064, .029)	.464	−.027 (−.076, .023)	.287
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	−.116 (−.511, .280)	.566	.036 (−.369, .440)	.863	−.688 (−1.006, −.371)	<.001	−.355 (−.649, −.060)	.018

Results are based on multivariable linear regression. Model 1 is unadjusted. Model 2 is adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet calcium, diabetes, hypertension, season, and calcium and vitamin D supplementations. Bold entries are a significant value of P < .05.

Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.

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