| Characteristics . | Total (n = 1239) . | Men (n = 453) . | Women (n = 786) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 48.00 ± 18.10 | 47.91 ± 17.99 | 48.06 ± 18.17 | .891 |
| Height, cm | 163.27 ± 17.54 | 167.56 ± 22.13 | 160.80 ± 13.66 | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 62.46 ± 14.29 | 69.28 ± 15.30 | 58.54 ± 12.03 | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.16 ± 4.20 | 24.28 ± 4.20 | 22.53 ± 4.07 | <.001 |
| Current smokers | 122 (9.8) | 110 (24.3) | 12 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 116 (9.4) | 94 (20.8) | 22 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 112 (9.0) | 40 (8.8) | 72 (9.2) | .845 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 272 (22.0) | 89 (19.6) | 183 (23.3) | .137 |
| Diet calcium, mg | 255.81 (116.25, 473.10) | 273.30 (145.71, 505.61) | 243.35 (101.31, 435.53) | .001 |
| Calcium supplementation | 214 (17.3) | 72 (15.9) | 142 (18.1) | .330 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 213 (17.2) | 55 (12.1) | 158 (20.1) | <.001 |
| Season | .004 | |||
| Spring + Winter | 339 (27.4) | 146 (32.2) | 193 (24.6) | |
| Summer + Autumn | 900 (72.6) | 307 (67.8) | 593 (75.4) | |
| Hypercalciuria (n,%) | 144 (11.6) | 34 (7.5) | 110 (14.0) | <.001 |
| 24-hour UCaE, mmol | 2.27 (1.31, 4.06) | 2.24 (1.23, 4.17) | 2.28 (1.33, 3.98) | .355 |
| 24-hour UCaE/Ucr | 0.69 (0.36, 1.37) | 0.55 (0.29, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.42, 1.76) | <.001 |
| PTH, ng/L | 35.60 (27.75, 45.45) | 35.70 (27.60, 46.20) | 35.55 (27.80, 45.16) | .969 |
| β-CTX, ng/mL | 0.38 (0.25, 0.56) | 0.42 (0.29, 0.60) | 0.36 (0.24, 0.53) | <.001 |
| P1NP, ng/mL | 42.90 (33.65, 58.15) | 43.70 (32.40, 59.00) | 42.60 (32.84, 58.13) | .736 |
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | 17.00 (12.00, 23.00) | 18.00 (13.00, 24.00) | 15.00 (11.00, 22.00) | <.001 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 2.34 (2.25, 2.46) | 2.33 (2.23, 2.45) | 2.35 (2.26, 2.46) | .083 |
| ALP, U/L | 70.0 (55.0, 86.0) | 76.0 (62.0, 89.0) | 66.0 (53.0, 82.0) | <.001 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 4.50 (3.70, 5.50) | 4.90 (4.10, 5.80) | 4.30 (3.50, 5.10) | <.001 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.34) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.38) | <.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 13 (9.00, 20.00) | 17.00 (11.00, 25.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 18.00) | <.001 |
| UA, μmol/L | 292.00 (242.00, 358.00) | 353.00 (288.00, 414.00) | 272.00 (230.75, 320.00) | <.001 |
| Characteristics . | Total (n = 1239) . | Men (n = 453) . | Women (n = 786) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 48.00 ± 18.10 | 47.91 ± 17.99 | 48.06 ± 18.17 | .891 |
| Height, cm | 163.27 ± 17.54 | 167.56 ± 22.13 | 160.80 ± 13.66 | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 62.46 ± 14.29 | 69.28 ± 15.30 | 58.54 ± 12.03 | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.16 ± 4.20 | 24.28 ± 4.20 | 22.53 ± 4.07 | <.001 |
| Current smokers | 122 (9.8) | 110 (24.3) | 12 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 116 (9.4) | 94 (20.8) | 22 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 112 (9.0) | 40 (8.8) | 72 (9.2) | .845 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 272 (22.0) | 89 (19.6) | 183 (23.3) | .137 |
| Diet calcium, mg | 255.81 (116.25, 473.10) | 273.30 (145.71, 505.61) | 243.35 (101.31, 435.53) | .001 |
| Calcium supplementation | 214 (17.3) | 72 (15.9) | 142 (18.1) | .330 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 213 (17.2) | 55 (12.1) | 158 (20.1) | <.001 |
| Season | .004 | |||
| Spring + Winter | 339 (27.4) | 146 (32.2) | 193 (24.6) | |
| Summer + Autumn | 900 (72.6) | 307 (67.8) | 593 (75.4) | |
| Hypercalciuria (n,%) | 144 (11.6) | 34 (7.5) | 110 (14.0) | <.001 |
| 24-hour UCaE, mmol | 2.27 (1.31, 4.06) | 2.24 (1.23, 4.17) | 2.28 (1.33, 3.98) | .355 |
| 24-hour UCaE/Ucr | 0.69 (0.36, 1.37) | 0.55 (0.29, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.42, 1.76) | <.001 |
| PTH, ng/L | 35.60 (27.75, 45.45) | 35.70 (27.60, 46.20) | 35.55 (27.80, 45.16) | .969 |
| β-CTX, ng/mL | 0.38 (0.25, 0.56) | 0.42 (0.29, 0.60) | 0.36 (0.24, 0.53) | <.001 |
| P1NP, ng/mL | 42.90 (33.65, 58.15) | 43.70 (32.40, 59.00) | 42.60 (32.84, 58.13) | .736 |
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | 17.00 (12.00, 23.00) | 18.00 (13.00, 24.00) | 15.00 (11.00, 22.00) | <.001 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 2.34 (2.25, 2.46) | 2.33 (2.23, 2.45) | 2.35 (2.26, 2.46) | .083 |
| ALP, U/L | 70.0 (55.0, 86.0) | 76.0 (62.0, 89.0) | 66.0 (53.0, 82.0) | <.001 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 4.50 (3.70, 5.50) | 4.90 (4.10, 5.80) | 4.30 (3.50, 5.10) | <.001 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.34) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.38) | <.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 13 (9.00, 20.00) | 17.00 (11.00, 25.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 18.00) | <.001 |
| UA, μmol/L | 292.00 (242.00, 358.00) | 353.00 (288.00, 414.00) | 272.00 (230.75, 320.00) | <.001 |
Normally distributed variables were expressed as the mean ± SD and independent t test was used for between-group comparisons, while non-normally distributed variables were expressed as the median (Q1, Q3) and Mann-Whitney U test was used for between-group comparisons. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages (%), and chi-square test was used for between-group comparisons, unless otherwise specified.
P values for differences in baseline characteristics between sex groups. Bold entries are a significant value of P < .05.
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; β-CTX, type Ⅰ collagen-containing cross-linked C-telopeptide; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; P1NP, procollagen type I N-propeptide; PTH, parathyroid hormone; UA, uric acid; UCaE, urinary calcium excretion; Ucr, creatinine.
| Characteristics . | Total (n = 1239) . | Men (n = 453) . | Women (n = 786) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 48.00 ± 18.10 | 47.91 ± 17.99 | 48.06 ± 18.17 | .891 |
| Height, cm | 163.27 ± 17.54 | 167.56 ± 22.13 | 160.80 ± 13.66 | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 62.46 ± 14.29 | 69.28 ± 15.30 | 58.54 ± 12.03 | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.16 ± 4.20 | 24.28 ± 4.20 | 22.53 ± 4.07 | <.001 |
| Current smokers | 122 (9.8) | 110 (24.3) | 12 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 116 (9.4) | 94 (20.8) | 22 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 112 (9.0) | 40 (8.8) | 72 (9.2) | .845 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 272 (22.0) | 89 (19.6) | 183 (23.3) | .137 |
| Diet calcium, mg | 255.81 (116.25, 473.10) | 273.30 (145.71, 505.61) | 243.35 (101.31, 435.53) | .001 |
| Calcium supplementation | 214 (17.3) | 72 (15.9) | 142 (18.1) | .330 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 213 (17.2) | 55 (12.1) | 158 (20.1) | <.001 |
| Season | .004 | |||
| Spring + Winter | 339 (27.4) | 146 (32.2) | 193 (24.6) | |
| Summer + Autumn | 900 (72.6) | 307 (67.8) | 593 (75.4) | |
| Hypercalciuria (n,%) | 144 (11.6) | 34 (7.5) | 110 (14.0) | <.001 |
| 24-hour UCaE, mmol | 2.27 (1.31, 4.06) | 2.24 (1.23, 4.17) | 2.28 (1.33, 3.98) | .355 |
| 24-hour UCaE/Ucr | 0.69 (0.36, 1.37) | 0.55 (0.29, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.42, 1.76) | <.001 |
| PTH, ng/L | 35.60 (27.75, 45.45) | 35.70 (27.60, 46.20) | 35.55 (27.80, 45.16) | .969 |
| β-CTX, ng/mL | 0.38 (0.25, 0.56) | 0.42 (0.29, 0.60) | 0.36 (0.24, 0.53) | <.001 |
| P1NP, ng/mL | 42.90 (33.65, 58.15) | 43.70 (32.40, 59.00) | 42.60 (32.84, 58.13) | .736 |
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | 17.00 (12.00, 23.00) | 18.00 (13.00, 24.00) | 15.00 (11.00, 22.00) | <.001 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 2.34 (2.25, 2.46) | 2.33 (2.23, 2.45) | 2.35 (2.26, 2.46) | .083 |
| ALP, U/L | 70.0 (55.0, 86.0) | 76.0 (62.0, 89.0) | 66.0 (53.0, 82.0) | <.001 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 4.50 (3.70, 5.50) | 4.90 (4.10, 5.80) | 4.30 (3.50, 5.10) | <.001 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.34) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.38) | <.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 13 (9.00, 20.00) | 17.00 (11.00, 25.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 18.00) | <.001 |
| UA, μmol/L | 292.00 (242.00, 358.00) | 353.00 (288.00, 414.00) | 272.00 (230.75, 320.00) | <.001 |
| Characteristics . | Total (n = 1239) . | Men (n = 453) . | Women (n = 786) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 48.00 ± 18.10 | 47.91 ± 17.99 | 48.06 ± 18.17 | .891 |
| Height, cm | 163.27 ± 17.54 | 167.56 ± 22.13 | 160.80 ± 13.66 | <.001 |
| Weight, kg | 62.46 ± 14.29 | 69.28 ± 15.30 | 58.54 ± 12.03 | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.16 ± 4.20 | 24.28 ± 4.20 | 22.53 ± 4.07 | <.001 |
| Current smokers | 122 (9.8) | 110 (24.3) | 12 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 116 (9.4) | 94 (20.8) | 22 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 112 (9.0) | 40 (8.8) | 72 (9.2) | .845 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 272 (22.0) | 89 (19.6) | 183 (23.3) | .137 |
| Diet calcium, mg | 255.81 (116.25, 473.10) | 273.30 (145.71, 505.61) | 243.35 (101.31, 435.53) | .001 |
| Calcium supplementation | 214 (17.3) | 72 (15.9) | 142 (18.1) | .330 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 213 (17.2) | 55 (12.1) | 158 (20.1) | <.001 |
| Season | .004 | |||
| Spring + Winter | 339 (27.4) | 146 (32.2) | 193 (24.6) | |
| Summer + Autumn | 900 (72.6) | 307 (67.8) | 593 (75.4) | |
| Hypercalciuria (n,%) | 144 (11.6) | 34 (7.5) | 110 (14.0) | <.001 |
| 24-hour UCaE, mmol | 2.27 (1.31, 4.06) | 2.24 (1.23, 4.17) | 2.28 (1.33, 3.98) | .355 |
| 24-hour UCaE/Ucr | 0.69 (0.36, 1.37) | 0.55 (0.29, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.42, 1.76) | <.001 |
| PTH, ng/L | 35.60 (27.75, 45.45) | 35.70 (27.60, 46.20) | 35.55 (27.80, 45.16) | .969 |
| β-CTX, ng/mL | 0.38 (0.25, 0.56) | 0.42 (0.29, 0.60) | 0.36 (0.24, 0.53) | <.001 |
| P1NP, ng/mL | 42.90 (33.65, 58.15) | 43.70 (32.40, 59.00) | 42.60 (32.84, 58.13) | .736 |
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL | 17.00 (12.00, 23.00) | 18.00 (13.00, 24.00) | 15.00 (11.00, 22.00) | <.001 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 2.34 (2.25, 2.46) | 2.33 (2.23, 2.45) | 2.35 (2.26, 2.46) | .083 |
| ALP, U/L | 70.0 (55.0, 86.0) | 76.0 (62.0, 89.0) | 66.0 (53.0, 82.0) | <.001 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 4.50 (3.70, 5.50) | 4.90 (4.10, 5.80) | 4.30 (3.50, 5.10) | <.001 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.34) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.38) | <.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 13 (9.00, 20.00) | 17.00 (11.00, 25.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 18.00) | <.001 |
| UA, μmol/L | 292.00 (242.00, 358.00) | 353.00 (288.00, 414.00) | 272.00 (230.75, 320.00) | <.001 |
Normally distributed variables were expressed as the mean ± SD and independent t test was used for between-group comparisons, while non-normally distributed variables were expressed as the median (Q1, Q3) and Mann-Whitney U test was used for between-group comparisons. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages (%), and chi-square test was used for between-group comparisons, unless otherwise specified.
P values for differences in baseline characteristics between sex groups. Bold entries are a significant value of P < .05.
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; β-CTX, type Ⅰ collagen-containing cross-linked C-telopeptide; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; P1NP, procollagen type I N-propeptide; PTH, parathyroid hormone; UA, uric acid; UCaE, urinary calcium excretion; Ucr, creatinine.
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