Table 4. Open in new tab Comparison of...

Technology

Storage Capacity (kg H₂/m³)

Energy Density (kWh/kg)

Energy Consumption (kWh/kg)

Safety (Pressure/Temperature)

Cost (USD/kg H₂)

Advantages

Challenges

Citations

Compressed Gas

~20–40

~33

10–15

350–700 bar

5–10

Well-established, mature technology

Low volumetric density, requires high pressure (350–700 bar)

[133]

Liquefied Hydrogen

~71

~40

12–20 (liquefaction)

−253°C storage

15–20

High storage density, ideal for large volumes

High energy consumption for liquefaction, boil-off losses

[134]

Metal Hydrides

~100–150

~7–15

5–10 (thermal cycling)

~10 bar, 300°C

10–20

High volumetric storage, reversible storage

Heavy, slow release kinetics, thermal management required

[136]

MOFs

~30–60

~33

5–8 (adsorption/desorption)

Low-pressure operation

>20

Tunable storage properties, lightweight

Expensive materials, low energy density

[137]

Chemical Storage (complex hydrides)

~85–150

~5–10

6–12 (dehydrogenation)

~1–10 bar, 100–200°C

10–15

High hydrogen content, easier to transport

Complex handling, energy required for hydrogen release

[138]

Table 4.

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Comparison of hydrogen storage technologies: capacity, energy density, consumption, safety, cost, and challenges

Technology	Storage Capacity (kg H₂/m³)	Energy Density (kWh/kg)	Energy Consumption (kWh/kg)	Safety (Pressure/Temperature)	Cost (USD/kg H₂)	Advantages	Challenges	Citations
Compressed Gas	~20–40	~33	10–15	350–700 bar	5–10	Well-established, mature technology	Low volumetric density, requires high pressure (350–700 bar)	[133]
Liquefied Hydrogen	~71	~40	12–20 (liquefaction)	−253°C storage	15–20	High storage density, ideal for large volumes	High energy consumption for liquefaction, boil-off losses	[134]
Metal Hydrides	~100–150	~7–15	5–10 (thermal cycling)	~10 bar, 300°C	10–20	High volumetric storage, reversible storage	Heavy, slow release kinetics, thermal management required	[136]
MOFs	~30–60	~33	5–8 (adsorption/desorption)	Low-pressure operation	>20	Tunable storage properties, lightweight	Expensive materials, low energy density	[137]
Chemical Storage (complex hydrides)	~85–150	~5–10	6–12 (dehydrogenation)	~1–10 bar, 100–200°C	10–15	High hydrogen content, easier to transport	Complex handling, energy required for hydrogen release	[138]

Technology	Storage Capacity (kg H₂/m³)	Energy Density (kWh/kg)	Energy Consumption (kWh/kg)	Safety (Pressure/Temperature)	Cost (USD/kg H₂)	Advantages	Challenges	Citations
Compressed Gas	~20–40	~33	10–15	350–700 bar	5–10	Well-established, mature technology	Low volumetric density, requires high pressure (350–700 bar)	[133]
Liquefied Hydrogen	~71	~40	12–20 (liquefaction)	−253°C storage	15–20	High storage density, ideal for large volumes	High energy consumption for liquefaction, boil-off losses	[134]
Metal Hydrides	~100–150	~7–15	5–10 (thermal cycling)	~10 bar, 300°C	10–20	High volumetric storage, reversible storage	Heavy, slow release kinetics, thermal management required	[136]
MOFs	~30–60	~33	5–8 (adsorption/desorption)	Low-pressure operation	>20	Tunable storage properties, lightweight	Expensive materials, low energy density	[137]
Chemical Storage (complex hydrides)	~85–150	~5–10	6–12 (dehydrogenation)	~1–10 bar, 100–200°C	10–15	High hydrogen content, easier to transport	Complex handling, energy required for hydrogen release	[138]

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