In Vitro Toxicity of Oral Nicotine Pouches Compared to Other Tobacco Products
| Author, year . | Funding . | Test product . | Toxicity: ONP . | Toxicity: Reference product 1 . | Toxicity: Reference product 2 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bishop et al., 202068 | BAT | LYFT, Berry Frost 4 mg | Minimal cytotoxicity in all assays | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity in all assays | Cigarette Consistent toxicological effects in most assays |
| East et al., 202169 | BAT | LYFT, 4–11 mg, various flavors | All deemed non-cytotoxic (below the 30% toxicity threshold) | Competitor ONP (Nordic Spirit) 86% toxicity | Snus 91% toxicity |
| Yu et al., 202270 | Imperial Brands | Skruf Superwhite (mint, 5.8 and 10.1 mg) | Minimal cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Cigarette Substantially more cytotoxic |
| Alizadehgharib et al., 202271 | Swedish Match | ZYN (cinnamon, smooth, peppermint, 3 or 6 mg) | No inflammatory response | Competitor ONP (LYFT Ice Cool) Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines | Four snus products Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines |
| Shaikh et al., 202272 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | Multiple nicotine strengths of different flavor ONPs (ZYN, ON!, VELO, and Rogue) | Increased cytotoxicity and inflammatory response compared to non-treated cells | Snus Cytotoxic effects of ZYN spearmint were comparable to those of identically flavored reference snus product. | |
| Shaikh et al., 202273 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | ZYN Smooth 6 mg, Lucy Spearmint 8 mg, ON! 8 mg Citrus | Increased cytotoxic response for ON! (20%–34%) and Lucy (13%–19%) at all concentrations, and ZYN (15%–30%) at higher concentrations. | Snus Increased cytotoxic response of 13%–16% at higher concentrations for snus #1, and 21%–27% at all concentrations for snus #2. | |
| Miller-Holt et al., 202274 | JTI | Nordic spirit spearmint and mint of multiple strengths | non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Snus non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Cigarettes mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic |
| Rinaldi et al., 202375 | Federal | Five ONPs of various flavors and nicotine strengths | Cytotoxicity was observed in two of the five ONPs. | Snus No cytotoxicity |
| Author, year . | Funding . | Test product . | Toxicity: ONP . | Toxicity: Reference product 1 . | Toxicity: Reference product 2 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bishop et al., 202068 | BAT | LYFT, Berry Frost 4 mg | Minimal cytotoxicity in all assays | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity in all assays | Cigarette Consistent toxicological effects in most assays |
| East et al., 202169 | BAT | LYFT, 4–11 mg, various flavors | All deemed non-cytotoxic (below the 30% toxicity threshold) | Competitor ONP (Nordic Spirit) 86% toxicity | Snus 91% toxicity |
| Yu et al., 202270 | Imperial Brands | Skruf Superwhite (mint, 5.8 and 10.1 mg) | Minimal cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Cigarette Substantially more cytotoxic |
| Alizadehgharib et al., 202271 | Swedish Match | ZYN (cinnamon, smooth, peppermint, 3 or 6 mg) | No inflammatory response | Competitor ONP (LYFT Ice Cool) Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines | Four snus products Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines |
| Shaikh et al., 202272 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | Multiple nicotine strengths of different flavor ONPs (ZYN, ON!, VELO, and Rogue) | Increased cytotoxicity and inflammatory response compared to non-treated cells | Snus Cytotoxic effects of ZYN spearmint were comparable to those of identically flavored reference snus product. | |
| Shaikh et al., 202273 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | ZYN Smooth 6 mg, Lucy Spearmint 8 mg, ON! 8 mg Citrus | Increased cytotoxic response for ON! (20%–34%) and Lucy (13%–19%) at all concentrations, and ZYN (15%–30%) at higher concentrations. | Snus Increased cytotoxic response of 13%–16% at higher concentrations for snus #1, and 21%–27% at all concentrations for snus #2. | |
| Miller-Holt et al., 202274 | JTI | Nordic spirit spearmint and mint of multiple strengths | non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Snus non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Cigarettes mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic |
| Rinaldi et al., 202375 | Federal | Five ONPs of various flavors and nicotine strengths | Cytotoxicity was observed in two of the five ONPs. | Snus No cytotoxicity |
BAT = British American Tobacco; JTI = Japan Tobacco International.
In Vitro Toxicity of Oral Nicotine Pouches Compared to Other Tobacco Products
| Author, year . | Funding . | Test product . | Toxicity: ONP . | Toxicity: Reference product 1 . | Toxicity: Reference product 2 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bishop et al., 202068 | BAT | LYFT, Berry Frost 4 mg | Minimal cytotoxicity in all assays | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity in all assays | Cigarette Consistent toxicological effects in most assays |
| East et al., 202169 | BAT | LYFT, 4–11 mg, various flavors | All deemed non-cytotoxic (below the 30% toxicity threshold) | Competitor ONP (Nordic Spirit) 86% toxicity | Snus 91% toxicity |
| Yu et al., 202270 | Imperial Brands | Skruf Superwhite (mint, 5.8 and 10.1 mg) | Minimal cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Cigarette Substantially more cytotoxic |
| Alizadehgharib et al., 202271 | Swedish Match | ZYN (cinnamon, smooth, peppermint, 3 or 6 mg) | No inflammatory response | Competitor ONP (LYFT Ice Cool) Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines | Four snus products Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines |
| Shaikh et al., 202272 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | Multiple nicotine strengths of different flavor ONPs (ZYN, ON!, VELO, and Rogue) | Increased cytotoxicity and inflammatory response compared to non-treated cells | Snus Cytotoxic effects of ZYN spearmint were comparable to those of identically flavored reference snus product. | |
| Shaikh et al., 202273 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | ZYN Smooth 6 mg, Lucy Spearmint 8 mg, ON! 8 mg Citrus | Increased cytotoxic response for ON! (20%–34%) and Lucy (13%–19%) at all concentrations, and ZYN (15%–30%) at higher concentrations. | Snus Increased cytotoxic response of 13%–16% at higher concentrations for snus #1, and 21%–27% at all concentrations for snus #2. | |
| Miller-Holt et al., 202274 | JTI | Nordic spirit spearmint and mint of multiple strengths | non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Snus non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Cigarettes mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic |
| Rinaldi et al., 202375 | Federal | Five ONPs of various flavors and nicotine strengths | Cytotoxicity was observed in two of the five ONPs. | Snus No cytotoxicity |
| Author, year . | Funding . | Test product . | Toxicity: ONP . | Toxicity: Reference product 1 . | Toxicity: Reference product 2 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bishop et al., 202068 | BAT | LYFT, Berry Frost 4 mg | Minimal cytotoxicity in all assays | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity in all assays | Cigarette Consistent toxicological effects in most assays |
| East et al., 202169 | BAT | LYFT, 4–11 mg, various flavors | All deemed non-cytotoxic (below the 30% toxicity threshold) | Competitor ONP (Nordic Spirit) 86% toxicity | Snus 91% toxicity |
| Yu et al., 202270 | Imperial Brands | Skruf Superwhite (mint, 5.8 and 10.1 mg) | Minimal cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Snus Minimal to moderate cytotoxicity (above the 20% toxicity threshold) | Cigarette Substantially more cytotoxic |
| Alizadehgharib et al., 202271 | Swedish Match | ZYN (cinnamon, smooth, peppermint, 3 or 6 mg) | No inflammatory response | Competitor ONP (LYFT Ice Cool) Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines | Four snus products Significant increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines |
| Shaikh et al., 202272 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | Multiple nicotine strengths of different flavor ONPs (ZYN, ON!, VELO, and Rogue) | Increased cytotoxicity and inflammatory response compared to non-treated cells | Snus Cytotoxic effects of ZYN spearmint were comparable to those of identically flavored reference snus product. | |
| Shaikh et al., 202273 | U.S. National Institutes of Health | ZYN Smooth 6 mg, Lucy Spearmint 8 mg, ON! 8 mg Citrus | Increased cytotoxic response for ON! (20%–34%) and Lucy (13%–19%) at all concentrations, and ZYN (15%–30%) at higher concentrations. | Snus Increased cytotoxic response of 13%–16% at higher concentrations for snus #1, and 21%–27% at all concentrations for snus #2. | |
| Miller-Holt et al., 202274 | JTI | Nordic spirit spearmint and mint of multiple strengths | non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Snus non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-cytotoxic | Cigarettes mutagenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic |
| Rinaldi et al., 202375 | Federal | Five ONPs of various flavors and nicotine strengths | Cytotoxicity was observed in two of the five ONPs. | Snus No cytotoxicity |
BAT = British American Tobacco; JTI = Japan Tobacco International.
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