Participant (1) Cigarette and (2) E-cigarette Use According to Time Spent on Social Media, Within Strata of Parental Education Within the Questionnaire Imputed Sample (n = 8954)
| . | (1) Current or former cigarette use . | (2) Current or former e-cigarette use . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | High parental education . | Low parental education . | High parental education . | Low parental education . |
| Weighted prevalence % (observed n with outcome/without outcome) | ||||
| No social media use | 10.1 (43/391) | 22.1 (49/246) | 9.4 (43/391) | 18.0 (42/253) |
| 1–<30 min | 13.0 (95/617) | 23.4 (78/352) | 9.6 (75/636) | 20.4 (81/349) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 23.7 (173/651) | 22.8 (99/402) | 19.3 (152/672) | 25.3 (109/393) |
| 1–<2 h | 26.8 (237/701) | 27.0 (154/465) | 19.3 (188/751) | 25.1 (160/459) |
| ≥2 h | 36.8 (768/1484) | 38.6 (677/1272) | 27.8 (590/1662) | 31.7 (607/1343) |
| Unadjusted RD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.9 (−1.9 to 7.8; 0.239) | 1.3 (−12.1 to 14.7; 0.848) | 0.3 (−4.3 to 4.8; 0.913) | 2.5 (−8.3 to 13.2; 0.652) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 13.6 (7.7 to 19.4; <0.0001) | 0.6 (−11.8 to 13.0; 0.921) | 9.9 (4.9 to 14.9; <0.0001) | 7.4 (−3.5 to 18.2; 0.182) |
| 1–<2 h | 16.7 (12.1 to 21.3; <0.0001) | 4.9 (−7.6 to 17.4; 0.442) | 10.0 (5.2 to 14.7; <0.0001) | 7.2 (−3.9 to 18.3; 0.203) |
| ≥2 h | 26.7 (22.0 to 31.4; <0.0001) | 16.4 (5.0 to 27.8; 0.005) | 18.5 (14.2 to 22.8; <0.0001) | 13.8 (3.6 to 23.9; 0.008) |
| Unadjusted measure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | −1.6 (−15.8 to 12.6; 0.823) | 2.2 (−9.1 to 13.5; 0.701) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −12.9 (−26.3 to 0.5; 0.059) | −2.5 (−14.2 to 9.1; 0.669) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.8 (−25.1 to 1.4; 0.081) | −2.8 (−14.7 to 9.2; 0.647) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.3 (−22.4 to 1.9; 0.097) | −4.7 (−15.7 to 6.3; 0.399) | ||
| AdjustedcRD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.0 (−2.6 to 6.6; 0.386) | 2.6 (−8.4 to 13.5; 0.646) | −0.6 (−5.0 to 3.7; 0.772) | 3.0 (−5.8 to 11.9; 0.501) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 12.4 (6.9 to 18.0; <0.0001) | 1.4 (−9.2 to 11.9; 0.799) | 9.6 (4.6 to 14.6; <0.0001) | 9.8 (0.4 to 19.3; 0.041) |
| 1–<2 h | 14.9 (10.5 to 19.3; <0.0001) | 3.4 (−7.5 to 14.3; 0.541) | 10.4 (5.6 to 15.2; <0.0001) | 8.1 (−1.6 to 17.9; 0.101) |
| ≥2 h | 24.6 (20.0 to 29.2; <0.0001) | 14.2 (3.9 to 24.5; 0.007) | 21.6 (17.4 to 25.8; <0.0001) | 18.0 (9.0 to 27.0; <0.0001) |
| Adjustedcmeasure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | 0.5 (−11.2 to 12.2; 0.929) | 3.7 (−5.7 to 13.0; 0.441) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −11.1 (−22.7 to 0.5; 0.061) | 0.2 (−9.8 to 10.3; 0.965) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.6 (−23.0 to −0.1; 0.048) | −2.3 (−12.4 to 7.9; 0.662) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.5 (−21.3 to 0.3; 0.057) | −3.6 (−13.2 to 6.1; 0.463) | ||
| . | (1) Current or former cigarette use . | (2) Current or former e-cigarette use . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | High parental education . | Low parental education . | High parental education . | Low parental education . |
| Weighted prevalence % (observed n with outcome/without outcome) | ||||
| No social media use | 10.1 (43/391) | 22.1 (49/246) | 9.4 (43/391) | 18.0 (42/253) |
| 1–<30 min | 13.0 (95/617) | 23.4 (78/352) | 9.6 (75/636) | 20.4 (81/349) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 23.7 (173/651) | 22.8 (99/402) | 19.3 (152/672) | 25.3 (109/393) |
| 1–<2 h | 26.8 (237/701) | 27.0 (154/465) | 19.3 (188/751) | 25.1 (160/459) |
| ≥2 h | 36.8 (768/1484) | 38.6 (677/1272) | 27.8 (590/1662) | 31.7 (607/1343) |
| Unadjusted RD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.9 (−1.9 to 7.8; 0.239) | 1.3 (−12.1 to 14.7; 0.848) | 0.3 (−4.3 to 4.8; 0.913) | 2.5 (−8.3 to 13.2; 0.652) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 13.6 (7.7 to 19.4; <0.0001) | 0.6 (−11.8 to 13.0; 0.921) | 9.9 (4.9 to 14.9; <0.0001) | 7.4 (−3.5 to 18.2; 0.182) |
| 1–<2 h | 16.7 (12.1 to 21.3; <0.0001) | 4.9 (−7.6 to 17.4; 0.442) | 10.0 (5.2 to 14.7; <0.0001) | 7.2 (−3.9 to 18.3; 0.203) |
| ≥2 h | 26.7 (22.0 to 31.4; <0.0001) | 16.4 (5.0 to 27.8; 0.005) | 18.5 (14.2 to 22.8; <0.0001) | 13.8 (3.6 to 23.9; 0.008) |
| Unadjusted measure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | −1.6 (−15.8 to 12.6; 0.823) | 2.2 (−9.1 to 13.5; 0.701) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −12.9 (−26.3 to 0.5; 0.059) | −2.5 (−14.2 to 9.1; 0.669) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.8 (−25.1 to 1.4; 0.081) | −2.8 (−14.7 to 9.2; 0.647) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.3 (−22.4 to 1.9; 0.097) | −4.7 (−15.7 to 6.3; 0.399) | ||
| AdjustedcRD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.0 (−2.6 to 6.6; 0.386) | 2.6 (−8.4 to 13.5; 0.646) | −0.6 (−5.0 to 3.7; 0.772) | 3.0 (−5.8 to 11.9; 0.501) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 12.4 (6.9 to 18.0; <0.0001) | 1.4 (−9.2 to 11.9; 0.799) | 9.6 (4.6 to 14.6; <0.0001) | 9.8 (0.4 to 19.3; 0.041) |
| 1–<2 h | 14.9 (10.5 to 19.3; <0.0001) | 3.4 (−7.5 to 14.3; 0.541) | 10.4 (5.6 to 15.2; <0.0001) | 8.1 (−1.6 to 17.9; 0.101) |
| ≥2 h | 24.6 (20.0 to 29.2; <0.0001) | 14.2 (3.9 to 24.5; 0.007) | 21.6 (17.4 to 25.8; <0.0001) | 18.0 (9.0 to 27.0; <0.0001) |
| Adjustedcmeasure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | 0.5 (−11.2 to 12.2; 0.929) | 3.7 (−5.7 to 13.0; 0.441) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −11.1 (−22.7 to 0.5; 0.061) | 0.2 (−9.8 to 10.3; 0.965) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.6 (−23.0 to −0.1; 0.048) | −2.3 (−12.4 to 7.9; 0.662) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.5 (−21.3 to 0.3; 0.057) | −3.6 (−13.2 to 6.1; 0.463) | ||
Questionnaire imputed sample: n = 8954 (weighted sample: n = 6976).
aRDs represent the absolute difference in current or former cigarette or e-cigarette use by time spent on social media, within the low and high parental education groups (eg, in the high parental education group, the RD of 2.9, indicates the absolute difference in cigarette use for participants who used social media for 1–<30 minutes compared to those who did not use social media).
bMeasure of effect modification on an additive scale represents the size of the absolute difference between the RDs for participant current or former cigarette or e-cigarette use by time spent on social media, within the low parental education group compared with baseline (high parental education group; eg, for participants who used social media for 1–<30 minutes [compared to those who did not use social media], the measure of effect modification on the additive scale [−1.6] represents the absolute difference between the RDs for those within the low parental education group [RD = 1.3] compared with the high parental education group [RD = 2.9]).
cAdjusted for: ethnicity, sex, parental cigarette use, parental e-cigarette use, parenting style, previous cigarette use, previous e-cigarette use, antisocial behavior, previous alcohol use, urbanicity, age, number of siblings in household, maternal age at participant birth, in-person activities, cognitive ability, mental health, and risk-taking. Values may not add up due to rounding. CI = confidence interval; H = hour; Min = minute; n = number of participants; RD = risk differences, and Ref = reference category.
Participant (1) Cigarette and (2) E-cigarette Use According to Time Spent on Social Media, Within Strata of Parental Education Within the Questionnaire Imputed Sample (n = 8954)
| . | (1) Current or former cigarette use . | (2) Current or former e-cigarette use . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | High parental education . | Low parental education . | High parental education . | Low parental education . |
| Weighted prevalence % (observed n with outcome/without outcome) | ||||
| No social media use | 10.1 (43/391) | 22.1 (49/246) | 9.4 (43/391) | 18.0 (42/253) |
| 1–<30 min | 13.0 (95/617) | 23.4 (78/352) | 9.6 (75/636) | 20.4 (81/349) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 23.7 (173/651) | 22.8 (99/402) | 19.3 (152/672) | 25.3 (109/393) |
| 1–<2 h | 26.8 (237/701) | 27.0 (154/465) | 19.3 (188/751) | 25.1 (160/459) |
| ≥2 h | 36.8 (768/1484) | 38.6 (677/1272) | 27.8 (590/1662) | 31.7 (607/1343) |
| Unadjusted RD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.9 (−1.9 to 7.8; 0.239) | 1.3 (−12.1 to 14.7; 0.848) | 0.3 (−4.3 to 4.8; 0.913) | 2.5 (−8.3 to 13.2; 0.652) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 13.6 (7.7 to 19.4; <0.0001) | 0.6 (−11.8 to 13.0; 0.921) | 9.9 (4.9 to 14.9; <0.0001) | 7.4 (−3.5 to 18.2; 0.182) |
| 1–<2 h | 16.7 (12.1 to 21.3; <0.0001) | 4.9 (−7.6 to 17.4; 0.442) | 10.0 (5.2 to 14.7; <0.0001) | 7.2 (−3.9 to 18.3; 0.203) |
| ≥2 h | 26.7 (22.0 to 31.4; <0.0001) | 16.4 (5.0 to 27.8; 0.005) | 18.5 (14.2 to 22.8; <0.0001) | 13.8 (3.6 to 23.9; 0.008) |
| Unadjusted measure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | −1.6 (−15.8 to 12.6; 0.823) | 2.2 (−9.1 to 13.5; 0.701) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −12.9 (−26.3 to 0.5; 0.059) | −2.5 (−14.2 to 9.1; 0.669) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.8 (−25.1 to 1.4; 0.081) | −2.8 (−14.7 to 9.2; 0.647) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.3 (−22.4 to 1.9; 0.097) | −4.7 (−15.7 to 6.3; 0.399) | ||
| AdjustedcRD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.0 (−2.6 to 6.6; 0.386) | 2.6 (−8.4 to 13.5; 0.646) | −0.6 (−5.0 to 3.7; 0.772) | 3.0 (−5.8 to 11.9; 0.501) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 12.4 (6.9 to 18.0; <0.0001) | 1.4 (−9.2 to 11.9; 0.799) | 9.6 (4.6 to 14.6; <0.0001) | 9.8 (0.4 to 19.3; 0.041) |
| 1–<2 h | 14.9 (10.5 to 19.3; <0.0001) | 3.4 (−7.5 to 14.3; 0.541) | 10.4 (5.6 to 15.2; <0.0001) | 8.1 (−1.6 to 17.9; 0.101) |
| ≥2 h | 24.6 (20.0 to 29.2; <0.0001) | 14.2 (3.9 to 24.5; 0.007) | 21.6 (17.4 to 25.8; <0.0001) | 18.0 (9.0 to 27.0; <0.0001) |
| Adjustedcmeasure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | 0.5 (−11.2 to 12.2; 0.929) | 3.7 (−5.7 to 13.0; 0.441) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −11.1 (−22.7 to 0.5; 0.061) | 0.2 (−9.8 to 10.3; 0.965) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.6 (−23.0 to −0.1; 0.048) | −2.3 (−12.4 to 7.9; 0.662) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.5 (−21.3 to 0.3; 0.057) | −3.6 (−13.2 to 6.1; 0.463) | ||
| . | (1) Current or former cigarette use . | (2) Current or former e-cigarette use . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | High parental education . | Low parental education . | High parental education . | Low parental education . |
| Weighted prevalence % (observed n with outcome/without outcome) | ||||
| No social media use | 10.1 (43/391) | 22.1 (49/246) | 9.4 (43/391) | 18.0 (42/253) |
| 1–<30 min | 13.0 (95/617) | 23.4 (78/352) | 9.6 (75/636) | 20.4 (81/349) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 23.7 (173/651) | 22.8 (99/402) | 19.3 (152/672) | 25.3 (109/393) |
| 1–<2 h | 26.8 (237/701) | 27.0 (154/465) | 19.3 (188/751) | 25.1 (160/459) |
| ≥2 h | 36.8 (768/1484) | 38.6 (677/1272) | 27.8 (590/1662) | 31.7 (607/1343) |
| Unadjusted RD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.9 (−1.9 to 7.8; 0.239) | 1.3 (−12.1 to 14.7; 0.848) | 0.3 (−4.3 to 4.8; 0.913) | 2.5 (−8.3 to 13.2; 0.652) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 13.6 (7.7 to 19.4; <0.0001) | 0.6 (−11.8 to 13.0; 0.921) | 9.9 (4.9 to 14.9; <0.0001) | 7.4 (−3.5 to 18.2; 0.182) |
| 1–<2 h | 16.7 (12.1 to 21.3; <0.0001) | 4.9 (−7.6 to 17.4; 0.442) | 10.0 (5.2 to 14.7; <0.0001) | 7.2 (−3.9 to 18.3; 0.203) |
| ≥2 h | 26.7 (22.0 to 31.4; <0.0001) | 16.4 (5.0 to 27.8; 0.005) | 18.5 (14.2 to 22.8; <0.0001) | 13.8 (3.6 to 23.9; 0.008) |
| Unadjusted measure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | −1.6 (−15.8 to 12.6; 0.823) | 2.2 (−9.1 to 13.5; 0.701) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −12.9 (−26.3 to 0.5; 0.059) | −2.5 (−14.2 to 9.1; 0.669) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.8 (−25.1 to 1.4; 0.081) | −2.8 (−14.7 to 9.2; 0.647) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.3 (−22.4 to 1.9; 0.097) | −4.7 (−15.7 to 6.3; 0.399) | ||
| AdjustedcRD (95% CI; p-value) for time spent on social media within strata of parental educationa | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–<30 min | 2.0 (−2.6 to 6.6; 0.386) | 2.6 (−8.4 to 13.5; 0.646) | −0.6 (−5.0 to 3.7; 0.772) | 3.0 (−5.8 to 11.9; 0.501) |
| 30 min–<1 h | 12.4 (6.9 to 18.0; <0.0001) | 1.4 (−9.2 to 11.9; 0.799) | 9.6 (4.6 to 14.6; <0.0001) | 9.8 (0.4 to 19.3; 0.041) |
| 1–<2 h | 14.9 (10.5 to 19.3; <0.0001) | 3.4 (−7.5 to 14.3; 0.541) | 10.4 (5.6 to 15.2; <0.0001) | 8.1 (−1.6 to 17.9; 0.101) |
| ≥2 h | 24.6 (20.0 to 29.2; <0.0001) | 14.2 (3.9 to 24.5; 0.007) | 21.6 (17.4 to 25.8; <0.0001) | 18.0 (9.0 to 27.0; <0.0001) |
| Adjustedcmeasure of additive effect modification (95% CI; p-value)b | ||||
| No social media use | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–<30 min | 0.5 (−11.2 to 12.2; 0.929) | 3.7 (−5.7 to 13.0; 0.441) | ||
| 30 min–<1 h | −11.1 (−22.7 to 0.5; 0.061) | 0.2 (−9.8 to 10.3; 0.965) | ||
| 1–<2 h | −11.6 (−23.0 to −0.1; 0.048) | −2.3 (−12.4 to 7.9; 0.662) | ||
| ≥2 h | −10.5 (−21.3 to 0.3; 0.057) | −3.6 (−13.2 to 6.1; 0.463) | ||
Questionnaire imputed sample: n = 8954 (weighted sample: n = 6976).
aRDs represent the absolute difference in current or former cigarette or e-cigarette use by time spent on social media, within the low and high parental education groups (eg, in the high parental education group, the RD of 2.9, indicates the absolute difference in cigarette use for participants who used social media for 1–<30 minutes compared to those who did not use social media).
bMeasure of effect modification on an additive scale represents the size of the absolute difference between the RDs for participant current or former cigarette or e-cigarette use by time spent on social media, within the low parental education group compared with baseline (high parental education group; eg, for participants who used social media for 1–<30 minutes [compared to those who did not use social media], the measure of effect modification on the additive scale [−1.6] represents the absolute difference between the RDs for those within the low parental education group [RD = 1.3] compared with the high parental education group [RD = 2.9]).
cAdjusted for: ethnicity, sex, parental cigarette use, parental e-cigarette use, parenting style, previous cigarette use, previous e-cigarette use, antisocial behavior, previous alcohol use, urbanicity, age, number of siblings in household, maternal age at participant birth, in-person activities, cognitive ability, mental health, and risk-taking. Values may not add up due to rounding. CI = confidence interval; H = hour; Min = minute; n = number of participants; RD = risk differences, and Ref = reference category.
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