Table 3. Open in new tab Associations...

	Folate/Folic Acid Status
Volume of gray matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−1 496.90 (−4 649.78, 1 655.98)	.440	721.31 (−3 795.50, 5 238.12)	.754
Model 2	1 (ref)	−1 113.77 (−4 234.00, 2 006.45)	.549	1 044.90 (−3 471.96, 5 561.76)	.650
Model 3	1 (ref)	−691.80 (−3 803.26, 2 419.57)	.721	1 272.00 (−3 230.47, 5 774.15)	.659
Volume of white matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−3 657.83 (−7 050.18, −265.47)	.043^*	−2 378.72 (−7 238.60, 2 481.17)	.337
Model 2	1 (ref)	−3 472.41 (−6 866.02, −78.80)	.095	−1 572.53 (−6 485.14, 3 340.09)	.751
Model 3	1 (ref)	−3491.51 (−6 886.44, −96.58)	.122	−1 543.16 (−6 455.72, 3 369.39)	.708
Volume of white matter hyperintensities (n = 38 856)
Model 1	1 (ref)	658.24 (102.38, 1 214.09)	.025^*	−265.18 (−1 068.35, 537.98)	.518
Model 2	1 (ref)	669.83 (115.76, 1 223.90)	.038^*	−222.85 (−1 031.98, 586.28)	.668
Model 3	1 (ref)	548.10 (−2.36, 1 098.57)	.097	−277.00 (−1 080.52, 526.52)	.564
Volume of hippocampus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−123.71 (−195.58, −51.83)	.001^*	52.60 (−50.37, 155.56)	.317
Model 2	1 (ref)	−117.92 (−189.70, −46.14)	.002^*	45.00 (−58.91, 148.90)	.481
Model 3	1 (ref)	−95.25 (−165.31, −25.19)	.014^*	48.67 (−52.70, 150.04)	.429
Volume of thalamus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−114.05 (−224.84, −3.26)	.055	−12.71 (−171.43, 146.01)	.875
Model 2	1 (ref)	−101.50 (−211.52, 8.52)	.100	−42.59 (−201.85, 116.67)	.680
Model 3	1 (ref)	−56.14 (−160.66, 48.37)	.362	−33.85 (−185.09, 117.38)	.687
Volume of caudate (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	9.81 (−59.74, 79.35)	.782	63.71 (−35.93, 163.34)	.263
Model 2	1 (ref)	12.48 (−56.88, 81.83)	.724	45.85 (−54.55, 146.25)	.573
Model 3	1 (ref)	19.79 (−49.24, 88.81)	.679	48.49 (−51.38, 148.37)	.522
Volume of putamen (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−90.12 (−176.46, −3.78)	.051	−22.56 (−146.25, 101.13)	.721
Model 2	1 (ref)	−83.25 (−169.32, 2.83)	.090	−36.97 (−161.57, 87.63)	.596
Model 3	1 (ref)	−59.93 (−143.44, 23.58)	.255	−32.68 (−153.51, 88.16)	.704
Volume of pallidum (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−41.17 (−79.07, −3.28)	.041^*	17.65 (−36.63, 71.94)	.524
Model 2	1 (ref)	−39.85 (−77.67, −2.02)	.066	9.83 (−44.92, 64.58)	.796
Model 3	1 (ref)	−29.90 (−67.25, 7.46)	.190	12.68 (−41.37, 66.73)	.699
Volume of amygdala (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−57.11 (−93.34, −20.88)	.003^*	−17.05 (−68.95, 34.86)	.520
Model 2	1 (ref)	−55.48 (−91.69, −19.27)	.005^*	−19.54 (−71.96, 32.87)	.608
Model 3	1 (ref)	−51.85 (−88.02, −15.68)	.012^*	−19.41 (−71.75, 32.92)	.578
Volume of accumbens (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−24.77 (−41.11, −8.43)	.004^*	−4.71 (−28.11, 18.70)	.694
Model 2	1 (ref)	−22.35 (−38.67, −6.03)	.012^*	−2.21 (−25.83, 21.42)	.885
Model 3	1 (ref)	−15.78 (−31.33, −0.23)	.087	−0.98 (−23.48, 21.52)	.932

Folate/Folic Acid Status

Folate/Folic Acid Nonsupplementation

Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation Alone

Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation With Other B Vitamins

Beta

Beta (95% CI)

p Value

Beta (95% CI)

p Value

Volume of gray matter (n = 40 142)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−1 496.90 (−4 649.78, 1 655.98)

.440

721.31 (−3 795.50, 5 238.12)

.754

Model 2

1 (ref)

−1 113.77 (−4 234.00, 2 006.45)

.549

1 044.90 (−3 471.96, 5 561.76)

.650

Model 3

1 (ref)

−691.80 (−3 803.26, 2 419.57)

.721

1 272.00 (−3 230.47, 5 774.15)

.659

Volume of white matter (n = 40 142)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−3 657.83 (−7 050.18, −265.47)

.043^*

−2 378.72 (−7 238.60, 2 481.17)

.337

Model 2

1 (ref)

−3 472.41 (−6 866.02, −78.80)

.095

−1 572.53 (−6 485.14, 3 340.09)

.751

Model 3

1 (ref)

−3491.51 (−6 886.44, −96.58)

.122

−1 543.16 (−6 455.72, 3 369.39)

.708

Volume of white matter hyperintensities (n = 38 856)

Model 1

1 (ref)

658.24 (102.38, 1 214.09)

.025^*

−265.18 (−1 068.35, 537.98)

.518

Model 2

1 (ref)

669.83 (115.76, 1 223.90)

.038^*

−222.85 (−1 031.98, 586.28)

.668

Model 3

1 (ref)

548.10 (−2.36, 1 098.57)

.097

−277.00 (−1 080.52, 526.52)

.564

Volume of hippocampus (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−123.71 (−195.58, −51.83)

.001^*

52.60 (−50.37, 155.56)

.317

Model 2

1 (ref)

−117.92 (−189.70, −46.14)

.002^*

45.00 (−58.91, 148.90)

.481

Model 3

1 (ref)

−95.25 (−165.31, −25.19)

.014^*

48.67 (−52.70, 150.04)

.429

Volume of thalamus (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−114.05 (−224.84, −3.26)

.055

−12.71 (−171.43, 146.01)

.875

Model 2

1 (ref)

−101.50 (−211.52, 8.52)

.100

−42.59 (−201.85, 116.67)

.680

Model 3

1 (ref)

−56.14 (−160.66, 48.37)

.362

−33.85 (−185.09, 117.38)

.687

Volume of caudate (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

9.81 (−59.74, 79.35)

.782

63.71 (−35.93, 163.34)

.263

Model 2

1 (ref)

12.48 (−56.88, 81.83)

.724

45.85 (−54.55, 146.25)

.573

Model 3

1 (ref)

19.79 (−49.24, 88.81)

.679

48.49 (−51.38, 148.37)

.522

Volume of putamen (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−90.12 (−176.46, −3.78)

.051

−22.56 (−146.25, 101.13)

.721

Model 2

1 (ref)

−83.25 (−169.32, 2.83)

.090

−36.97 (−161.57, 87.63)

.596

Model 3

1 (ref)

−59.93 (−143.44, 23.58)

.255

−32.68 (−153.51, 88.16)

.704

Volume of pallidum (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−41.17 (−79.07, −3.28)

.041^*

17.65 (−36.63, 71.94)

.524

Model 2

1 (ref)

−39.85 (−77.67, −2.02)

.066

9.83 (−44.92, 64.58)

.796

Model 3

1 (ref)

−29.90 (−67.25, 7.46)

.190

12.68 (−41.37, 66.73)

.699

Volume of amygdala (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−57.11 (−93.34, −20.88)

.003^*

−17.05 (−68.95, 34.86)

.520

Model 2

1 (ref)

−55.48 (−91.69, −19.27)

.005^*

−19.54 (−71.96, 32.87)

.608

Model 3

1 (ref)

−51.85 (−88.02, −15.68)

.012^*

−19.41 (−71.75, 32.92)

.578

Volume of accumbens (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−24.77 (−41.11, −8.43)

.004^*

−4.71 (−28.11, 18.70)

.694

Model 2

1 (ref)

−22.35 (−38.67, −6.03)

.012^*

−2.21 (−25.83, 21.42)

.885

Model 3

1 (ref)

−15.78 (−31.33, −0.23)

.087

−0.98 (−23.48, 21.52)

.932

	Folate/Folic Acid Status
Volume of gray matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−1 496.90 (−4 649.78, 1 655.98)	.440	721.31 (−3 795.50, 5 238.12)	.754
Model 2	1 (ref)	−1 113.77 (−4 234.00, 2 006.45)	.549	1 044.90 (−3 471.96, 5 561.76)	.650
Model 3	1 (ref)	−691.80 (−3 803.26, 2 419.57)	.721	1 272.00 (−3 230.47, 5 774.15)	.659
Volume of white matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−3 657.83 (−7 050.18, −265.47)	.043^*	−2 378.72 (−7 238.60, 2 481.17)	.337
Model 2	1 (ref)	−3 472.41 (−6 866.02, −78.80)	.095	−1 572.53 (−6 485.14, 3 340.09)	.751
Model 3	1 (ref)	−3491.51 (−6 886.44, −96.58)	.122	−1 543.16 (−6 455.72, 3 369.39)	.708
Volume of white matter hyperintensities (n = 38 856)
Model 1	1 (ref)	658.24 (102.38, 1 214.09)	.025^*	−265.18 (−1 068.35, 537.98)	.518
Model 2	1 (ref)	669.83 (115.76, 1 223.90)	.038^*	−222.85 (−1 031.98, 586.28)	.668
Model 3	1 (ref)	548.10 (−2.36, 1 098.57)	.097	−277.00 (−1 080.52, 526.52)	.564
Volume of hippocampus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−123.71 (−195.58, −51.83)	.001^*	52.60 (−50.37, 155.56)	.317
Model 2	1 (ref)	−117.92 (−189.70, −46.14)	.002^*	45.00 (−58.91, 148.90)	.481
Model 3	1 (ref)	−95.25 (−165.31, −25.19)	.014^*	48.67 (−52.70, 150.04)	.429
Volume of thalamus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−114.05 (−224.84, −3.26)	.055	−12.71 (−171.43, 146.01)	.875
Model 2	1 (ref)	−101.50 (−211.52, 8.52)	.100	−42.59 (−201.85, 116.67)	.680
Model 3	1 (ref)	−56.14 (−160.66, 48.37)	.362	−33.85 (−185.09, 117.38)	.687
Volume of caudate (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	9.81 (−59.74, 79.35)	.782	63.71 (−35.93, 163.34)	.263
Model 2	1 (ref)	12.48 (−56.88, 81.83)	.724	45.85 (−54.55, 146.25)	.573
Model 3	1 (ref)	19.79 (−49.24, 88.81)	.679	48.49 (−51.38, 148.37)	.522
Volume of putamen (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−90.12 (−176.46, −3.78)	.051	−22.56 (−146.25, 101.13)	.721
Model 2	1 (ref)	−83.25 (−169.32, 2.83)	.090	−36.97 (−161.57, 87.63)	.596
Model 3	1 (ref)	−59.93 (−143.44, 23.58)	.255	−32.68 (−153.51, 88.16)	.704
Volume of pallidum (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−41.17 (−79.07, −3.28)	.041^*	17.65 (−36.63, 71.94)	.524
Model 2	1 (ref)	−39.85 (−77.67, −2.02)	.066	9.83 (−44.92, 64.58)	.796
Model 3	1 (ref)	−29.90 (−67.25, 7.46)	.190	12.68 (−41.37, 66.73)	.699
Volume of amygdala (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−57.11 (−93.34, −20.88)	.003^*	−17.05 (−68.95, 34.86)	.520
Model 2	1 (ref)	−55.48 (−91.69, −19.27)	.005^*	−19.54 (−71.96, 32.87)	.608
Model 3	1 (ref)	−51.85 (−88.02, −15.68)	.012^*	−19.41 (−71.75, 32.92)	.578
Volume of accumbens (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−24.77 (−41.11, −8.43)	.004^*	−4.71 (−28.11, 18.70)	.694
Model 2	1 (ref)	−22.35 (−38.67, −6.03)	.012^*	−2.21 (−25.83, 21.42)	.885
Model 3	1 (ref)	−15.78 (−31.33, −0.23)	.087	−0.98 (−23.48, 21.52)	.932

Folate/Folic Acid Status

Folate/Folic Acid Nonsupplementation

Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation Alone

Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation With Other B Vitamins

Beta

Beta (95% CI)

p Value

Beta (95% CI)

p Value

Volume of gray matter (n = 40 142)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−1 496.90 (−4 649.78, 1 655.98)

.440

721.31 (−3 795.50, 5 238.12)

.754

Model 2

1 (ref)

−1 113.77 (−4 234.00, 2 006.45)

.549

1 044.90 (−3 471.96, 5 561.76)

.650

Model 3

1 (ref)

−691.80 (−3 803.26, 2 419.57)

.721

1 272.00 (−3 230.47, 5 774.15)

.659

Volume of white matter (n = 40 142)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−3 657.83 (−7 050.18, −265.47)

.043^*

−2 378.72 (−7 238.60, 2 481.17)

.337

Model 2

1 (ref)

−3 472.41 (−6 866.02, −78.80)

.095

−1 572.53 (−6 485.14, 3 340.09)

.751

Model 3

1 (ref)

−3491.51 (−6 886.44, −96.58)

.122

−1 543.16 (−6 455.72, 3 369.39)

.708

Volume of white matter hyperintensities (n = 38 856)

Model 1

1 (ref)

658.24 (102.38, 1 214.09)

.025^*

−265.18 (−1 068.35, 537.98)

.518

Model 2

1 (ref)

669.83 (115.76, 1 223.90)

.038^*

−222.85 (−1 031.98, 586.28)

.668

Model 3

1 (ref)

548.10 (−2.36, 1 098.57)

.097

−277.00 (−1 080.52, 526.52)

.564

Volume of hippocampus (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−123.71 (−195.58, −51.83)

.001^*

52.60 (−50.37, 155.56)

.317

Model 2

1 (ref)

−117.92 (−189.70, −46.14)

.002^*

45.00 (−58.91, 148.90)

.481

Model 3

1 (ref)

−95.25 (−165.31, −25.19)

.014^*

48.67 (−52.70, 150.04)

.429

Volume of thalamus (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−114.05 (−224.84, −3.26)

.055

−12.71 (−171.43, 146.01)

.875

Model 2

1 (ref)

−101.50 (−211.52, 8.52)

.100

−42.59 (−201.85, 116.67)

.680

Model 3

1 (ref)

−56.14 (−160.66, 48.37)

.362

−33.85 (−185.09, 117.38)

.687

Volume of caudate (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

9.81 (−59.74, 79.35)

.782

63.71 (−35.93, 163.34)

.263

Model 2

1 (ref)

12.48 (−56.88, 81.83)

.724

45.85 (−54.55, 146.25)

.573

Model 3

1 (ref)

19.79 (−49.24, 88.81)

.679

48.49 (−51.38, 148.37)

.522

Volume of putamen (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−90.12 (−176.46, −3.78)

.051

−22.56 (−146.25, 101.13)

.721

Model 2

1 (ref)

−83.25 (−169.32, 2.83)

.090

−36.97 (−161.57, 87.63)

.596

Model 3

1 (ref)

−59.93 (−143.44, 23.58)

.255

−32.68 (−153.51, 88.16)

.704

Volume of pallidum (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−41.17 (−79.07, −3.28)

.041^*

17.65 (−36.63, 71.94)

.524

Model 2

1 (ref)

−39.85 (−77.67, −2.02)

.066

9.83 (−44.92, 64.58)

.796

Model 3

1 (ref)

−29.90 (−67.25, 7.46)

.190

12.68 (−41.37, 66.73)

.699

Volume of amygdala (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−57.11 (−93.34, −20.88)

.003^*

−17.05 (−68.95, 34.86)

.520

Model 2

1 (ref)

−55.48 (−91.69, −19.27)

.005^*

−19.54 (−71.96, 32.87)

.608

Model 3

1 (ref)

−51.85 (−88.02, −15.68)

.012^*

−19.41 (−71.75, 32.92)

.578

Volume of accumbens (n = 40 126)

Model 1

1 (ref)

−24.77 (−41.11, −8.43)

.004^*

−4.71 (−28.11, 18.70)

.694

Model 2

1 (ref)

−22.35 (−38.67, −6.03)

.012^*

−2.21 (−25.83, 21.42)

.885

Model 3

1 (ref)

−15.78 (−31.33, −0.23)

.087

−0.98 (−23.48, 21.52)

.932

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Associations Between Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation Status and Brain Structure (mm³)

	Folate/Folic Acid Status
	Folate/Folic Acid Nonsupplementation	Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation Alone		Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation With Other B Vitamins
	Beta	Beta (95% CI)	p Value	Beta (95% CI)	p Value
Volume of gray matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−1 496.90 (−4 649.78, 1 655.98)	.440	721.31 (−3 795.50, 5 238.12)	.754
Model 2	1 (ref)	−1 113.77 (−4 234.00, 2 006.45)	.549	1 044.90 (−3 471.96, 5 561.76)	.650
Model 3	1 (ref)	−691.80 (−3 803.26, 2 419.57)	.721	1 272.00 (−3 230.47, 5 774.15)	.659
Volume of white matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−3 657.83 (−7 050.18, −265.47)	.043^*	−2 378.72 (−7 238.60, 2 481.17)	.337
Model 2	1 (ref)	−3 472.41 (−6 866.02, −78.80)	.095	−1 572.53 (−6 485.14, 3 340.09)	.751
Model 3	1 (ref)	−3491.51 (−6 886.44, −96.58)	.122	−1 543.16 (−6 455.72, 3 369.39)	.708
Volume of white matter hyperintensities (n = 38 856)
Model 1	1 (ref)	658.24 (102.38, 1 214.09)	.025^*	−265.18 (−1 068.35, 537.98)	.518
Model 2	1 (ref)	669.83 (115.76, 1 223.90)	.038^*	−222.85 (−1 031.98, 586.28)	.668
Model 3	1 (ref)	548.10 (−2.36, 1 098.57)	.097	−277.00 (−1 080.52, 526.52)	.564
Volume of hippocampus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−123.71 (−195.58, −51.83)	.001^*	52.60 (−50.37, 155.56)	.317
Model 2	1 (ref)	−117.92 (−189.70, −46.14)	.002^*	45.00 (−58.91, 148.90)	.481
Model 3	1 (ref)	−95.25 (−165.31, −25.19)	.014^*	48.67 (−52.70, 150.04)	.429
Volume of thalamus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−114.05 (−224.84, −3.26)	.055	−12.71 (−171.43, 146.01)	.875
Model 2	1 (ref)	−101.50 (−211.52, 8.52)	.100	−42.59 (−201.85, 116.67)	.680
Model 3	1 (ref)	−56.14 (−160.66, 48.37)	.362	−33.85 (−185.09, 117.38)	.687
Volume of caudate (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	9.81 (−59.74, 79.35)	.782	63.71 (−35.93, 163.34)	.263
Model 2	1 (ref)	12.48 (−56.88, 81.83)	.724	45.85 (−54.55, 146.25)	.573
Model 3	1 (ref)	19.79 (−49.24, 88.81)	.679	48.49 (−51.38, 148.37)	.522
Volume of putamen (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−90.12 (−176.46, −3.78)	.051	−22.56 (−146.25, 101.13)	.721
Model 2	1 (ref)	−83.25 (−169.32, 2.83)	.090	−36.97 (−161.57, 87.63)	.596
Model 3	1 (ref)	−59.93 (−143.44, 23.58)	.255	−32.68 (−153.51, 88.16)	.704
Volume of pallidum (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−41.17 (−79.07, −3.28)	.041^*	17.65 (−36.63, 71.94)	.524
Model 2	1 (ref)	−39.85 (−77.67, −2.02)	.066	9.83 (−44.92, 64.58)	.796
Model 3	1 (ref)	−29.90 (−67.25, 7.46)	.190	12.68 (−41.37, 66.73)	.699
Volume of amygdala (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−57.11 (−93.34, −20.88)	.003^*	−17.05 (−68.95, 34.86)	.520
Model 2	1 (ref)	−55.48 (−91.69, −19.27)	.005^*	−19.54 (−71.96, 32.87)	.608
Model 3	1 (ref)	−51.85 (−88.02, −15.68)	.012^*	−19.41 (−71.75, 32.92)	.578
Volume of accumbens (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−24.77 (−41.11, −8.43)	.004^*	−4.71 (−28.11, 18.70)	.694
Model 2	1 (ref)	−22.35 (−38.67, −6.03)	.012^*	−2.21 (−25.83, 21.42)	.885
Model 3	1 (ref)	−15.78 (−31.33, −0.23)	.087	−0.98 (−23.48, 21.52)	.932

	Folate/Folic Acid Status
	Folate/Folic Acid Nonsupplementation	Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation Alone		Folate/Folic Acid Supplementation With Other B Vitamins
	Beta	Beta (95% CI)	p Value	Beta (95% CI)	p Value
Volume of gray matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−1 496.90 (−4 649.78, 1 655.98)	.440	721.31 (−3 795.50, 5 238.12)	.754
Model 2	1 (ref)	−1 113.77 (−4 234.00, 2 006.45)	.549	1 044.90 (−3 471.96, 5 561.76)	.650
Model 3	1 (ref)	−691.80 (−3 803.26, 2 419.57)	.721	1 272.00 (−3 230.47, 5 774.15)	.659
Volume of white matter (n = 40 142)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−3 657.83 (−7 050.18, −265.47)	.043^*	−2 378.72 (−7 238.60, 2 481.17)	.337
Model 2	1 (ref)	−3 472.41 (−6 866.02, −78.80)	.095	−1 572.53 (−6 485.14, 3 340.09)	.751
Model 3	1 (ref)	−3491.51 (−6 886.44, −96.58)	.122	−1 543.16 (−6 455.72, 3 369.39)	.708
Volume of white matter hyperintensities (n = 38 856)
Model 1	1 (ref)	658.24 (102.38, 1 214.09)	.025^*	−265.18 (−1 068.35, 537.98)	.518
Model 2	1 (ref)	669.83 (115.76, 1 223.90)	.038^*	−222.85 (−1 031.98, 586.28)	.668
Model 3	1 (ref)	548.10 (−2.36, 1 098.57)	.097	−277.00 (−1 080.52, 526.52)	.564
Volume of hippocampus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−123.71 (−195.58, −51.83)	.001^*	52.60 (−50.37, 155.56)	.317
Model 2	1 (ref)	−117.92 (−189.70, −46.14)	.002^*	45.00 (−58.91, 148.90)	.481
Model 3	1 (ref)	−95.25 (−165.31, −25.19)	.014^*	48.67 (−52.70, 150.04)	.429
Volume of thalamus (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−114.05 (−224.84, −3.26)	.055	−12.71 (−171.43, 146.01)	.875
Model 2	1 (ref)	−101.50 (−211.52, 8.52)	.100	−42.59 (−201.85, 116.67)	.680
Model 3	1 (ref)	−56.14 (−160.66, 48.37)	.362	−33.85 (−185.09, 117.38)	.687
Volume of caudate (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	9.81 (−59.74, 79.35)	.782	63.71 (−35.93, 163.34)	.263
Model 2	1 (ref)	12.48 (−56.88, 81.83)	.724	45.85 (−54.55, 146.25)	.573
Model 3	1 (ref)	19.79 (−49.24, 88.81)	.679	48.49 (−51.38, 148.37)	.522
Volume of putamen (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−90.12 (−176.46, −3.78)	.051	−22.56 (−146.25, 101.13)	.721
Model 2	1 (ref)	−83.25 (−169.32, 2.83)	.090	−36.97 (−161.57, 87.63)	.596
Model 3	1 (ref)	−59.93 (−143.44, 23.58)	.255	−32.68 (−153.51, 88.16)	.704
Volume of pallidum (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−41.17 (−79.07, −3.28)	.041^*	17.65 (−36.63, 71.94)	.524
Model 2	1 (ref)	−39.85 (−77.67, −2.02)	.066	9.83 (−44.92, 64.58)	.796
Model 3	1 (ref)	−29.90 (−67.25, 7.46)	.190	12.68 (−41.37, 66.73)	.699
Volume of amygdala (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−57.11 (−93.34, −20.88)	.003^*	−17.05 (−68.95, 34.86)	.520
Model 2	1 (ref)	−55.48 (−91.69, −19.27)	.005^*	−19.54 (−71.96, 32.87)	.608
Model 3	1 (ref)	−51.85 (−88.02, −15.68)	.012^*	−19.41 (−71.75, 32.92)	.578
Volume of accumbens (n = 40 126)
Model 1	1 (ref)	−24.77 (−41.11, −8.43)	.004^*	−4.71 (−28.11, 18.70)	.694
Model 2	1 (ref)	−22.35 (−38.67, −6.03)	.012^*	−2.21 (−25.83, 21.42)	.885
Model 3	1 (ref)	−15.78 (−31.33, −0.23)	.087	−0.98 (−23.48, 21.52)	.932

Notes: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; CRP = C-reactive protein; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TDI = Townsend deprivation index; TG = triglycerides. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 additionally adjusted for BMI, TDI, education, ethnicity, assessment center, healthy diet, iron supplementation, smoking, and alcohol. Model 3 was based on Model 2 and additionally adjusted for the history of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and the levels of TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and CRP. When assessing white matter hyperintensities and subcortical volumes, Model 3 additionally adjusted for the total intracranial volume (the sum of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid).

^*Represent significant associations (p < .05).

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