Baseline clinical characteristics of the total participants, individuals who did or did not develop diabetes, and individuals treated or untreated for diabetes.
| . | Total (n = 23,622) . | Non-diabetes (n = 21,897) . | Diabetes (n = 1,725) . | P value ¶ . | Untreated diabetes (n = 1,193) . | Treated diabetes (n = 532) . | P value # . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38.8 ± 11.5 | 38.4 ± 11.6 | 44.2 ± 8.8 | <0.0001 | 45.4 ± 8.5 | 41.5 ± 9.0 | <0.0001 |
| <20 years | 322 (1.36) | 315 (1.44) | 7 (0.41) | 3 (0.25) | 4 (0.75) | ||
| 20–29 years | 6,940 (29.38) | 6,790 (31.01) | 150 (8.70) | 89 (7.46) | 61 (11.47) | ||
| 30–39 years | 5,515 (23.35) | 5,169 (23.61) | 346 (20.06) | 187 (15.67) | 159 (29.89) | ||
| 40–49 years | 5,419 (22.94) | 4,701 (21.47) | 718 (41.62) | 505 (42.33) | 213 (40.04) | ||
| 50–59 years | 5,403 (22.87) | 4,899 (22.37) | 504 (29.22) | 409 (34.28) | 95 (17.86) | ||
| ≥60 years | 23 (0.10) | 23 (0.11) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Male sex | 21,492 (91.0) | 19,783 (90.4) | 1,708 (99.0) | <0.0001 | 1,179 (98.8) | 529 (99.4) | 0.24 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.4 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124 ± 14 | 124 ± 14 | 131 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 131 ± 15 | 130 ± 13 | 0.66 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 83 ± 10 | <0.0001 | 83 ± 11 | 83 ± 10 | 0.16 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) † | 5.4 ± 0.3 (36 ± 4) | 5.4 ± 0.3 (35 ± 3) | 5.8 ± 0.4 (40 ± 5) | <0.0001 | 5.7 ± 0.4 (39 ± 4) | 5.9 ± 0.6 (41 ± 6) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/mol) ‡ | 5.37 ± 0.52 | 5.32 ± 0.45 | 6.02 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 | 5.97 ± 0.72 | 6.11 ± 0.91 | 0.002 |
| Current smoker § | 8,894 (38.4) | 8,034 (37.4) | 860 (51.0) | <0.0001 | 589 (50.6) | 271 (51.9) | 0.62 |
| . | Total (n = 23,622) . | Non-diabetes (n = 21,897) . | Diabetes (n = 1,725) . | P value ¶ . | Untreated diabetes (n = 1,193) . | Treated diabetes (n = 532) . | P value # . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38.8 ± 11.5 | 38.4 ± 11.6 | 44.2 ± 8.8 | <0.0001 | 45.4 ± 8.5 | 41.5 ± 9.0 | <0.0001 |
| <20 years | 322 (1.36) | 315 (1.44) | 7 (0.41) | 3 (0.25) | 4 (0.75) | ||
| 20–29 years | 6,940 (29.38) | 6,790 (31.01) | 150 (8.70) | 89 (7.46) | 61 (11.47) | ||
| 30–39 years | 5,515 (23.35) | 5,169 (23.61) | 346 (20.06) | 187 (15.67) | 159 (29.89) | ||
| 40–49 years | 5,419 (22.94) | 4,701 (21.47) | 718 (41.62) | 505 (42.33) | 213 (40.04) | ||
| 50–59 years | 5,403 (22.87) | 4,899 (22.37) | 504 (29.22) | 409 (34.28) | 95 (17.86) | ||
| ≥60 years | 23 (0.10) | 23 (0.11) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Male sex | 21,492 (91.0) | 19,783 (90.4) | 1,708 (99.0) | <0.0001 | 1,179 (98.8) | 529 (99.4) | 0.24 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.4 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124 ± 14 | 124 ± 14 | 131 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 131 ± 15 | 130 ± 13 | 0.66 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 83 ± 10 | <0.0001 | 83 ± 11 | 83 ± 10 | 0.16 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) † | 5.4 ± 0.3 (36 ± 4) | 5.4 ± 0.3 (35 ± 3) | 5.8 ± 0.4 (40 ± 5) | <0.0001 | 5.7 ± 0.4 (39 ± 4) | 5.9 ± 0.6 (41 ± 6) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/mol) ‡ | 5.37 ± 0.52 | 5.32 ± 0.45 | 6.02 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 | 5.97 ± 0.72 | 6.11 ± 0.91 | 0.002 |
| Current smoker § | 8,894 (38.4) | 8,034 (37.4) | 860 (51.0) | <0.0001 | 589 (50.6) | 271 (51.9) | 0.62 |
Values are n (%) or the mean ± standard deviation.
†Participants whose HbA1c values were measured: total (n = 21,995), non-diabetes (n = 20,270), diabetes (n = 1,725), untreated diabetes (n = 1,193), and treated diabetes (n = 532).
‡Participants whose fasting plasma glucose values were measured: total (n = 21,109), non-diabetes (n = 19,456), diabetes (n = 1,653), untreated diabetes (n = 1,147), and treated diabetes (n = 506).
§Participants whose current smoking status was confirmed by a questionnaire: total (n = 23,146), nondiabetes (n = 21,460), diabetes (n = 1,686), untreated diabetes (n = 1,164), and treated diabetes (n = 522).
¶Non-diabetes vs. diabetes.
#Untreated diabetes vs. treated diabetes.
BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the total participants, individuals who did or did not develop diabetes, and individuals treated or untreated for diabetes.
| . | Total (n = 23,622) . | Non-diabetes (n = 21,897) . | Diabetes (n = 1,725) . | P value ¶ . | Untreated diabetes (n = 1,193) . | Treated diabetes (n = 532) . | P value # . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38.8 ± 11.5 | 38.4 ± 11.6 | 44.2 ± 8.8 | <0.0001 | 45.4 ± 8.5 | 41.5 ± 9.0 | <0.0001 |
| <20 years | 322 (1.36) | 315 (1.44) | 7 (0.41) | 3 (0.25) | 4 (0.75) | ||
| 20–29 years | 6,940 (29.38) | 6,790 (31.01) | 150 (8.70) | 89 (7.46) | 61 (11.47) | ||
| 30–39 years | 5,515 (23.35) | 5,169 (23.61) | 346 (20.06) | 187 (15.67) | 159 (29.89) | ||
| 40–49 years | 5,419 (22.94) | 4,701 (21.47) | 718 (41.62) | 505 (42.33) | 213 (40.04) | ||
| 50–59 years | 5,403 (22.87) | 4,899 (22.37) | 504 (29.22) | 409 (34.28) | 95 (17.86) | ||
| ≥60 years | 23 (0.10) | 23 (0.11) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Male sex | 21,492 (91.0) | 19,783 (90.4) | 1,708 (99.0) | <0.0001 | 1,179 (98.8) | 529 (99.4) | 0.24 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.4 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124 ± 14 | 124 ± 14 | 131 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 131 ± 15 | 130 ± 13 | 0.66 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 83 ± 10 | <0.0001 | 83 ± 11 | 83 ± 10 | 0.16 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) † | 5.4 ± 0.3 (36 ± 4) | 5.4 ± 0.3 (35 ± 3) | 5.8 ± 0.4 (40 ± 5) | <0.0001 | 5.7 ± 0.4 (39 ± 4) | 5.9 ± 0.6 (41 ± 6) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/mol) ‡ | 5.37 ± 0.52 | 5.32 ± 0.45 | 6.02 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 | 5.97 ± 0.72 | 6.11 ± 0.91 | 0.002 |
| Current smoker § | 8,894 (38.4) | 8,034 (37.4) | 860 (51.0) | <0.0001 | 589 (50.6) | 271 (51.9) | 0.62 |
| . | Total (n = 23,622) . | Non-diabetes (n = 21,897) . | Diabetes (n = 1,725) . | P value ¶ . | Untreated diabetes (n = 1,193) . | Treated diabetes (n = 532) . | P value # . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38.8 ± 11.5 | 38.4 ± 11.6 | 44.2 ± 8.8 | <0.0001 | 45.4 ± 8.5 | 41.5 ± 9.0 | <0.0001 |
| <20 years | 322 (1.36) | 315 (1.44) | 7 (0.41) | 3 (0.25) | 4 (0.75) | ||
| 20–29 years | 6,940 (29.38) | 6,790 (31.01) | 150 (8.70) | 89 (7.46) | 61 (11.47) | ||
| 30–39 years | 5,515 (23.35) | 5,169 (23.61) | 346 (20.06) | 187 (15.67) | 159 (29.89) | ||
| 40–49 years | 5,419 (22.94) | 4,701 (21.47) | 718 (41.62) | 505 (42.33) | 213 (40.04) | ||
| 50–59 years | 5,403 (22.87) | 4,899 (22.37) | 504 (29.22) | 409 (34.28) | 95 (17.86) | ||
| ≥60 years | 23 (0.10) | 23 (0.11) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Male sex | 21,492 (91.0) | 19,783 (90.4) | 1,708 (99.0) | <0.0001 | 1,179 (98.8) | 529 (99.4) | 0.24 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.4 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 27.4 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124 ± 14 | 124 ± 14 | 131 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 131 ± 15 | 130 ± 13 | 0.66 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 83 ± 10 | <0.0001 | 83 ± 11 | 83 ± 10 | 0.16 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) † | 5.4 ± 0.3 (36 ± 4) | 5.4 ± 0.3 (35 ± 3) | 5.8 ± 0.4 (40 ± 5) | <0.0001 | 5.7 ± 0.4 (39 ± 4) | 5.9 ± 0.6 (41 ± 6) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/mol) ‡ | 5.37 ± 0.52 | 5.32 ± 0.45 | 6.02 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 | 5.97 ± 0.72 | 6.11 ± 0.91 | 0.002 |
| Current smoker § | 8,894 (38.4) | 8,034 (37.4) | 860 (51.0) | <0.0001 | 589 (50.6) | 271 (51.9) | 0.62 |
Values are n (%) or the mean ± standard deviation.
†Participants whose HbA1c values were measured: total (n = 21,995), non-diabetes (n = 20,270), diabetes (n = 1,725), untreated diabetes (n = 1,193), and treated diabetes (n = 532).
‡Participants whose fasting plasma glucose values were measured: total (n = 21,109), non-diabetes (n = 19,456), diabetes (n = 1,653), untreated diabetes (n = 1,147), and treated diabetes (n = 506).
§Participants whose current smoking status was confirmed by a questionnaire: total (n = 23,146), nondiabetes (n = 21,460), diabetes (n = 1,686), untreated diabetes (n = 1,164), and treated diabetes (n = 522).
¶Non-diabetes vs. diabetes.
#Untreated diabetes vs. treated diabetes.
BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
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