Table 1. Open in new tab Summary...

	Before weighting	After weighting
Outcomes
“What happens in my life is my responsibility”	2.77	0.74	2.80	0.72		2.77	0.74	2.81	0.70
“I can do most things if I try”	2.81	0.77	2.88	0.74	**	2.81	0.77	2.91	0.72	***
“I think I can handle most things”	3.04	0.75	3.03	0.73		3.04	0.75	3.05	0.73
Composite Index of Locus of Control	−0.06	1.00	0.01	1.00		−0.06	1.00	0.04	0.98	**
Controls
Father returning home before 3 pm	0.03	0.16	0.02	0.12	*	0.03	0.16	0.03	0.16
Father returning home between 3 and 5 pm	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.14		0.02	0.16	0.02	0.16
Father returning home between 5 and 7 pm	0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42		0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42
Father returning home between 7 and 9 pm	0.39	0.49	0.41	0.49		0.39	0.49	0.39	0.49
Father returning home between 9 and 11 pm	0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44		0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44
Father returning home after 11 pm	0.08	0.27	0.07	0.25		0.08	0.27	0.08	0.27
Boy	0.47	0.50	0.48	0.50		0.47	0.50	0.47	0.50
Father: permanent job	0.92	0.27	0.97	0.16	***	0.92	0.27	0.92	0.27
Father: university graduate	0.46	0.50	0.47	0.50		0.46	0.50	0.46	0.50
Father: missing (univ. grad.)	0.12	0.33	0.10	0.30		0.12	0.33	0.12	0.33
Father: year of birth	1968.27	5.42	1968.97	5.28	**	1968.27	5.42	1967.35	5.34	***
Mother: permanent job	0.63	0.48	0.18	0.38	***	0.63	0.48	0.63	0.48
Mother: university graduate	0.32	0.47	0.23	0.42	***	0.32	0.47	0.32	0.47
Mother: missing (univ. grad.)	0.11	0.31	0.09	0.28		0.11	0.31	0.11	0.31
Mother: year of birth	1969.91	4.39	1970.97	4.26	***	1969.91	4.39	1968.99	4.29	***
Grade 7	0.12	0.33	0.17	0.38	**	0.12	0.33	0.12	0.32
Grade 8	0.14	0.35	0.18	0.38	***	0.14	0.35	0.14	0.35
Grade 9	0.17	0.38	0.18	0.38		0.17	0.38	0.17	0.38
Grade 10	0.19	0.39	0.16	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 11	0.19	0.39	0.17	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 12	0.19	0.39	0.14	0.35	**	0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Cohabitation with grandparents	0.21	0.41	0.15	0.36	***	0.21	0.41	0.21	0.41
Number of children	2.30	0.82	2.29	0.79		2.30	0.82	2.30	0.82
Observations	484		4,273			484		4,273

Before weighting

After weighting

Mothers’ time of returning home

After 7 p.m.

Before 7 p.m. (incl. not working)

Mean Diff

After 7 p.m.

Before 7 p.m. (incl. not working)

Mean Diff

Mean

S.D.

Mean

S.D.

Mean

S.D.

Mean

S.D.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Outcomes

“What happens in my life is my responsibility”

2.77

0.74

2.80

0.72

2.77

0.74

2.81

0.70

“I can do most things if I try”

2.81

0.77

2.88

0.74

2.81

0.77

2.91

0.72

***

“I think I can handle most things”

3.04

0.75

3.03

0.73

3.04

0.75

3.05

0.73

Composite Index of Locus of Control

−0.06

1.00

0.01

1.00

−0.06

1.00

0.04

0.98

Controls

Father returning home before 3 pm

0.03

0.16

0.02

0.12

0.03

0.16

0.03

0.16

Father returning home between 3 and 5 pm

0.02

0.16

0.02

0.14

0.02

0.16

0.02

0.16

Father returning home between 5 and 7 pm

0.23

0.42

0.23

0.42

0.23

0.42

0.23

0.42

Father returning home between 7 and 9 pm

0.39

0.49

0.41

0.49

0.39

0.49

0.39

0.49

Father returning home between 9 and 11 pm

0.26

0.44

0.26

0.44

0.26

0.44

0.26

0.44

Father returning home after 11 pm

0.08

0.27

0.07

0.25

0.08

0.27

0.08

0.27

Boy

0.47

0.50

0.48

0.50

0.47

0.50

0.47

0.50

Father: permanent job

0.92

0.27

0.97

0.16

***

0.92

0.27

0.92

0.27

Father: university graduate

0.46

0.50

0.47

0.50

0.46

0.50

0.46

0.50

Father: missing (univ. grad.)

0.12

0.33

0.10

0.30

0.12

0.33

0.12

0.33

Father: year of birth

1968.27

5.42

1968.97

5.28

1968.27

5.42

1967.35

5.34

***

Mother: permanent job

0.63

0.48

0.18

0.38

***

0.63

0.48

0.63

0.48

Mother: university graduate

0.32

0.47

0.23

0.42

***

0.32

0.47

0.32

0.47

Mother: missing (univ. grad.)

0.11

0.31

0.09

0.28

0.11

0.31

0.11

0.31

Mother: year of birth

1969.91

4.39

1970.97

4.26

***

1969.91

4.39

1968.99

4.29

***

Grade 7

0.12

0.33

0.17

0.38

0.12

0.33

0.12

0.32

Grade 8

0.14

0.35

0.18

0.38

***

0.14

0.35

0.14

0.35

Grade 9

0.17

0.38

0.18

0.38

0.17

0.38

0.17

0.38

Grade 10

0.19

0.39

0.16

0.37

0.19

0.39

0.19

0.39

Grade 11

0.19

0.39

0.17

0.37

0.19

0.39

0.19

0.39

Grade 12

0.19

0.39

0.14

0.35

0.19

0.39

0.19

0.39

Cohabitation with grandparents

0.21

0.41

0.15

0.36

***

0.21

0.41

0.21

0.41

Number of children

2.30

0.82

2.29

0.79

2.30

0.82

2.30

0.82

Observations

484

4,273

484

4,273

	Before weighting	After weighting
Outcomes
“What happens in my life is my responsibility”	2.77	0.74	2.80	0.72		2.77	0.74	2.81	0.70
“I can do most things if I try”	2.81	0.77	2.88	0.74	**	2.81	0.77	2.91	0.72	***
“I think I can handle most things”	3.04	0.75	3.03	0.73		3.04	0.75	3.05	0.73
Composite Index of Locus of Control	−0.06	1.00	0.01	1.00		−0.06	1.00	0.04	0.98	**
Controls
Father returning home before 3 pm	0.03	0.16	0.02	0.12	*	0.03	0.16	0.03	0.16
Father returning home between 3 and 5 pm	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.14		0.02	0.16	0.02	0.16
Father returning home between 5 and 7 pm	0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42		0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42
Father returning home between 7 and 9 pm	0.39	0.49	0.41	0.49		0.39	0.49	0.39	0.49
Father returning home between 9 and 11 pm	0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44		0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44
Father returning home after 11 pm	0.08	0.27	0.07	0.25		0.08	0.27	0.08	0.27
Boy	0.47	0.50	0.48	0.50		0.47	0.50	0.47	0.50
Father: permanent job	0.92	0.27	0.97	0.16	***	0.92	0.27	0.92	0.27
Father: university graduate	0.46	0.50	0.47	0.50		0.46	0.50	0.46	0.50
Father: missing (univ. grad.)	0.12	0.33	0.10	0.30		0.12	0.33	0.12	0.33
Father: year of birth	1968.27	5.42	1968.97	5.28	**	1968.27	5.42	1967.35	5.34	***
Mother: permanent job	0.63	0.48	0.18	0.38	***	0.63	0.48	0.63	0.48
Mother: university graduate	0.32	0.47	0.23	0.42	***	0.32	0.47	0.32	0.47
Mother: missing (univ. grad.)	0.11	0.31	0.09	0.28		0.11	0.31	0.11	0.31
Mother: year of birth	1969.91	4.39	1970.97	4.26	***	1969.91	4.39	1968.99	4.29	***
Grade 7	0.12	0.33	0.17	0.38	**	0.12	0.33	0.12	0.32
Grade 8	0.14	0.35	0.18	0.38	***	0.14	0.35	0.14	0.35
Grade 9	0.17	0.38	0.18	0.38		0.17	0.38	0.17	0.38
Grade 10	0.19	0.39	0.16	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 11	0.19	0.39	0.17	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 12	0.19	0.39	0.14	0.35	**	0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Cohabitation with grandparents	0.21	0.41	0.15	0.36	***	0.21	0.41	0.21	0.41
Number of children	2.30	0.82	2.29	0.79		2.30	0.82	2.30	0.82
Observations	484		4,273			484		4,273

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Summary statistics.

Mothers’ time of returning home	After 7 p.m.		Before 7 p.m. (incl. not working)		Mean Diff	After 7 p.m.		Before 7 p.m. (incl. not working)		Mean Diff
	Before weighting					After weighting
	Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.		Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)		(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Outcomes
“What happens in my life is my responsibility”	2.77	0.74	2.80	0.72		2.77	0.74	2.81	0.70
“I can do most things if I try”	2.81	0.77	2.88	0.74	**	2.81	0.77	2.91	0.72	***
“I think I can handle most things”	3.04	0.75	3.03	0.73		3.04	0.75	3.05	0.73
Composite Index of Locus of Control	−0.06	1.00	0.01	1.00		−0.06	1.00	0.04	0.98	**
Controls
Father returning home before 3 pm	0.03	0.16	0.02	0.12	*	0.03	0.16	0.03	0.16
Father returning home between 3 and 5 pm	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.14		0.02	0.16	0.02	0.16
Father returning home between 5 and 7 pm	0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42		0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42
Father returning home between 7 and 9 pm	0.39	0.49	0.41	0.49		0.39	0.49	0.39	0.49
Father returning home between 9 and 11 pm	0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44		0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44
Father returning home after 11 pm	0.08	0.27	0.07	0.25		0.08	0.27	0.08	0.27
Boy	0.47	0.50	0.48	0.50		0.47	0.50	0.47	0.50
Father: permanent job	0.92	0.27	0.97	0.16	***	0.92	0.27	0.92	0.27
Father: university graduate	0.46	0.50	0.47	0.50		0.46	0.50	0.46	0.50
Father: missing (univ. grad.)	0.12	0.33	0.10	0.30		0.12	0.33	0.12	0.33
Father: year of birth	1968.27	5.42	1968.97	5.28	**	1968.27	5.42	1967.35	5.34	***
Mother: permanent job	0.63	0.48	0.18	0.38	***	0.63	0.48	0.63	0.48
Mother: university graduate	0.32	0.47	0.23	0.42	***	0.32	0.47	0.32	0.47
Mother: missing (univ. grad.)	0.11	0.31	0.09	0.28		0.11	0.31	0.11	0.31
Mother: year of birth	1969.91	4.39	1970.97	4.26	***	1969.91	4.39	1968.99	4.29	***
Grade 7	0.12	0.33	0.17	0.38	**	0.12	0.33	0.12	0.32
Grade 8	0.14	0.35	0.18	0.38	***	0.14	0.35	0.14	0.35
Grade 9	0.17	0.38	0.18	0.38		0.17	0.38	0.17	0.38
Grade 10	0.19	0.39	0.16	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 11	0.19	0.39	0.17	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 12	0.19	0.39	0.14	0.35	**	0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Cohabitation with grandparents	0.21	0.41	0.15	0.36	***	0.21	0.41	0.21	0.41
Number of children	2.30	0.82	2.29	0.79		2.30	0.82	2.30	0.82
Observations	484		4,273			484		4,273

Mothers’ time of returning home	After 7 p.m.		Before 7 p.m. (incl. not working)		Mean Diff	After 7 p.m.		Before 7 p.m. (incl. not working)		Mean Diff
	Before weighting					After weighting
	Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.		Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)		(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
Outcomes
“What happens in my life is my responsibility”	2.77	0.74	2.80	0.72		2.77	0.74	2.81	0.70
“I can do most things if I try”	2.81	0.77	2.88	0.74	**	2.81	0.77	2.91	0.72	***
“I think I can handle most things”	3.04	0.75	3.03	0.73		3.04	0.75	3.05	0.73
Composite Index of Locus of Control	−0.06	1.00	0.01	1.00		−0.06	1.00	0.04	0.98	**
Controls
Father returning home before 3 pm	0.03	0.16	0.02	0.12	*	0.03	0.16	0.03	0.16
Father returning home between 3 and 5 pm	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.14		0.02	0.16	0.02	0.16
Father returning home between 5 and 7 pm	0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42		0.23	0.42	0.23	0.42
Father returning home between 7 and 9 pm	0.39	0.49	0.41	0.49		0.39	0.49	0.39	0.49
Father returning home between 9 and 11 pm	0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44		0.26	0.44	0.26	0.44
Father returning home after 11 pm	0.08	0.27	0.07	0.25		0.08	0.27	0.08	0.27
Boy	0.47	0.50	0.48	0.50		0.47	0.50	0.47	0.50
Father: permanent job	0.92	0.27	0.97	0.16	***	0.92	0.27	0.92	0.27
Father: university graduate	0.46	0.50	0.47	0.50		0.46	0.50	0.46	0.50
Father: missing (univ. grad.)	0.12	0.33	0.10	0.30		0.12	0.33	0.12	0.33
Father: year of birth	1968.27	5.42	1968.97	5.28	**	1968.27	5.42	1967.35	5.34	***
Mother: permanent job	0.63	0.48	0.18	0.38	***	0.63	0.48	0.63	0.48
Mother: university graduate	0.32	0.47	0.23	0.42	***	0.32	0.47	0.32	0.47
Mother: missing (univ. grad.)	0.11	0.31	0.09	0.28		0.11	0.31	0.11	0.31
Mother: year of birth	1969.91	4.39	1970.97	4.26	***	1969.91	4.39	1968.99	4.29	***
Grade 7	0.12	0.33	0.17	0.38	**	0.12	0.33	0.12	0.32
Grade 8	0.14	0.35	0.18	0.38	***	0.14	0.35	0.14	0.35
Grade 9	0.17	0.38	0.18	0.38		0.17	0.38	0.17	0.38
Grade 10	0.19	0.39	0.16	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 11	0.19	0.39	0.17	0.37		0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Grade 12	0.19	0.39	0.14	0.35	**	0.19	0.39	0.19	0.39
Cohabitation with grandparents	0.21	0.41	0.15	0.36	***	0.21	0.41	0.21	0.41
Number of children	2.30	0.82	2.29	0.79		2.30	0.82	2.30	0.82
Observations	484		4,273			484		4,273

Note: The controls also include 47 prefecture dummies, but the results are not reported in the table.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only