. | 2017 . | 2020 . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
Health | ||||||
Standardized strenuosity | −0.157 | 0.199** | 0.188** | −0.025 | 0.015 | −0.004 |
score | (0.890) | (0.080) | (0.082) | 0.894 | (0.078) | (0.074) |
{0.007}*** | {0.01}** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Consider garment factory | 0.563 | 0.175*** | 0.160*** | 0.865 | 0.004 | 0.024 |
jobs as unhealthy (yes = 1) | [0.497] | (0.041) | (0.042) | [0.343] | (0.030) | (0.028) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Perception and Expectations | ||||||
Subjective factory job | 6.079 | −1.380*** | −1.297*** | 4.847 | 0.112 | 0.218 |
quality (scale 1–10) | [2.11] | (0.185) | (0.190) | [7.566] | (0.540) | (0.640) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {0.264} | {0.225} | |||
Expected monthly earnings from | 1558 | −121.372*** | −97.864** | 1500 | −149.98** | −122.851* |
working at garment factory (in birr) | [444] | (39.608) | (39.833) | [891] | (69.677) | (65.529) |
{0.004}*** | {0.025}** | {0.070}* | {0.102} | |||
Perceives factory jobs provide a | 0.616 | 0.010 | 0.024 | 0.579 | −0.091** | −0.094** |
steady income (yes = 1) | [0.479] | (0.042) | (0.042) | [0.495] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.252} | {0.182} | {0.070}* | {0.100} | |||
Perceives factory jobs as | 0.931 | −0.052** | −0.039 | 0.589 | −0.069 | −0.069* |
permanent (yes = 1) | [0.254] | (0.024) | (0.024) | [0.493] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.020}** | {0.071}* | {0.076}* | {0.105} |
. | 2017 . | 2020 . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
Health | ||||||
Standardized strenuosity | −0.157 | 0.199** | 0.188** | −0.025 | 0.015 | −0.004 |
score | (0.890) | (0.080) | (0.082) | 0.894 | (0.078) | (0.074) |
{0.007}*** | {0.01}** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Consider garment factory | 0.563 | 0.175*** | 0.160*** | 0.865 | 0.004 | 0.024 |
jobs as unhealthy (yes = 1) | [0.497] | (0.041) | (0.042) | [0.343] | (0.030) | (0.028) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Perception and Expectations | ||||||
Subjective factory job | 6.079 | −1.380*** | −1.297*** | 4.847 | 0.112 | 0.218 |
quality (scale 1–10) | [2.11] | (0.185) | (0.190) | [7.566] | (0.540) | (0.640) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {0.264} | {0.225} | |||
Expected monthly earnings from | 1558 | −121.372*** | −97.864** | 1500 | −149.98** | −122.851* |
working at garment factory (in birr) | [444] | (39.608) | (39.833) | [891] | (69.677) | (65.529) |
{0.004}*** | {0.025}** | {0.070}* | {0.102} | |||
Perceives factory jobs provide a | 0.616 | 0.010 | 0.024 | 0.579 | −0.091** | −0.094** |
steady income (yes = 1) | [0.479] | (0.042) | (0.042) | [0.495] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.252} | {0.182} | {0.070}* | {0.100} | |||
Perceives factory jobs as | 0.931 | −0.052** | −0.039 | 0.589 | −0.069 | −0.069* |
permanent (yes = 1) | [0.254] | (0.024) | (0.024) | [0.493] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.020}** | {0.071}* | {0.076}* | {0.105} |
Source: Authors’ analysis based on data from the baseline, first follow-up, and second follow-up surveys.
Note: The table reports the intent-to-treat (ITT) estimates of the effect of the job-facilitation intervention on individual's health, expectation and perceptions of factory jobs. The standardized strenuosity score is based on how well the respondents can carry out 10 basic activities. These activities ask whether the respondent is able to walk, carry, stand, bend, read, kneel or stoop under varying conditions. The respondent is asked to indicate if she can do the activities easily, with slight difficulty, with great difficulty or is unable to do it at all. Expected earnings are drawn from the question “How much do you think you can earn per month as a worker in a garment factory job.” Columns 1 and 4 present the control means associated with each of the follow-up surveys separately. The sample constitutes 687 respondents who were interviewed in all three waves. The ANCOVA regression specifications use controls for individual characteristics, such as age, marital status, schooling, time between baseline and follow-up, month survey dummies and woreda fixed effects. To account for attrition, all observations are weighted by the inverse of their predicted probability of being tracked at follow-up. Standard deviations in brackets. Standard errors in parenthesis and q-values in curly brackets are reported underneath each estimated coefficient; q-values are calculated following the sharpened procedure proposed by Benjamini, Yekutieli (2006). *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.
. | 2017 . | 2020 . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
Health | ||||||
Standardized strenuosity | −0.157 | 0.199** | 0.188** | −0.025 | 0.015 | −0.004 |
score | (0.890) | (0.080) | (0.082) | 0.894 | (0.078) | (0.074) |
{0.007}*** | {0.01}** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Consider garment factory | 0.563 | 0.175*** | 0.160*** | 0.865 | 0.004 | 0.024 |
jobs as unhealthy (yes = 1) | [0.497] | (0.041) | (0.042) | [0.343] | (0.030) | (0.028) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Perception and Expectations | ||||||
Subjective factory job | 6.079 | −1.380*** | −1.297*** | 4.847 | 0.112 | 0.218 |
quality (scale 1–10) | [2.11] | (0.185) | (0.190) | [7.566] | (0.540) | (0.640) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {0.264} | {0.225} | |||
Expected monthly earnings from | 1558 | −121.372*** | −97.864** | 1500 | −149.98** | −122.851* |
working at garment factory (in birr) | [444] | (39.608) | (39.833) | [891] | (69.677) | (65.529) |
{0.004}*** | {0.025}** | {0.070}* | {0.102} | |||
Perceives factory jobs provide a | 0.616 | 0.010 | 0.024 | 0.579 | −0.091** | −0.094** |
steady income (yes = 1) | [0.479] | (0.042) | (0.042) | [0.495] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.252} | {0.182} | {0.070}* | {0.100} | |||
Perceives factory jobs as | 0.931 | −0.052** | −0.039 | 0.589 | −0.069 | −0.069* |
permanent (yes = 1) | [0.254] | (0.024) | (0.024) | [0.493] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.020}** | {0.071}* | {0.076}* | {0.105} |
. | 2017 . | 2020 . | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . | Control mean . | ITT difference . | ITT ANCOVA . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
Health | ||||||
Standardized strenuosity | −0.157 | 0.199** | 0.188** | −0.025 | 0.015 | −0.004 |
score | (0.890) | (0.080) | (0.082) | 0.894 | (0.078) | (0.074) |
{0.007}*** | {0.01}** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Consider garment factory | 0.563 | 0.175*** | 0.160*** | 0.865 | 0.004 | 0.024 |
jobs as unhealthy (yes = 1) | [0.497] | (0.041) | (0.042) | [0.343] | (0.030) | (0.028) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {1.00} | {1.00} | |||
Perception and Expectations | ||||||
Subjective factory job | 6.079 | −1.380*** | −1.297*** | 4.847 | 0.112 | 0.218 |
quality (scale 1–10) | [2.11] | (0.185) | (0.190) | [7.566] | (0.540) | (0.640) |
{0.001}*** | {0.001}*** | {0.264} | {0.225} | |||
Expected monthly earnings from | 1558 | −121.372*** | −97.864** | 1500 | −149.98** | −122.851* |
working at garment factory (in birr) | [444] | (39.608) | (39.833) | [891] | (69.677) | (65.529) |
{0.004}*** | {0.025}** | {0.070}* | {0.102} | |||
Perceives factory jobs provide a | 0.616 | 0.010 | 0.024 | 0.579 | −0.091** | −0.094** |
steady income (yes = 1) | [0.479] | (0.042) | (0.042) | [0.495] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.252} | {0.182} | {0.070}* | {0.100} | |||
Perceives factory jobs as | 0.931 | −0.052** | −0.039 | 0.589 | −0.069 | −0.069* |
permanent (yes = 1) | [0.254] | (0.024) | (0.024) | [0.493] | (0.043) | (0.041) |
{0.020}** | {0.071}* | {0.076}* | {0.105} |
Source: Authors’ analysis based on data from the baseline, first follow-up, and second follow-up surveys.
Note: The table reports the intent-to-treat (ITT) estimates of the effect of the job-facilitation intervention on individual's health, expectation and perceptions of factory jobs. The standardized strenuosity score is based on how well the respondents can carry out 10 basic activities. These activities ask whether the respondent is able to walk, carry, stand, bend, read, kneel or stoop under varying conditions. The respondent is asked to indicate if she can do the activities easily, with slight difficulty, with great difficulty or is unable to do it at all. Expected earnings are drawn from the question “How much do you think you can earn per month as a worker in a garment factory job.” Columns 1 and 4 present the control means associated with each of the follow-up surveys separately. The sample constitutes 687 respondents who were interviewed in all three waves. The ANCOVA regression specifications use controls for individual characteristics, such as age, marital status, schooling, time between baseline and follow-up, month survey dummies and woreda fixed effects. To account for attrition, all observations are weighted by the inverse of their predicted probability of being tracked at follow-up. Standard deviations in brackets. Standard errors in parenthesis and q-values in curly brackets are reported underneath each estimated coefficient; q-values are calculated following the sharpened procedure proposed by Benjamini, Yekutieli (2006). *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.