Table 2. Open in new tab Integrative...

Authors and model

Approach and components

Jeste & Lee (2019)

Identified cIdentified components of wisdom models that are consistent with neurobiological, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives: Wisdom is “a complex human trait with several specific components: social decision making, emotional regulation, prosocial behaviors such as empathy and compassion, self-reflection, acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality”

Karami et al. (2020): Polyhedron model

Reviewed wisdom conceptions from the fields of psychology, management, and education and identified three cognitive components (knowledge management; sound judgment and decision-making; and intelligence and creative thinking) and three noncognitive components (self-regulation; openness and tolerance; and altruism and moral maturity).

Grossmann et al. (2020): Common-denominator model

Conducted an expert survey to identify elements of wisdom on which the experts agreed. The resulting common-denominator model includes two broad components: perspectival meta-cognition (balancing different viewpoints, epistemic humility, context adaptability, and multiple perspectives) and moral aspirations.

Glück & Weststrate (2022): “elephant model” of wise behavior in difficult life situations.

Three broad noncognitive components (an exploratory orientation, concern for others, and emotion regulation) predict whether people are able to maintain a “wise” state of mind even in challenging situations, which enables them to fully access their cognitive wisdom capacities (knowledge about life and oneself, metacognitive capacities, and self-reflection).

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Integrative Models of Wisdom

Authors and model	Approach and components
Jeste & Lee (2019)	Identified cIdentified components of wisdom models that are consistent with neurobiological, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives: Wisdom is “a complex human trait with several specific components: social decision making, emotional regulation, prosocial behaviors such as empathy and compassion, self-reflection, acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality”
Karami et al. (2020): Polyhedron model	Reviewed wisdom conceptions from the fields of psychology, management, and education and identified three cognitive components (knowledge management; sound judgment and decision-making; and intelligence and creative thinking) and three noncognitive components (self-regulation; openness and tolerance; and altruism and moral maturity).
Grossmann et al. (2020): Common-denominator model	Conducted an expert survey to identify elements of wisdom on which the experts agreed. The resulting common-denominator model includes two broad components: perspectival meta-cognition (balancing different viewpoints, epistemic humility, context adaptability, and multiple perspectives) and moral aspirations.
Glück & Weststrate (2022): “elephant model” of wise behavior in difficult life situations.	Three broad noncognitive components (an exploratory orientation, concern for others, and emotion regulation) predict whether people are able to maintain a “wise” state of mind even in challenging situations, which enables them to fully access their cognitive wisdom capacities (knowledge about life and oneself, metacognitive capacities, and self-reflection).

Authors and model	Approach and components
Jeste & Lee (2019)	Identified cIdentified components of wisdom models that are consistent with neurobiological, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives: Wisdom is “a complex human trait with several specific components: social decision making, emotional regulation, prosocial behaviors such as empathy and compassion, self-reflection, acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality”
Karami et al. (2020): Polyhedron model	Reviewed wisdom conceptions from the fields of psychology, management, and education and identified three cognitive components (knowledge management; sound judgment and decision-making; and intelligence and creative thinking) and three noncognitive components (self-regulation; openness and tolerance; and altruism and moral maturity).
Grossmann et al. (2020): Common-denominator model	Conducted an expert survey to identify elements of wisdom on which the experts agreed. The resulting common-denominator model includes two broad components: perspectival meta-cognition (balancing different viewpoints, epistemic humility, context adaptability, and multiple perspectives) and moral aspirations.
Glück & Weststrate (2022): “elephant model” of wise behavior in difficult life situations.	Three broad noncognitive components (an exploratory orientation, concern for others, and emotion regulation) predict whether people are able to maintain a “wise” state of mind even in challenging situations, which enables them to fully access their cognitive wisdom capacities (knowledge about life and oneself, metacognitive capacities, and self-reflection).

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