Table 1 Open in new tab Study population...

	All	Men	Women	P-value
Socio-demographics
Age (years)	55 (34–60)	57 (34–61)	54 (34–59)	<0.001
Smokers	296 (20%)	152 (21%)	144 (19%)	0.28
Education level				0.58
Low	540 (37%)	272 (38%)	268 (36%)
Intermediate	224 (15%)	107 (15%)	117 (16%)
High	699 (48%)	332 (47%)	367 (49%)
BMI (kg/m²)	25 (22.5–28.3)	25.8 (23.7–28.7)	24.0 (21.7–27.8)	<0.001
Energy expenditure (MET-min/week)	1782 (656–4158)	2322 (792–5976)	1440 (554–3192)	<0.001
Food intake
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2242 (1764–2865)	2545 (2061–3077)	1951 (1538–2498)	<0.001
Carbohydrates (g/day)	254.9 ± 99.9	286.1 ± 102.5	225.5 ± 87.7	<0.001
Lipids (g/day)	97.8 ± 40.5	106.0 ± 39.5	90.0 ± 39.9	<0.001
Proteins (g/day)	99.5 ± 36.7	109.8 ± 37.0	89.7 ± 33.6	<0.001
Saturated fat (g/day)	37.6 ± 16.2	40.9 ± 16.0	34.3 ± 15.8	<0.001
MUFA (g/day)	38.8 ± 17.3	42.1 ± 17.1	35.6 ± 16.9	<0.001
PUFA (g/day)	14.7 ± 7.7	15.6 ± 7.3	13.9 ± 8.0	<0.001
EPA (mg/day)	158.1 ± 125.1	165.6 ± 119.2	151.0 ± 130.1	0.03
DHA (mg/day)	239.2 ± 187.7	250.5 ± 177.7	228.5 ± 192.5	0.02
w6/w3 ratio	7.3 ± 2.6	7.5 ± 2.7	7.1 ± 2.6	0.002
Carbohydrates (mg/kcal/day)	107.7 ± 20.5	108.0 ± 20.4	107.5 ± 20.5	0.63
Lipids (mg/kcal/day)	41.1 ± 8.0	39.9 ± 7.7	42.2 ± 8.0	0.001
Proteins (mg/kcal/day)	42.4 ± 8.1	41.8 ± 7.7	42.9 ± 8.5	0.008
Saturated fat (mg/kcal/day)	15.8 ± 3.6	15.4 ± 3.5	16.1 ± 3.6	0.001
MUFA (mg/kcal/day)	16.3 ± 4.1	15.9 ± 3.9	16.7 ± 4.2	0.001
PUFA (mg/kcal/day)	6.2 ± 2.2	5.9 ± 1.9	6.5 ± 2.4	0.001
EPA (µg/kcal/day)	69.6 ± 53.5	65.2 ± 47.5	73.8 ± 58.4	0.002
DHA (µg/kcal/day)	105.4 ± 79.1	98.6 ± 70.7	111.8 ± 85.9	0.001
Clinics
Metabolic syndrome	332 (27%)	180 (31%)	152 (24%)	<0.001
Diabetes	76 (5%)	49 (7%)	27 (4%)	0.004
Fasting glucose (g/L)	0.9(0.8–1)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
HbA1C (%)	5.6(5.3–5.8)	5.6 (5.4–5.8)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.10
Use of anti-diabetic drugs	58 (4%)	39 (6%)	19 (3%)	0.004
Elevated triglycerides	385 (26%)	234 (33%)	151 (20%)	<0.001
Triglycerides (g/L)	0.9(0.7–1.3)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
Total cholesterol (g/L)	2.1(1.9–2.4)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	2.1 (1.9–2.5)	<0.001
HDL-C (g/L)	0.6(0.5–0.7)	0.5 (0.4–0.6)	0.6 (0.5–0.7)	<0.001
LDL-C (g/L)	1.3(1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	0.21
Use of lipid-lowering drugs	208 (14%)	127 (18%)	81 (11%)	<0.001
Hypertension	565 (39%)	326 (49%)	239 (34%)	<0.001
24 h SBP (mmHg)	120.1 ± 10.2	123.6 ± 9.3	117.0 ± 10.0	<0.001
24 h DBP (mmHg)	74.3 ± 7.2	76.2 ± 6.9	72.6 ± 7.0	<0.001
Use of anti-hypertensive drugs	277 (19%)	151 (21%)	126 (17%)	0.03
FADS1 rs174547 genotype	CC: 134 (9%)	CC: 62 (9%)	CC: 72 (10%)	0.71
CT: 663 (45%)	CT: 329 (46%)	CT: 334 (44%)
TT: 667 (46%)	TT: 320 (45%)	TT: 347 (46%)

All

Men

Women

P-value

1464

711

753

Socio-demographics

Age (years)

55 (34–60)

57 (34–61)

54 (34–59)

<0.001

Smokers

296 (20%)

152 (21%)

144 (19%)

0.28

Education level

0.58

Low

540 (37%)

272 (38%)

268 (36%)

Intermediate

224 (15%)

107 (15%)

117 (16%)

High

699 (48%)

332 (47%)

367 (49%)

BMI (kg/m²)

25 (22.5–28.3)

25.8 (23.7–28.7)

24.0 (21.7–27.8)

<0.001

Energy expenditure (MET-min/week)

1782 (656–4158)

2322 (792–5976)

1440 (554–3192)

<0.001

Food intake

Energy intake (kcal/day)

2242 (1764–2865)

2545 (2061–3077)

1951 (1538–2498)

<0.001

Carbohydrates (g/day)

254.9 ± 99.9

286.1 ± 102.5

225.5 ± 87.7

<0.001

Lipids (g/day)

97.8 ± 40.5

106.0 ± 39.5

90.0 ± 39.9

<0.001

Proteins (g/day)

99.5 ± 36.7

109.8 ± 37.0

89.7 ± 33.6

<0.001

Saturated fat (g/day)

37.6 ± 16.2

40.9 ± 16.0

34.3 ± 15.8

<0.001

MUFA (g/day)

38.8 ± 17.3

42.1 ± 17.1

35.6 ± 16.9

<0.001

PUFA (g/day)

14.7 ± 7.7

15.6 ± 7.3

13.9 ± 8.0

<0.001

EPA (mg/day)

158.1 ± 125.1

165.6 ± 119.2

151.0 ± 130.1

0.03

DHA (mg/day)

239.2 ± 187.7

250.5 ± 177.7

228.5 ± 192.5

0.02

w6/w3 ratio

7.3 ± 2.6

7.5 ± 2.7

7.1 ± 2.6

0.002

Carbohydrates (mg/kcal/day)

107.7 ± 20.5

108.0 ± 20.4

107.5 ± 20.5

0.63

Lipids (mg/kcal/day)

41.1 ± 8.0

39.9 ± 7.7

42.2 ± 8.0

0.001

Proteins (mg/kcal/day)

42.4 ± 8.1

41.8 ± 7.7

42.9 ± 8.5

0.008

Saturated fat (mg/kcal/day)

15.8 ± 3.6

15.4 ± 3.5

16.1 ± 3.6

0.001

MUFA (mg/kcal/day)

16.3 ± 4.1

15.9 ± 3.9

16.7 ± 4.2

0.001

PUFA (mg/kcal/day)

6.2 ± 2.2

5.9 ± 1.9

6.5 ± 2.4

0.001

EPA (µg/kcal/day)

69.6 ± 53.5

65.2 ± 47.5

73.8 ± 58.4

0.002

DHA (µg/kcal/day)

105.4 ± 79.1

98.6 ± 70.7

111.8 ± 85.9

0.001

Clinics

Metabolic syndrome

332 (27%)

180 (31%)

152 (24%)

<0.001

Diabetes

76 (5%)

49 (7%)

27 (4%)

0.004

Fasting glucose (g/L)

0.9(0.8–1)

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

HbA1C (%)

5.6(5.3–5.8)

5.6 (5.4–5.8)

5.5 (5.3–5.8)

0.10

Use of anti-diabetic drugs

58 (4%)

39 (6%)

19 (3%)

0.004

Elevated triglycerides

385 (26%)

234 (33%)

151 (20%)

<0.001

Triglycerides (g/L)

0.9(0.7–1.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (g/L)

2.1(1.9–2.4)

2.1 (1.8–2.4)

2.1 (1.9–2.5)

<0.001

HDL-C (g/L)

0.6(0.5–0.7)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

<0.001

LDL-C (g/L)

1.3(1.1–1.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

0.21

Use of lipid-lowering drugs

208 (14%)

127 (18%)

81 (11%)

<0.001

Hypertension

565 (39%)

326 (49%)

239 (34%)

<0.001

24 h SBP (mmHg)

120.1 ± 10.2

123.6 ± 9.3

117.0 ± 10.0

<0.001

24 h DBP (mmHg)

74.3 ± 7.2

76.2 ± 6.9

72.6 ± 7.0

<0.001

Use of anti-hypertensive drugs

277 (19%)

151 (21%)

126 (17%)

0.03

FADS1 rs174547 genotype

CC: 134 (9%)

CC: 62 (9%)

CC: 72 (10%)

0.71

CT: 663 (45%)

CT: 329 (46%)

CT: 334 (44%)

TT: 667 (46%)

TT: 320 (45%)

TT: 347 (46%)

	All	Men	Women	P-value
Socio-demographics
Age (years)	55 (34–60)	57 (34–61)	54 (34–59)	<0.001
Smokers	296 (20%)	152 (21%)	144 (19%)	0.28
Education level				0.58
Low	540 (37%)	272 (38%)	268 (36%)
Intermediate	224 (15%)	107 (15%)	117 (16%)
High	699 (48%)	332 (47%)	367 (49%)
BMI (kg/m²)	25 (22.5–28.3)	25.8 (23.7–28.7)	24.0 (21.7–27.8)	<0.001
Energy expenditure (MET-min/week)	1782 (656–4158)	2322 (792–5976)	1440 (554–3192)	<0.001
Food intake
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2242 (1764–2865)	2545 (2061–3077)	1951 (1538–2498)	<0.001
Carbohydrates (g/day)	254.9 ± 99.9	286.1 ± 102.5	225.5 ± 87.7	<0.001
Lipids (g/day)	97.8 ± 40.5	106.0 ± 39.5	90.0 ± 39.9	<0.001
Proteins (g/day)	99.5 ± 36.7	109.8 ± 37.0	89.7 ± 33.6	<0.001
Saturated fat (g/day)	37.6 ± 16.2	40.9 ± 16.0	34.3 ± 15.8	<0.001
MUFA (g/day)	38.8 ± 17.3	42.1 ± 17.1	35.6 ± 16.9	<0.001
PUFA (g/day)	14.7 ± 7.7	15.6 ± 7.3	13.9 ± 8.0	<0.001
EPA (mg/day)	158.1 ± 125.1	165.6 ± 119.2	151.0 ± 130.1	0.03
DHA (mg/day)	239.2 ± 187.7	250.5 ± 177.7	228.5 ± 192.5	0.02
w6/w3 ratio	7.3 ± 2.6	7.5 ± 2.7	7.1 ± 2.6	0.002
Carbohydrates (mg/kcal/day)	107.7 ± 20.5	108.0 ± 20.4	107.5 ± 20.5	0.63
Lipids (mg/kcal/day)	41.1 ± 8.0	39.9 ± 7.7	42.2 ± 8.0	0.001
Proteins (mg/kcal/day)	42.4 ± 8.1	41.8 ± 7.7	42.9 ± 8.5	0.008
Saturated fat (mg/kcal/day)	15.8 ± 3.6	15.4 ± 3.5	16.1 ± 3.6	0.001
MUFA (mg/kcal/day)	16.3 ± 4.1	15.9 ± 3.9	16.7 ± 4.2	0.001
PUFA (mg/kcal/day)	6.2 ± 2.2	5.9 ± 1.9	6.5 ± 2.4	0.001
EPA (µg/kcal/day)	69.6 ± 53.5	65.2 ± 47.5	73.8 ± 58.4	0.002
DHA (µg/kcal/day)	105.4 ± 79.1	98.6 ± 70.7	111.8 ± 85.9	0.001
Clinics
Metabolic syndrome	332 (27%)	180 (31%)	152 (24%)	<0.001
Diabetes	76 (5%)	49 (7%)	27 (4%)	0.004
Fasting glucose (g/L)	0.9(0.8–1)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
HbA1C (%)	5.6(5.3–5.8)	5.6 (5.4–5.8)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.10
Use of anti-diabetic drugs	58 (4%)	39 (6%)	19 (3%)	0.004
Elevated triglycerides	385 (26%)	234 (33%)	151 (20%)	<0.001
Triglycerides (g/L)	0.9(0.7–1.3)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
Total cholesterol (g/L)	2.1(1.9–2.4)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	2.1 (1.9–2.5)	<0.001
HDL-C (g/L)	0.6(0.5–0.7)	0.5 (0.4–0.6)	0.6 (0.5–0.7)	<0.001
LDL-C (g/L)	1.3(1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	0.21
Use of lipid-lowering drugs	208 (14%)	127 (18%)	81 (11%)	<0.001
Hypertension	565 (39%)	326 (49%)	239 (34%)	<0.001
24 h SBP (mmHg)	120.1 ± 10.2	123.6 ± 9.3	117.0 ± 10.0	<0.001
24 h DBP (mmHg)	74.3 ± 7.2	76.2 ± 6.9	72.6 ± 7.0	<0.001
Use of anti-hypertensive drugs	277 (19%)	151 (21%)	126 (17%)	0.03
FADS1 rs174547 genotype	CC: 134 (9%)	CC: 62 (9%)	CC: 72 (10%)	0.71
CT: 663 (45%)	CT: 329 (46%)	CT: 334 (44%)
TT: 667 (46%)	TT: 320 (45%)	TT: 347 (46%)

All

Men

Women

P-value

1464

711

753

Socio-demographics

Age (years)

55 (34–60)

57 (34–61)

54 (34–59)

<0.001

Smokers

296 (20%)

152 (21%)

144 (19%)

0.28

Education level

0.58

Low

540 (37%)

272 (38%)

268 (36%)

Intermediate

224 (15%)

107 (15%)

117 (16%)

High

699 (48%)

332 (47%)

367 (49%)

BMI (kg/m²)

25 (22.5–28.3)

25.8 (23.7–28.7)

24.0 (21.7–27.8)

<0.001

Energy expenditure (MET-min/week)

1782 (656–4158)

2322 (792–5976)

1440 (554–3192)

<0.001

Food intake

Energy intake (kcal/day)

2242 (1764–2865)

2545 (2061–3077)

1951 (1538–2498)

<0.001

Carbohydrates (g/day)

254.9 ± 99.9

286.1 ± 102.5

225.5 ± 87.7

<0.001

Lipids (g/day)

97.8 ± 40.5

106.0 ± 39.5

90.0 ± 39.9

<0.001

Proteins (g/day)

99.5 ± 36.7

109.8 ± 37.0

89.7 ± 33.6

<0.001

Saturated fat (g/day)

37.6 ± 16.2

40.9 ± 16.0

34.3 ± 15.8

<0.001

MUFA (g/day)

38.8 ± 17.3

42.1 ± 17.1

35.6 ± 16.9

<0.001

PUFA (g/day)

14.7 ± 7.7

15.6 ± 7.3

13.9 ± 8.0

<0.001

EPA (mg/day)

158.1 ± 125.1

165.6 ± 119.2

151.0 ± 130.1

0.03

DHA (mg/day)

239.2 ± 187.7

250.5 ± 177.7

228.5 ± 192.5

0.02

w6/w3 ratio

7.3 ± 2.6

7.5 ± 2.7

7.1 ± 2.6

0.002

Carbohydrates (mg/kcal/day)

107.7 ± 20.5

108.0 ± 20.4

107.5 ± 20.5

0.63

Lipids (mg/kcal/day)

41.1 ± 8.0

39.9 ± 7.7

42.2 ± 8.0

0.001

Proteins (mg/kcal/day)

42.4 ± 8.1

41.8 ± 7.7

42.9 ± 8.5

0.008

Saturated fat (mg/kcal/day)

15.8 ± 3.6

15.4 ± 3.5

16.1 ± 3.6

0.001

MUFA (mg/kcal/day)

16.3 ± 4.1

15.9 ± 3.9

16.7 ± 4.2

0.001

PUFA (mg/kcal/day)

6.2 ± 2.2

5.9 ± 1.9

6.5 ± 2.4

0.001

EPA (µg/kcal/day)

69.6 ± 53.5

65.2 ± 47.5

73.8 ± 58.4

0.002

DHA (µg/kcal/day)

105.4 ± 79.1

98.6 ± 70.7

111.8 ± 85.9

0.001

Clinics

Metabolic syndrome

332 (27%)

180 (31%)

152 (24%)

<0.001

Diabetes

76 (5%)

49 (7%)

27 (4%)

0.004

Fasting glucose (g/L)

0.9(0.8–1)

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

HbA1C (%)

5.6(5.3–5.8)

5.6 (5.4–5.8)

5.5 (5.3–5.8)

0.10

Use of anti-diabetic drugs

58 (4%)

39 (6%)

19 (3%)

0.004

Elevated triglycerides

385 (26%)

234 (33%)

151 (20%)

<0.001

Triglycerides (g/L)

0.9(0.7–1.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (g/L)

2.1(1.9–2.4)

2.1 (1.8–2.4)

2.1 (1.9–2.5)

<0.001

HDL-C (g/L)

0.6(0.5–0.7)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

<0.001

LDL-C (g/L)

1.3(1.1–1.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

0.21

Use of lipid-lowering drugs

208 (14%)

127 (18%)

81 (11%)

<0.001

Hypertension

565 (39%)

326 (49%)

239 (34%)

<0.001

24 h SBP (mmHg)

120.1 ± 10.2

123.6 ± 9.3

117.0 ± 10.0

<0.001

24 h DBP (mmHg)

74.3 ± 7.2

76.2 ± 6.9

72.6 ± 7.0

<0.001

Use of anti-hypertensive drugs

277 (19%)

151 (21%)

126 (17%)

0.03

FADS1 rs174547 genotype

CC: 134 (9%)

CC: 62 (9%)

CC: 72 (10%)

0.71

CT: 663 (45%)

CT: 329 (46%)

CT: 334 (44%)

TT: 667 (46%)

TT: 320 (45%)

TT: 347 (46%)

Table 1

Open in new tab

Study population characteristics

	All	Men	Women	P-value
N	1464	711	753
Socio-demographics
Age (years)	55 (34–60)	57 (34–61)	54 (34–59)	<0.001
Smokers	296 (20%)	152 (21%)	144 (19%)	0.28
Education level				0.58
Low	540 (37%)	272 (38%)	268 (36%)
Intermediate	224 (15%)	107 (15%)	117 (16%)
High	699 (48%)	332 (47%)	367 (49%)
BMI (kg/m²)	25 (22.5–28.3)	25.8 (23.7–28.7)	24.0 (21.7–27.8)	<0.001
Energy expenditure (MET-min/week)	1782 (656–4158)	2322 (792–5976)	1440 (554–3192)	<0.001
Food intake
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2242 (1764–2865)	2545 (2061–3077)	1951 (1538–2498)	<0.001
Carbohydrates (g/day)	254.9 ± 99.9	286.1 ± 102.5	225.5 ± 87.7	<0.001
Lipids (g/day)	97.8 ± 40.5	106.0 ± 39.5	90.0 ± 39.9	<0.001
Proteins (g/day)	99.5 ± 36.7	109.8 ± 37.0	89.7 ± 33.6	<0.001
Saturated fat (g/day)	37.6 ± 16.2	40.9 ± 16.0	34.3 ± 15.8	<0.001
MUFA (g/day)	38.8 ± 17.3	42.1 ± 17.1	35.6 ± 16.9	<0.001
PUFA (g/day)	14.7 ± 7.7	15.6 ± 7.3	13.9 ± 8.0	<0.001
EPA (mg/day)	158.1 ± 125.1	165.6 ± 119.2	151.0 ± 130.1	0.03
DHA (mg/day)	239.2 ± 187.7	250.5 ± 177.7	228.5 ± 192.5	0.02
w6/w3 ratio	7.3 ± 2.6	7.5 ± 2.7	7.1 ± 2.6	0.002
Carbohydrates (mg/kcal/day)	107.7 ± 20.5	108.0 ± 20.4	107.5 ± 20.5	0.63
Lipids (mg/kcal/day)	41.1 ± 8.0	39.9 ± 7.7	42.2 ± 8.0	0.001
Proteins (mg/kcal/day)	42.4 ± 8.1	41.8 ± 7.7	42.9 ± 8.5	0.008
Saturated fat (mg/kcal/day)	15.8 ± 3.6	15.4 ± 3.5	16.1 ± 3.6	0.001
MUFA (mg/kcal/day)	16.3 ± 4.1	15.9 ± 3.9	16.7 ± 4.2	0.001
PUFA (mg/kcal/day)	6.2 ± 2.2	5.9 ± 1.9	6.5 ± 2.4	0.001
EPA (µg/kcal/day)	69.6 ± 53.5	65.2 ± 47.5	73.8 ± 58.4	0.002
DHA (µg/kcal/day)	105.4 ± 79.1	98.6 ± 70.7	111.8 ± 85.9	0.001
Clinics
Metabolic syndrome	332 (27%)	180 (31%)	152 (24%)	<0.001
Diabetes	76 (5%)	49 (7%)	27 (4%)	0.004
Fasting glucose (g/L)	0.9(0.8–1)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
HbA1C (%)	5.6(5.3–5.8)	5.6 (5.4–5.8)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.10
Use of anti-diabetic drugs	58 (4%)	39 (6%)	19 (3%)	0.004
Elevated triglycerides	385 (26%)	234 (33%)	151 (20%)	<0.001
Triglycerides (g/L)	0.9(0.7–1.3)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
Total cholesterol (g/L)	2.1(1.9–2.4)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	2.1 (1.9–2.5)	<0.001
HDL-C (g/L)	0.6(0.5–0.7)	0.5 (0.4–0.6)	0.6 (0.5–0.7)	<0.001
LDL-C (g/L)	1.3(1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	0.21
Use of lipid-lowering drugs	208 (14%)	127 (18%)	81 (11%)	<0.001
Hypertension	565 (39%)	326 (49%)	239 (34%)	<0.001
24 h SBP (mmHg)	120.1 ± 10.2	123.6 ± 9.3	117.0 ± 10.0	<0.001
24 h DBP (mmHg)	74.3 ± 7.2	76.2 ± 6.9	72.6 ± 7.0	<0.001
Use of anti-hypertensive drugs	277 (19%)	151 (21%)	126 (17%)	0.03
FADS1 rs174547 genotype	CC: 134 (9%)	CC: 62 (9%)	CC: 72 (10%)	0.71
	CT: 663 (45%)	CT: 329 (46%)	CT: 334 (44%)
	TT: 667 (46%)	TT: 320 (45%)	TT: 347 (46%)

	All	Men	Women	P-value
N	1464	711	753
Socio-demographics
Age (years)	55 (34–60)	57 (34–61)	54 (34–59)	<0.001
Smokers	296 (20%)	152 (21%)	144 (19%)	0.28
Education level				0.58
Low	540 (37%)	272 (38%)	268 (36%)
Intermediate	224 (15%)	107 (15%)	117 (16%)
High	699 (48%)	332 (47%)	367 (49%)
BMI (kg/m²)	25 (22.5–28.3)	25.8 (23.7–28.7)	24.0 (21.7–27.8)	<0.001
Energy expenditure (MET-min/week)	1782 (656–4158)	2322 (792–5976)	1440 (554–3192)	<0.001
Food intake
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2242 (1764–2865)	2545 (2061–3077)	1951 (1538–2498)	<0.001
Carbohydrates (g/day)	254.9 ± 99.9	286.1 ± 102.5	225.5 ± 87.7	<0.001
Lipids (g/day)	97.8 ± 40.5	106.0 ± 39.5	90.0 ± 39.9	<0.001
Proteins (g/day)	99.5 ± 36.7	109.8 ± 37.0	89.7 ± 33.6	<0.001
Saturated fat (g/day)	37.6 ± 16.2	40.9 ± 16.0	34.3 ± 15.8	<0.001
MUFA (g/day)	38.8 ± 17.3	42.1 ± 17.1	35.6 ± 16.9	<0.001
PUFA (g/day)	14.7 ± 7.7	15.6 ± 7.3	13.9 ± 8.0	<0.001
EPA (mg/day)	158.1 ± 125.1	165.6 ± 119.2	151.0 ± 130.1	0.03
DHA (mg/day)	239.2 ± 187.7	250.5 ± 177.7	228.5 ± 192.5	0.02
w6/w3 ratio	7.3 ± 2.6	7.5 ± 2.7	7.1 ± 2.6	0.002
Carbohydrates (mg/kcal/day)	107.7 ± 20.5	108.0 ± 20.4	107.5 ± 20.5	0.63
Lipids (mg/kcal/day)	41.1 ± 8.0	39.9 ± 7.7	42.2 ± 8.0	0.001
Proteins (mg/kcal/day)	42.4 ± 8.1	41.8 ± 7.7	42.9 ± 8.5	0.008
Saturated fat (mg/kcal/day)	15.8 ± 3.6	15.4 ± 3.5	16.1 ± 3.6	0.001
MUFA (mg/kcal/day)	16.3 ± 4.1	15.9 ± 3.9	16.7 ± 4.2	0.001
PUFA (mg/kcal/day)	6.2 ± 2.2	5.9 ± 1.9	6.5 ± 2.4	0.001
EPA (µg/kcal/day)	69.6 ± 53.5	65.2 ± 47.5	73.8 ± 58.4	0.002
DHA (µg/kcal/day)	105.4 ± 79.1	98.6 ± 70.7	111.8 ± 85.9	0.001
Clinics
Metabolic syndrome	332 (27%)	180 (31%)	152 (24%)	<0.001
Diabetes	76 (5%)	49 (7%)	27 (4%)	0.004
Fasting glucose (g/L)	0.9(0.8–1)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
HbA1C (%)	5.6(5.3–5.8)	5.6 (5.4–5.8)	5.5 (5.3–5.8)	0.10
Use of anti-diabetic drugs	58 (4%)	39 (6%)	19 (3%)	0.004
Elevated triglycerides	385 (26%)	234 (33%)	151 (20%)	<0.001
Triglycerides (g/L)	0.9(0.7–1.3)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)	<0.001
Total cholesterol (g/L)	2.1(1.9–2.4)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)	2.1 (1.9–2.5)	<0.001
HDL-C (g/L)	0.6(0.5–0.7)	0.5 (0.4–0.6)	0.6 (0.5–0.7)	<0.001
LDL-C (g/L)	1.3(1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	0.21
Use of lipid-lowering drugs	208 (14%)	127 (18%)	81 (11%)	<0.001
Hypertension	565 (39%)	326 (49%)	239 (34%)	<0.001
24 h SBP (mmHg)	120.1 ± 10.2	123.6 ± 9.3	117.0 ± 10.0	<0.001
24 h DBP (mmHg)	74.3 ± 7.2	76.2 ± 6.9	72.6 ± 7.0	<0.001
Use of anti-hypertensive drugs	277 (19%)	151 (21%)	126 (17%)	0.03
FADS1 rs174547 genotype	CC: 134 (9%)	CC: 62 (9%)	CC: 72 (10%)	0.71
	CT: 663 (45%)	CT: 329 (46%)	CT: 334 (44%)
	TT: 667 (46%)	TT: 320 (45%)	TT: 347 (46%)

BMI, body mass index; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; HbA1C, glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C, plasma high-density cholesterol; LDL-C, plasma low-density cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure (130/80) and/or declared hypertension and/or use of at least one anti-hypertensive drug; diabetes is defined by high fasting glucose (>1.26 g/L) and/or declared diabetes and/or use of at least one anti-diabetic drug. Metabolic syndrome definition is specified in the Methods section.

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