| . | Universal access rates (De Jure) . | In Sample Access Rates (De Facto) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . |
| . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| Net Fiscal Cost by HH member: | ||||||||
| Head | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Partner | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Child 0–5 years of age | |$-$|656.55 | |$-$|466.35 | |$-$|444.02 | |$-$|464.12 | |$-$|152.89 | −88.63 | −59.24 | −85.70 |
| Child 6–18 years of age | |$-$|1,330.69 | |$-$|1,206.31 | |$-$|522.88 | |$-$|1,137.96 | |$-$|712.50 | −842.19 | −812.80 | −773.14 |
| Total | |$-$|2,552.52 | |$-$|1,775.06 | 572.64 | |$-$|1,540.29 | |$-$|1,055.93 | −847.53 | 867.31 | −609.94 |
| Net Fiscal Cost by accounting item: | ||||||||
| Fiscal revenue | 498.00 | 693.59 | 3,109.59 | 935.19 | 498.00 | 693.59 | 2,448.50 | 935.19 |
| Expenditure | 3,050.52 | 2,468.65 | 2,536.95 | 2,475.48 | 1,553.93 | 1,541.12 | 1,581.18 | 1,545.13 |
| Healthcare | 1,651.63 | 921.48 | 989.78 | 928.31 | 898.11 | 545.75 | 585.82 | 549.76 |
| Education | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 617.23 | 883.56 | 883.56 | 883.56 |
| Social assistance | 350.83 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 38.59 | 111.81 | 111.81 | 111.81 |
| . | Universal access rates (De Jure) . | In Sample Access Rates (De Facto) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . |
| . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| Net Fiscal Cost by HH member: | ||||||||
| Head | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Partner | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Child 0–5 years of age | |$-$|656.55 | |$-$|466.35 | |$-$|444.02 | |$-$|464.12 | |$-$|152.89 | −88.63 | −59.24 | −85.70 |
| Child 6–18 years of age | |$-$|1,330.69 | |$-$|1,206.31 | |$-$|522.88 | |$-$|1,137.96 | |$-$|712.50 | −842.19 | −812.80 | −773.14 |
| Total | |$-$|2,552.52 | |$-$|1,775.06 | 572.64 | |$-$|1,540.29 | |$-$|1,055.93 | −847.53 | 867.31 | −609.94 |
| Net Fiscal Cost by accounting item: | ||||||||
| Fiscal revenue | 498.00 | 693.59 | 3,109.59 | 935.19 | 498.00 | 693.59 | 2,448.50 | 935.19 |
| Expenditure | 3,050.52 | 2,468.65 | 2,536.95 | 2,475.48 | 1,553.93 | 1,541.12 | 1,581.18 | 1,545.13 |
| Healthcare | 1,651.63 | 921.48 | 989.78 | 928.31 | 898.11 | 545.75 | 585.82 | 549.76 |
| Education | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 617.23 | 883.56 | 883.56 | 883.56 |
| Social assistance | 350.83 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 38.59 | 111.81 | 111.81 | 111.81 |
Notes: Quantities are presented in 2020 $USD. Net Costs = Fiscal Revenue|$-$|Expenditure. The data sources for the variables are as follows: (i) income and consumption data are obtained from the VenRePs Survey; (ii) income tax rates and payroll data from Melo-Becerra et al. (2023), and value-added tax rates from DIAN (2016); (iii) health costs, including insurance premium (UPC) from Ministry of Health (2020b), the number of visits from Ministry of Health (2019a), ER premium from Manual Tarifario (Ministry of Health (2020a)), and vaccination costs from Ministry of Health (2019b); (iv) education costs, which include government expenditure per student (weighted average for primary, secondary, and tertiary) based on UNESCO data via World Development Indicators Ministry of Health (2018), and school meals (PAE) and transport costs from Tribín-Uribe et al. (2020); (v) early childhood programs data from Tribín-Uribe et al. (2020); and (vi) conditional cash transfer program (Familias en Acción) data from Prosperidad Social (2022). Inflation and exchange rate data are sourced from the Central Bank of Colombia.
| . | Universal access rates (De Jure) . | In Sample Access Rates (De Facto) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . |
| . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| Net Fiscal Cost by HH member: | ||||||||
| Head | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Partner | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Child 0–5 years of age | |$-$|656.55 | |$-$|466.35 | |$-$|444.02 | |$-$|464.12 | |$-$|152.89 | −88.63 | −59.24 | −85.70 |
| Child 6–18 years of age | |$-$|1,330.69 | |$-$|1,206.31 | |$-$|522.88 | |$-$|1,137.96 | |$-$|712.50 | −842.19 | −812.80 | −773.14 |
| Total | |$-$|2,552.52 | |$-$|1,775.06 | 572.64 | |$-$|1,540.29 | |$-$|1,055.93 | −847.53 | 867.31 | −609.94 |
| Net Fiscal Cost by accounting item: | ||||||||
| Fiscal revenue | 498.00 | 693.59 | 3,109.59 | 935.19 | 498.00 | 693.59 | 2,448.50 | 935.19 |
| Expenditure | 3,050.52 | 2,468.65 | 2,536.95 | 2,475.48 | 1,553.93 | 1,541.12 | 1,581.18 | 1,545.13 |
| Healthcare | 1,651.63 | 921.48 | 989.78 | 928.31 | 898.11 | 545.75 | 585.82 | 549.76 |
| Education | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 617.23 | 883.56 | 883.56 | 883.56 |
| Social assistance | 350.83 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 38.59 | 111.81 | 111.81 | 111.81 |
| . | Universal access rates (De Jure) . | In Sample Access Rates (De Facto) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . | Without . | PEP . | PEP . | PEP 10% . |
| . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . | PEP . | informal . | formal . | formal . |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| Net Fiscal Cost by HH member: | ||||||||
| Head | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Partner | |$-$|282.64 | |$-$|51.20 | 769.77 | 30.89 | |$-$|95.27 | 41.65 | 869.68 | 124.45 |
| Child 0–5 years of age | |$-$|656.55 | |$-$|466.35 | |$-$|444.02 | |$-$|464.12 | |$-$|152.89 | −88.63 | −59.24 | −85.70 |
| Child 6–18 years of age | |$-$|1,330.69 | |$-$|1,206.31 | |$-$|522.88 | |$-$|1,137.96 | |$-$|712.50 | −842.19 | −812.80 | −773.14 |
| Total | |$-$|2,552.52 | |$-$|1,775.06 | 572.64 | |$-$|1,540.29 | |$-$|1,055.93 | −847.53 | 867.31 | −609.94 |
| Net Fiscal Cost by accounting item: | ||||||||
| Fiscal revenue | 498.00 | 693.59 | 3,109.59 | 935.19 | 498.00 | 693.59 | 2,448.50 | 935.19 |
| Expenditure | 3,050.52 | 2,468.65 | 2,536.95 | 2,475.48 | 1,553.93 | 1,541.12 | 1,581.18 | 1,545.13 |
| Healthcare | 1,651.63 | 921.48 | 989.78 | 928.31 | 898.11 | 545.75 | 585.82 | 549.76 |
| Education | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 1,048.05 | 617.23 | 883.56 | 883.56 | 883.56 |
| Social assistance | 350.83 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 499.12 | 38.59 | 111.81 | 111.81 | 111.81 |
Notes: Quantities are presented in 2020 $USD. Net Costs = Fiscal Revenue|$-$|Expenditure. The data sources for the variables are as follows: (i) income and consumption data are obtained from the VenRePs Survey; (ii) income tax rates and payroll data from Melo-Becerra et al. (2023), and value-added tax rates from DIAN (2016); (iii) health costs, including insurance premium (UPC) from Ministry of Health (2020b), the number of visits from Ministry of Health (2019a), ER premium from Manual Tarifario (Ministry of Health (2020a)), and vaccination costs from Ministry of Health (2019b); (iv) education costs, which include government expenditure per student (weighted average for primary, secondary, and tertiary) based on UNESCO data via World Development Indicators Ministry of Health (2018), and school meals (PAE) and transport costs from Tribín-Uribe et al. (2020); (v) early childhood programs data from Tribín-Uribe et al. (2020); and (vi) conditional cash transfer program (Familias en Acción) data from Prosperidad Social (2022). Inflation and exchange rate data are sourced from the Central Bank of Colombia.
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