Baseline and 6-month measures of cognition, hearing disability, depression, quality of life, loneliness, social functioning and physical function outcomes in both groups and the intervention effect.
| Outcomes . | Baseline . | 6-month follow up . | Intervention effecta (95% CI) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | ||
| Cognition | |||||
| ACE-III total score | 78.3 (13.0) | 78.6 (16.7) | 80.9 (10.6) | 80.8 (15.5) | +1.2 (−1.9, 4.2) |
| Memory | 17.8 (6.0) | 18.9 (6.3) | 18.7 (5.8) | 19.6 (6.6) | +0.5 (−1.4, 2.4) |
| TMT-A—processing speed | 64.8 (52.4) | 56.1 (41.6) | 57.9 (42.0) | 45.2 (20.3) | −2.7 (−14.3, 9.0) |
| TMT-B—cognitive flexibility | 141.7 (63.8) | 123.4 (56.2) | 142.3 (60.1) | 135.9 (64.0) | −8.6 (−33.9, 16.6) |
| DWRT—total words recalled | 2.7 (2.3) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.2 (2.9) | 2.9 (2.2) | +1.0 (−0.3, 2.3) |
| Hearing disability | |||||
| HHIE-S | 14.6 (12.4) | 13.2 (9.8) | 10.1 (11.1) | 12.8 (9.0) | −3.3 (−9.7, 3.1) |
| Depression | |||||
| GDS | 3.3 (2.6) | 3.9 (3.5) | 2.3 (1.9) | 5.1 (4.3) | −2.1 (−4.0, −0.3) |
| Quality of life | |||||
| SF-36—general health | 58.8 (21.9) | 54.6 (25.0) | 56.9 (22.7) | 47.8 (26.4) | +4.8 (−5.3, 14.8) |
| EQ-5D—your health today | 68.3 (23.7) | 64.9 (20.9) | 70.8 (21.2) | 67.4 (20.4) | +0.7 (−10.6, 11.9) |
| Loneliness | |||||
| UCLA loneliness scale score | 33.4 (10.0) | 37.0 (9.7) | 29.9 (5.5) | 36.9 (10.0) | −1.8 (−7.8, 4.3) |
| Social functioning | |||||
| SF-DEM total score | 27.6 (6.5) | 29.1 (6.1) | 27.3 (5.6) | 29.4 (4.9) | −0.7 (−3.5, 2.0) |
| Functional independence | |||||
| IADL score | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.3) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) |
| Physical strength | |||||
| Grip strength average | 21.7 (10.0) | 22.1 (8.9) | 23.5 (8.6) | 22.7 (7.6) | 0.8 (−1.4, 3.0) |
| Outcomes . | Baseline . | 6-month follow up . | Intervention effecta (95% CI) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | ||
| Cognition | |||||
| ACE-III total score | 78.3 (13.0) | 78.6 (16.7) | 80.9 (10.6) | 80.8 (15.5) | +1.2 (−1.9, 4.2) |
| Memory | 17.8 (6.0) | 18.9 (6.3) | 18.7 (5.8) | 19.6 (6.6) | +0.5 (−1.4, 2.4) |
| TMT-A—processing speed | 64.8 (52.4) | 56.1 (41.6) | 57.9 (42.0) | 45.2 (20.3) | −2.7 (−14.3, 9.0) |
| TMT-B—cognitive flexibility | 141.7 (63.8) | 123.4 (56.2) | 142.3 (60.1) | 135.9 (64.0) | −8.6 (−33.9, 16.6) |
| DWRT—total words recalled | 2.7 (2.3) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.2 (2.9) | 2.9 (2.2) | +1.0 (−0.3, 2.3) |
| Hearing disability | |||||
| HHIE-S | 14.6 (12.4) | 13.2 (9.8) | 10.1 (11.1) | 12.8 (9.0) | −3.3 (−9.7, 3.1) |
| Depression | |||||
| GDS | 3.3 (2.6) | 3.9 (3.5) | 2.3 (1.9) | 5.1 (4.3) | −2.1 (−4.0, −0.3) |
| Quality of life | |||||
| SF-36—general health | 58.8 (21.9) | 54.6 (25.0) | 56.9 (22.7) | 47.8 (26.4) | +4.8 (−5.3, 14.8) |
| EQ-5D—your health today | 68.3 (23.7) | 64.9 (20.9) | 70.8 (21.2) | 67.4 (20.4) | +0.7 (−10.6, 11.9) |
| Loneliness | |||||
| UCLA loneliness scale score | 33.4 (10.0) | 37.0 (9.7) | 29.9 (5.5) | 36.9 (10.0) | −1.8 (−7.8, 4.3) |
| Social functioning | |||||
| SF-DEM total score | 27.6 (6.5) | 29.1 (6.1) | 27.3 (5.6) | 29.4 (4.9) | −0.7 (−3.5, 2.0) |
| Functional independence | |||||
| IADL score | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.3) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) |
| Physical strength | |||||
| Grip strength average | 21.7 (10.0) | 22.1 (8.9) | 23.5 (8.6) | 22.7 (7.6) | 0.8 (−1.4, 3.0) |
aIntervention effects were calculated using linear regression models adjusted for baseline outcome value. ACE-III, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination IIIDWRT, Delayed Word Recall Test; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimension; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HHIE-S, Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version; IADL, Brody instrumental activities of daily living scale; N, number of participants; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; SFDEM, Social Functioning in Dementia Scale; TMT-A & B, Trail Making Test Parts A & B.
Baseline and 6-month measures of cognition, hearing disability, depression, quality of life, loneliness, social functioning and physical function outcomes in both groups and the intervention effect.
| Outcomes . | Baseline . | 6-month follow up . | Intervention effecta (95% CI) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | ||
| Cognition | |||||
| ACE-III total score | 78.3 (13.0) | 78.6 (16.7) | 80.9 (10.6) | 80.8 (15.5) | +1.2 (−1.9, 4.2) |
| Memory | 17.8 (6.0) | 18.9 (6.3) | 18.7 (5.8) | 19.6 (6.6) | +0.5 (−1.4, 2.4) |
| TMT-A—processing speed | 64.8 (52.4) | 56.1 (41.6) | 57.9 (42.0) | 45.2 (20.3) | −2.7 (−14.3, 9.0) |
| TMT-B—cognitive flexibility | 141.7 (63.8) | 123.4 (56.2) | 142.3 (60.1) | 135.9 (64.0) | −8.6 (−33.9, 16.6) |
| DWRT—total words recalled | 2.7 (2.3) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.2 (2.9) | 2.9 (2.2) | +1.0 (−0.3, 2.3) |
| Hearing disability | |||||
| HHIE-S | 14.6 (12.4) | 13.2 (9.8) | 10.1 (11.1) | 12.8 (9.0) | −3.3 (−9.7, 3.1) |
| Depression | |||||
| GDS | 3.3 (2.6) | 3.9 (3.5) | 2.3 (1.9) | 5.1 (4.3) | −2.1 (−4.0, −0.3) |
| Quality of life | |||||
| SF-36—general health | 58.8 (21.9) | 54.6 (25.0) | 56.9 (22.7) | 47.8 (26.4) | +4.8 (−5.3, 14.8) |
| EQ-5D—your health today | 68.3 (23.7) | 64.9 (20.9) | 70.8 (21.2) | 67.4 (20.4) | +0.7 (−10.6, 11.9) |
| Loneliness | |||||
| UCLA loneliness scale score | 33.4 (10.0) | 37.0 (9.7) | 29.9 (5.5) | 36.9 (10.0) | −1.8 (−7.8, 4.3) |
| Social functioning | |||||
| SF-DEM total score | 27.6 (6.5) | 29.1 (6.1) | 27.3 (5.6) | 29.4 (4.9) | −0.7 (−3.5, 2.0) |
| Functional independence | |||||
| IADL score | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.3) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) |
| Physical strength | |||||
| Grip strength average | 21.7 (10.0) | 22.1 (8.9) | 23.5 (8.6) | 22.7 (7.6) | 0.8 (−1.4, 3.0) |
| Outcomes . | Baseline . | 6-month follow up . | Intervention effecta (95% CI) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | Intervention mean (SD) . | Control mean (SD) . | ||
| Cognition | |||||
| ACE-III total score | 78.3 (13.0) | 78.6 (16.7) | 80.9 (10.6) | 80.8 (15.5) | +1.2 (−1.9, 4.2) |
| Memory | 17.8 (6.0) | 18.9 (6.3) | 18.7 (5.8) | 19.6 (6.6) | +0.5 (−1.4, 2.4) |
| TMT-A—processing speed | 64.8 (52.4) | 56.1 (41.6) | 57.9 (42.0) | 45.2 (20.3) | −2.7 (−14.3, 9.0) |
| TMT-B—cognitive flexibility | 141.7 (63.8) | 123.4 (56.2) | 142.3 (60.1) | 135.9 (64.0) | −8.6 (−33.9, 16.6) |
| DWRT—total words recalled | 2.7 (2.3) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.2 (2.9) | 2.9 (2.2) | +1.0 (−0.3, 2.3) |
| Hearing disability | |||||
| HHIE-S | 14.6 (12.4) | 13.2 (9.8) | 10.1 (11.1) | 12.8 (9.0) | −3.3 (−9.7, 3.1) |
| Depression | |||||
| GDS | 3.3 (2.6) | 3.9 (3.5) | 2.3 (1.9) | 5.1 (4.3) | −2.1 (−4.0, −0.3) |
| Quality of life | |||||
| SF-36—general health | 58.8 (21.9) | 54.6 (25.0) | 56.9 (22.7) | 47.8 (26.4) | +4.8 (−5.3, 14.8) |
| EQ-5D—your health today | 68.3 (23.7) | 64.9 (20.9) | 70.8 (21.2) | 67.4 (20.4) | +0.7 (−10.6, 11.9) |
| Loneliness | |||||
| UCLA loneliness scale score | 33.4 (10.0) | 37.0 (9.7) | 29.9 (5.5) | 36.9 (10.0) | −1.8 (−7.8, 4.3) |
| Social functioning | |||||
| SF-DEM total score | 27.6 (6.5) | 29.1 (6.1) | 27.3 (5.6) | 29.4 (4.9) | −0.7 (−3.5, 2.0) |
| Functional independence | |||||
| IADL score | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.3) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) |
| Physical strength | |||||
| Grip strength average | 21.7 (10.0) | 22.1 (8.9) | 23.5 (8.6) | 22.7 (7.6) | 0.8 (−1.4, 3.0) |
aIntervention effects were calculated using linear regression models adjusted for baseline outcome value. ACE-III, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination IIIDWRT, Delayed Word Recall Test; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimension; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HHIE-S, Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version; IADL, Brody instrumental activities of daily living scale; N, number of participants; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; SFDEM, Social Functioning in Dementia Scale; TMT-A & B, Trail Making Test Parts A & B.
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