Association between maternal fasting plasma glucose level and the developmental delay in children (n = 1541)
| Subgroups . | Developmental delay/total, n (%) . | Crude OR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental delay: across 5 domains | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.008 (0.994-1.022) | 1.004 (0.990-1.018) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 9/110 (8.2) | 0.481 (0.240-0.967) | 0.464 (0.229-0.943) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 13/80 (16.3) | 1.048 (0.569-1.933) | 0.833 (0.442-1.571) |
| Developmental delay: communication | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.015 (0.996-1.035) | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 3/110 (2.7) | 0.498 (0.154-1.607) | 0.506 (0.155-1.651) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.440 (0.606-3.421) | 1.087 (0.444-2.661) |
| Developmental delay: gross motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.005 (0.983-1.027) | 1.001 (0.979-1.024) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/110 (0.9) | 0.154 (0.021-1.118) | 0.150 (0.021-1.093) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 5/80 (6.3) | 1.118 (0.439-2.847) | 0.947 (0.364-2.465) |
| Developmental delay: fine motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.996 (0.970-1.024) | 0.991 (0.963-1.020) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/110 (1.8) | 0.406 (0.098-1.683) | 0.419 (0.100-1.756) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/80 (2.5) | 0.562 (0.135-2.341) | 0.453 (0.106-1.942) |
| Developmental delay: problem-solving | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.994 (0.967-1.021) | 0.995 (0.968-1.021) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.785 (0.280-2.198) | 0.724 (0.255-2.052) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/80 (1.3) | 0.263 (0.036-1.923) | 0.233 (0.032-1.725) |
| Developmental delay: personal-social | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) | 1.003 (0.982-1.025) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.651 (0.234-1.816) | 0.637 (0.225-1.802) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.399 (0.590-3.321) | 1.057 (0.432-2.584) |
| Subgroups . | Developmental delay/total, n (%) . | Crude OR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental delay: across 5 domains | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.008 (0.994-1.022) | 1.004 (0.990-1.018) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 9/110 (8.2) | 0.481 (0.240-0.967) | 0.464 (0.229-0.943) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 13/80 (16.3) | 1.048 (0.569-1.933) | 0.833 (0.442-1.571) |
| Developmental delay: communication | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.015 (0.996-1.035) | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 3/110 (2.7) | 0.498 (0.154-1.607) | 0.506 (0.155-1.651) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.440 (0.606-3.421) | 1.087 (0.444-2.661) |
| Developmental delay: gross motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.005 (0.983-1.027) | 1.001 (0.979-1.024) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/110 (0.9) | 0.154 (0.021-1.118) | 0.150 (0.021-1.093) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 5/80 (6.3) | 1.118 (0.439-2.847) | 0.947 (0.364-2.465) |
| Developmental delay: fine motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.996 (0.970-1.024) | 0.991 (0.963-1.020) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/110 (1.8) | 0.406 (0.098-1.683) | 0.419 (0.100-1.756) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/80 (2.5) | 0.562 (0.135-2.341) | 0.453 (0.106-1.942) |
| Developmental delay: problem-solving | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.994 (0.967-1.021) | 0.995 (0.968-1.021) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.785 (0.280-2.198) | 0.724 (0.255-2.052) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/80 (1.3) | 0.263 (0.036-1.923) | 0.233 (0.032-1.725) |
| Developmental delay: personal-social | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) | 1.003 (0.982-1.025) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.651 (0.234-1.816) | 0.637 (0.225-1.802) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.399 (0.590-3.321) | 1.057 (0.432-2.584) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
aAdjusted for maternal age of delivery, educational attainment, BMI before pregnancy, intake of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy, maternal grandpaternal history of DM, maternal grandmaternal history of DM or GDM, parity, and child's sex.
Association between maternal fasting plasma glucose level and the developmental delay in children (n = 1541)
| Subgroups . | Developmental delay/total, n (%) . | Crude OR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental delay: across 5 domains | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.008 (0.994-1.022) | 1.004 (0.990-1.018) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 9/110 (8.2) | 0.481 (0.240-0.967) | 0.464 (0.229-0.943) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 13/80 (16.3) | 1.048 (0.569-1.933) | 0.833 (0.442-1.571) |
| Developmental delay: communication | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.015 (0.996-1.035) | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 3/110 (2.7) | 0.498 (0.154-1.607) | 0.506 (0.155-1.651) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.440 (0.606-3.421) | 1.087 (0.444-2.661) |
| Developmental delay: gross motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.005 (0.983-1.027) | 1.001 (0.979-1.024) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/110 (0.9) | 0.154 (0.021-1.118) | 0.150 (0.021-1.093) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 5/80 (6.3) | 1.118 (0.439-2.847) | 0.947 (0.364-2.465) |
| Developmental delay: fine motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.996 (0.970-1.024) | 0.991 (0.963-1.020) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/110 (1.8) | 0.406 (0.098-1.683) | 0.419 (0.100-1.756) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/80 (2.5) | 0.562 (0.135-2.341) | 0.453 (0.106-1.942) |
| Developmental delay: problem-solving | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.994 (0.967-1.021) | 0.995 (0.968-1.021) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.785 (0.280-2.198) | 0.724 (0.255-2.052) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/80 (1.3) | 0.263 (0.036-1.923) | 0.233 (0.032-1.725) |
| Developmental delay: personal-social | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) | 1.003 (0.982-1.025) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.651 (0.234-1.816) | 0.637 (0.225-1.802) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.399 (0.590-3.321) | 1.057 (0.432-2.584) |
| Subgroups . | Developmental delay/total, n (%) . | Crude OR (95% CI) . | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental delay: across 5 domains | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.008 (0.994-1.022) | 1.004 (0.990-1.018) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 9/110 (8.2) | 0.481 (0.240-0.967) | 0.464 (0.229-0.943) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 13/80 (16.3) | 1.048 (0.569-1.933) | 0.833 (0.442-1.571) |
| Developmental delay: communication | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.015 (0.996-1.035) | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 3/110 (2.7) | 0.498 (0.154-1.607) | 0.506 (0.155-1.651) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.440 (0.606-3.421) | 1.087 (0.444-2.661) |
| Developmental delay: gross motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.005 (0.983-1.027) | 1.001 (0.979-1.024) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/110 (0.9) | 0.154 (0.021-1.118) | 0.150 (0.021-1.093) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 5/80 (6.3) | 1.118 (0.439-2.847) | 0.947 (0.364-2.465) |
| Developmental delay: fine motor | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.996 (0.970-1.024) | 0.991 (0.963-1.020) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/110 (1.8) | 0.406 (0.098-1.683) | 0.419 (0.100-1.756) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 2/80 (2.5) | 0.562 (0.135-2.341) | 0.453 (0.106-1.942) |
| Developmental delay: problem-solving | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 0.994 (0.967-1.021) | 0.995 (0.968-1.021) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.785 (0.280-2.198) | 0.724 (0.255-2.052) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 1/80 (1.3) | 0.263 (0.036-1.923) | 0.233 (0.032-1.725) |
| Developmental delay: personal-social | |||
| Continuous (per 1 mg/dL) | NA | 1.009 (0.989-1.030) | 1.003 (0.982-1.025) |
| ≤70 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 4/110 (3.6) | 0.651 (0.234-1.816) | 0.637 (0.225-1.802) |
| ≥95 mg/dL (ref: 71-94 mg/dL) | 6/80 (7.5) | 1.399 (0.590-3.321) | 1.057 (0.432-2.584) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
aAdjusted for maternal age of delivery, educational attainment, BMI before pregnancy, intake of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy, maternal grandpaternal history of DM, maternal grandmaternal history of DM or GDM, parity, and child's sex.
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