| Participants’ characteristics . | Total (n = 1541) Mean ± SD/n (%) . | mFPG level (mg/dL) Mean ± SD . | P-valuea . | mFPG level (mg/dL), Mean ± SD/n (%) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤70 mg/dL (n = 110) . | 71-94 mg/dL (n = 1351) . | ≥95 mg/dL (n = 80) . | P-valueb . | ||||
| mFPG level (before 24 weeks of gestation) (mg/dL) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 81.8 ± 9.7 | NA | 67.0 ± 3.6 | 81.5 ± 5.7 | 107.0 ± 17.4 | <.0001 |
| Gestational weeks at measurement of mFPG (weeks) | 11.5 ± 1.8 | NA | .53 | 11.5 ± 2.1 | 11.5 ± 1.7 | 11.5 ± 2.5 | .92 |
| Age at delivery (years) | 31.9 ± 4.7 | NA | .07 | 32.1 ± 4.2 | 31.8 ± 4.7 | 32.8 ± 4.7 | .18 |
| Educational attainment | .06 | .13 | |||||
| High school or lower | 488 (31.7) | 82.4 ± 9.9 | 30 (27.3) | 432 (32.0) | 26 (32.5) | ||
| Junior or vocational college | 582 (37.8) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 44 (40.0) | 506 (37.4) | 32 (40.0) | ||
| University or higher | 310 (20.1) | 80.6 ± 8.5 | 31 (28.2) | 267 (19.8) | 12 (15.0) | ||
| Missing | 161 (10.4) | 82.7 ± 10.8 | 5 (4.5) | 146 (10.8) | 10 (12.5) | ||
| BMI before pregnancy | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 202 (13.1) | 80.6 ± 8.9 | 22 (20.0) | 171 (12.7) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 | 1113 (72.2) | 81.4 ± 9.2 | 76 (69.1) | 994 (73.6) | 43 (53.7) | ||
| ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 196 (12.7) | 85.1 ± 12.1 | 11 (10.0) | 160 (11.8) | 25 (31.3) | ||
| Missing | 30 (2.0) | 84.1 ± 8.7 | 1 (0.9) | 26 (1.9) | 3 (3.8) | ||
| Intake of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy | .60 | .59 | |||||
| No | 689 (44.7) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 48 (43.6) | 610 (45.1) | 31 (38.7) | ||
| Yes | 842 (54.6) | 81.8 ± 10.3 | 62 (56.4) | 732 (54.2) | 48 (60.0) | ||
| Missing | 10 (0.7) | 84.9 ± 7.2 | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.7) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Maternal grandpaternal history of DM | .14 | .08 | |||||
| No | 1304 (84.6) | 81.6 ± 9.5 | 102 (92.7) | 1139 (84.3) | 63 (78.8) | ||
| Yes | 96 (6.2) | 83.4 ± 10.6 | 3 (2.7) | 85 (6.3) | 8 (10.0) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.2) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.6) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Maternal grandmaternal history of DM or GDM | .35 | .42 | |||||
| No | 1328 (86.2) | 81.7 ± 9.6 | 100 (90.9) | 1162 (86.0) | 66 (82.5) | ||
| Yes | 72 (4.7) | 83.0 ± 8.1 | 5 (4.6) | 62 (4.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.1) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.5) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Parity | .57 | .36 | |||||
| Nullipara | 734 (47.6) | 81.8 ± 10.4 | 54 (49.1) | 635 (47.0) | 45 (56.3) | ||
| Multipara | 806 (52.3) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 56 (50.9) | 715 (52.9) | 35 (43.7) | ||
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 92.0 ± NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Child's sex | .53 | .44 | |||||
| Male | 802 (52.0) | 82.0 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 700 (51.8) | 47 (58.7) | ||
| Female | 739 (48.0) | 81.7 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 651 (48.2) | 33 (41.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: across 5 domains | .22 | .11 | |||||
| No | 1308 (84.9) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 101 (91.8) | 1140 (84.4) | 67 (83.7) | ||
| Yes | 233 (15.1) | 82.5 ± 8.8 | 9 (8.2) | 211 (15.6) | 13 (16.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: communication | .07 | .33 | |||||
| No | 1460 (94.7) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 107 (97.3) | 1279 (94.7) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 81 (5.3) | 83.5 ± 8.0 | 3 (2.7) | 72 (5.3) | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: gross motor | .68 | .10 | |||||
| No | 1459 (94.7) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 109 (99.1) | 1275 (94.4) | 75 (93.7) | ||
| Yes | 82 (5.3) | 82.3 ± 8.6 | 1 (0.9) | 76 (5.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: fine motor | .80 | .41 | |||||
| No | 1478 (95.9) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 108 (98.2) | 1292 (95.6) | 78 (97.5) | ||
| Yes | 63 (4.1) | 81.5 ± 8.7 | 2 (1.8) | 59 (4.4) | 2 (2.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: problem-solving | .55 | .40 | |||||
| No | 1474 (95.6) | 81.9 ± 9.8 | 106 (96.4) | 1289 (95.4) | 79 (98.7) | ||
| Yes | 67 (4.4) | 81.3 ± 7.1 | 4 (3.6) | 62 (4.6) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: personal-social | .39 | .51 | |||||
| No | 1457 (94.5) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 106 (96.4) | 1277 (94.5) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 84 (5.5) | 82.7 ± 9.7 | 4 (3.6) | 74 (5.5) | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Participants’ characteristics . | Total (n = 1541) Mean ± SD/n (%) . | mFPG level (mg/dL) Mean ± SD . | P-valuea . | mFPG level (mg/dL), Mean ± SD/n (%) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤70 mg/dL (n = 110) . | 71-94 mg/dL (n = 1351) . | ≥95 mg/dL (n = 80) . | P-valueb . | ||||
| mFPG level (before 24 weeks of gestation) (mg/dL) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 81.8 ± 9.7 | NA | 67.0 ± 3.6 | 81.5 ± 5.7 | 107.0 ± 17.4 | <.0001 |
| Gestational weeks at measurement of mFPG (weeks) | 11.5 ± 1.8 | NA | .53 | 11.5 ± 2.1 | 11.5 ± 1.7 | 11.5 ± 2.5 | .92 |
| Age at delivery (years) | 31.9 ± 4.7 | NA | .07 | 32.1 ± 4.2 | 31.8 ± 4.7 | 32.8 ± 4.7 | .18 |
| Educational attainment | .06 | .13 | |||||
| High school or lower | 488 (31.7) | 82.4 ± 9.9 | 30 (27.3) | 432 (32.0) | 26 (32.5) | ||
| Junior or vocational college | 582 (37.8) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 44 (40.0) | 506 (37.4) | 32 (40.0) | ||
| University or higher | 310 (20.1) | 80.6 ± 8.5 | 31 (28.2) | 267 (19.8) | 12 (15.0) | ||
| Missing | 161 (10.4) | 82.7 ± 10.8 | 5 (4.5) | 146 (10.8) | 10 (12.5) | ||
| BMI before pregnancy | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 202 (13.1) | 80.6 ± 8.9 | 22 (20.0) | 171 (12.7) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 | 1113 (72.2) | 81.4 ± 9.2 | 76 (69.1) | 994 (73.6) | 43 (53.7) | ||
| ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 196 (12.7) | 85.1 ± 12.1 | 11 (10.0) | 160 (11.8) | 25 (31.3) | ||
| Missing | 30 (2.0) | 84.1 ± 8.7 | 1 (0.9) | 26 (1.9) | 3 (3.8) | ||
| Intake of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy | .60 | .59 | |||||
| No | 689 (44.7) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 48 (43.6) | 610 (45.1) | 31 (38.7) | ||
| Yes | 842 (54.6) | 81.8 ± 10.3 | 62 (56.4) | 732 (54.2) | 48 (60.0) | ||
| Missing | 10 (0.7) | 84.9 ± 7.2 | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.7) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Maternal grandpaternal history of DM | .14 | .08 | |||||
| No | 1304 (84.6) | 81.6 ± 9.5 | 102 (92.7) | 1139 (84.3) | 63 (78.8) | ||
| Yes | 96 (6.2) | 83.4 ± 10.6 | 3 (2.7) | 85 (6.3) | 8 (10.0) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.2) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.6) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Maternal grandmaternal history of DM or GDM | .35 | .42 | |||||
| No | 1328 (86.2) | 81.7 ± 9.6 | 100 (90.9) | 1162 (86.0) | 66 (82.5) | ||
| Yes | 72 (4.7) | 83.0 ± 8.1 | 5 (4.6) | 62 (4.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.1) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.5) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Parity | .57 | .36 | |||||
| Nullipara | 734 (47.6) | 81.8 ± 10.4 | 54 (49.1) | 635 (47.0) | 45 (56.3) | ||
| Multipara | 806 (52.3) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 56 (50.9) | 715 (52.9) | 35 (43.7) | ||
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 92.0 ± NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Child's sex | .53 | .44 | |||||
| Male | 802 (52.0) | 82.0 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 700 (51.8) | 47 (58.7) | ||
| Female | 739 (48.0) | 81.7 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 651 (48.2) | 33 (41.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: across 5 domains | .22 | .11 | |||||
| No | 1308 (84.9) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 101 (91.8) | 1140 (84.4) | 67 (83.7) | ||
| Yes | 233 (15.1) | 82.5 ± 8.8 | 9 (8.2) | 211 (15.6) | 13 (16.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: communication | .07 | .33 | |||||
| No | 1460 (94.7) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 107 (97.3) | 1279 (94.7) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 81 (5.3) | 83.5 ± 8.0 | 3 (2.7) | 72 (5.3) | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: gross motor | .68 | .10 | |||||
| No | 1459 (94.7) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 109 (99.1) | 1275 (94.4) | 75 (93.7) | ||
| Yes | 82 (5.3) | 82.3 ± 8.6 | 1 (0.9) | 76 (5.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: fine motor | .80 | .41 | |||||
| No | 1478 (95.9) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 108 (98.2) | 1292 (95.6) | 78 (97.5) | ||
| Yes | 63 (4.1) | 81.5 ± 8.7 | 2 (1.8) | 59 (4.4) | 2 (2.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: problem-solving | .55 | .40 | |||||
| No | 1474 (95.6) | 81.9 ± 9.8 | 106 (96.4) | 1289 (95.4) | 79 (98.7) | ||
| Yes | 67 (4.4) | 81.3 ± 7.1 | 4 (3.6) | 62 (4.6) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: personal-social | .39 | .51 | |||||
| No | 1457 (94.5) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 106 (96.4) | 1277 (94.5) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 84 (5.5) | 82.7 ± 9.7 | 4 (3.6) | 74 (5.5) | 6 (7.5) | ||
For ANOVAs, Bonferroni's or Tukey's correction was used to obtain P-values.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; mFPG, maternal fasting plasma glucose; NA, not applicable.
aObtained using correlation analysis, t-test, or ANOVA.
bObtained using ANOVA, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test.
| Participants’ characteristics . | Total (n = 1541) Mean ± SD/n (%) . | mFPG level (mg/dL) Mean ± SD . | P-valuea . | mFPG level (mg/dL), Mean ± SD/n (%) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤70 mg/dL (n = 110) . | 71-94 mg/dL (n = 1351) . | ≥95 mg/dL (n = 80) . | P-valueb . | ||||
| mFPG level (before 24 weeks of gestation) (mg/dL) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 81.8 ± 9.7 | NA | 67.0 ± 3.6 | 81.5 ± 5.7 | 107.0 ± 17.4 | <.0001 |
| Gestational weeks at measurement of mFPG (weeks) | 11.5 ± 1.8 | NA | .53 | 11.5 ± 2.1 | 11.5 ± 1.7 | 11.5 ± 2.5 | .92 |
| Age at delivery (years) | 31.9 ± 4.7 | NA | .07 | 32.1 ± 4.2 | 31.8 ± 4.7 | 32.8 ± 4.7 | .18 |
| Educational attainment | .06 | .13 | |||||
| High school or lower | 488 (31.7) | 82.4 ± 9.9 | 30 (27.3) | 432 (32.0) | 26 (32.5) | ||
| Junior or vocational college | 582 (37.8) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 44 (40.0) | 506 (37.4) | 32 (40.0) | ||
| University or higher | 310 (20.1) | 80.6 ± 8.5 | 31 (28.2) | 267 (19.8) | 12 (15.0) | ||
| Missing | 161 (10.4) | 82.7 ± 10.8 | 5 (4.5) | 146 (10.8) | 10 (12.5) | ||
| BMI before pregnancy | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 202 (13.1) | 80.6 ± 8.9 | 22 (20.0) | 171 (12.7) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 | 1113 (72.2) | 81.4 ± 9.2 | 76 (69.1) | 994 (73.6) | 43 (53.7) | ||
| ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 196 (12.7) | 85.1 ± 12.1 | 11 (10.0) | 160 (11.8) | 25 (31.3) | ||
| Missing | 30 (2.0) | 84.1 ± 8.7 | 1 (0.9) | 26 (1.9) | 3 (3.8) | ||
| Intake of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy | .60 | .59 | |||||
| No | 689 (44.7) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 48 (43.6) | 610 (45.1) | 31 (38.7) | ||
| Yes | 842 (54.6) | 81.8 ± 10.3 | 62 (56.4) | 732 (54.2) | 48 (60.0) | ||
| Missing | 10 (0.7) | 84.9 ± 7.2 | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.7) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Maternal grandpaternal history of DM | .14 | .08 | |||||
| No | 1304 (84.6) | 81.6 ± 9.5 | 102 (92.7) | 1139 (84.3) | 63 (78.8) | ||
| Yes | 96 (6.2) | 83.4 ± 10.6 | 3 (2.7) | 85 (6.3) | 8 (10.0) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.2) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.6) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Maternal grandmaternal history of DM or GDM | .35 | .42 | |||||
| No | 1328 (86.2) | 81.7 ± 9.6 | 100 (90.9) | 1162 (86.0) | 66 (82.5) | ||
| Yes | 72 (4.7) | 83.0 ± 8.1 | 5 (4.6) | 62 (4.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.1) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.5) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Parity | .57 | .36 | |||||
| Nullipara | 734 (47.6) | 81.8 ± 10.4 | 54 (49.1) | 635 (47.0) | 45 (56.3) | ||
| Multipara | 806 (52.3) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 56 (50.9) | 715 (52.9) | 35 (43.7) | ||
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 92.0 ± NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Child's sex | .53 | .44 | |||||
| Male | 802 (52.0) | 82.0 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 700 (51.8) | 47 (58.7) | ||
| Female | 739 (48.0) | 81.7 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 651 (48.2) | 33 (41.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: across 5 domains | .22 | .11 | |||||
| No | 1308 (84.9) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 101 (91.8) | 1140 (84.4) | 67 (83.7) | ||
| Yes | 233 (15.1) | 82.5 ± 8.8 | 9 (8.2) | 211 (15.6) | 13 (16.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: communication | .07 | .33 | |||||
| No | 1460 (94.7) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 107 (97.3) | 1279 (94.7) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 81 (5.3) | 83.5 ± 8.0 | 3 (2.7) | 72 (5.3) | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: gross motor | .68 | .10 | |||||
| No | 1459 (94.7) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 109 (99.1) | 1275 (94.4) | 75 (93.7) | ||
| Yes | 82 (5.3) | 82.3 ± 8.6 | 1 (0.9) | 76 (5.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: fine motor | .80 | .41 | |||||
| No | 1478 (95.9) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 108 (98.2) | 1292 (95.6) | 78 (97.5) | ||
| Yes | 63 (4.1) | 81.5 ± 8.7 | 2 (1.8) | 59 (4.4) | 2 (2.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: problem-solving | .55 | .40 | |||||
| No | 1474 (95.6) | 81.9 ± 9.8 | 106 (96.4) | 1289 (95.4) | 79 (98.7) | ||
| Yes | 67 (4.4) | 81.3 ± 7.1 | 4 (3.6) | 62 (4.6) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: personal-social | .39 | .51 | |||||
| No | 1457 (94.5) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 106 (96.4) | 1277 (94.5) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 84 (5.5) | 82.7 ± 9.7 | 4 (3.6) | 74 (5.5) | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Participants’ characteristics . | Total (n = 1541) Mean ± SD/n (%) . | mFPG level (mg/dL) Mean ± SD . | P-valuea . | mFPG level (mg/dL), Mean ± SD/n (%) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤70 mg/dL (n = 110) . | 71-94 mg/dL (n = 1351) . | ≥95 mg/dL (n = 80) . | P-valueb . | ||||
| mFPG level (before 24 weeks of gestation) (mg/dL) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 81.8 ± 9.7 | NA | 67.0 ± 3.6 | 81.5 ± 5.7 | 107.0 ± 17.4 | <.0001 |
| Gestational weeks at measurement of mFPG (weeks) | 11.5 ± 1.8 | NA | .53 | 11.5 ± 2.1 | 11.5 ± 1.7 | 11.5 ± 2.5 | .92 |
| Age at delivery (years) | 31.9 ± 4.7 | NA | .07 | 32.1 ± 4.2 | 31.8 ± 4.7 | 32.8 ± 4.7 | .18 |
| Educational attainment | .06 | .13 | |||||
| High school or lower | 488 (31.7) | 82.4 ± 9.9 | 30 (27.3) | 432 (32.0) | 26 (32.5) | ||
| Junior or vocational college | 582 (37.8) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 44 (40.0) | 506 (37.4) | 32 (40.0) | ||
| University or higher | 310 (20.1) | 80.6 ± 8.5 | 31 (28.2) | 267 (19.8) | 12 (15.0) | ||
| Missing | 161 (10.4) | 82.7 ± 10.8 | 5 (4.5) | 146 (10.8) | 10 (12.5) | ||
| BMI before pregnancy | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 202 (13.1) | 80.6 ± 8.9 | 22 (20.0) | 171 (12.7) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 | 1113 (72.2) | 81.4 ± 9.2 | 76 (69.1) | 994 (73.6) | 43 (53.7) | ||
| ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 196 (12.7) | 85.1 ± 12.1 | 11 (10.0) | 160 (11.8) | 25 (31.3) | ||
| Missing | 30 (2.0) | 84.1 ± 8.7 | 1 (0.9) | 26 (1.9) | 3 (3.8) | ||
| Intake of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy | .60 | .59 | |||||
| No | 689 (44.7) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 48 (43.6) | 610 (45.1) | 31 (38.7) | ||
| Yes | 842 (54.6) | 81.8 ± 10.3 | 62 (56.4) | 732 (54.2) | 48 (60.0) | ||
| Missing | 10 (0.7) | 84.9 ± 7.2 | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.7) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Maternal grandpaternal history of DM | .14 | .08 | |||||
| No | 1304 (84.6) | 81.6 ± 9.5 | 102 (92.7) | 1139 (84.3) | 63 (78.8) | ||
| Yes | 96 (6.2) | 83.4 ± 10.6 | 3 (2.7) | 85 (6.3) | 8 (10.0) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.2) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.6) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Maternal grandmaternal history of DM or GDM | .35 | .42 | |||||
| No | 1328 (86.2) | 81.7 ± 9.6 | 100 (90.9) | 1162 (86.0) | 66 (82.5) | ||
| Yes | 72 (4.7) | 83.0 ± 8.1 | 5 (4.6) | 62 (4.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Missing | 141 (9.1) | 82.5 ± 11.0 | 5 (4.5) | 127 (9.4) | 9 (11.2) | ||
| Parity | .57 | .36 | |||||
| Nullipara | 734 (47.6) | 81.8 ± 10.4 | 54 (49.1) | 635 (47.0) | 45 (56.3) | ||
| Multipara | 806 (52.3) | 81.8 ± 8.9 | 56 (50.9) | 715 (52.9) | 35 (43.7) | ||
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 92.0 ± NA | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Child's sex | .53 | .44 | |||||
| Male | 802 (52.0) | 82.0 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 700 (51.8) | 47 (58.7) | ||
| Female | 739 (48.0) | 81.7 ± 9.7 | 55 (50.0) | 651 (48.2) | 33 (41.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: across 5 domains | .22 | .11 | |||||
| No | 1308 (84.9) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 101 (91.8) | 1140 (84.4) | 67 (83.7) | ||
| Yes | 233 (15.1) | 82.5 ± 8.8 | 9 (8.2) | 211 (15.6) | 13 (16.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: communication | .07 | .33 | |||||
| No | 1460 (94.7) | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 107 (97.3) | 1279 (94.7) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 81 (5.3) | 83.5 ± 8.0 | 3 (2.7) | 72 (5.3) | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: gross motor | .68 | .10 | |||||
| No | 1459 (94.7) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 109 (99.1) | 1275 (94.4) | 75 (93.7) | ||
| Yes | 82 (5.3) | 82.3 ± 8.6 | 1 (0.9) | 76 (5.6) | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: fine motor | .80 | .41 | |||||
| No | 1478 (95.9) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 108 (98.2) | 1292 (95.6) | 78 (97.5) | ||
| Yes | 63 (4.1) | 81.5 ± 8.7 | 2 (1.8) | 59 (4.4) | 2 (2.5) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: problem-solving | .55 | .40 | |||||
| No | 1474 (95.6) | 81.9 ± 9.8 | 106 (96.4) | 1289 (95.4) | 79 (98.7) | ||
| Yes | 67 (4.4) | 81.3 ± 7.1 | 4 (3.6) | 62 (4.6) | 1 (1.3) | ||
| Developmental delay at the age of 2 years: personal-social | .39 | .51 | |||||
| No | 1457 (94.5) | 81.8 ± 9.7 | 106 (96.4) | 1277 (94.5) | 74 (92.5) | ||
| Yes | 84 (5.5) | 82.7 ± 9.7 | 4 (3.6) | 74 (5.5) | 6 (7.5) | ||
For ANOVAs, Bonferroni's or Tukey's correction was used to obtain P-values.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; mFPG, maternal fasting plasma glucose; NA, not applicable.
aObtained using correlation analysis, t-test, or ANOVA.
bObtained using ANOVA, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test.
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