Table 4: Open in new tab Risk of PO-AKI...

	PO-AKI		S-PO-AKI
Demographic characteristics
Age, years
<40	Reference		Reference
≥40 and <59	1.13 (1.02–1.26)	.019	1.05 (0.81–1.38)	.733
≥60 and <79	1.28 (1.15–1.42)	<.001	1.32 (1.02–1.75)	.042
≥80	1.51 (1.31–1.74)	<.001	1.53 (1.05–2.22)	.027
Sex
Male	Reference		Reference
Female	0.72 (0.68–0.77)	<.001	0.87 (0.74–1.01)	.071
Smoking
Never	Reference		Reference
Current	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	.003	1.11 (0.95–1.3)	.185
Ex-smoker	1.21 (1.07–1.37)	.003	1.29 (0.94–1.73)	.096
BMI, kg/m²
≥18.5 and <25.0	Reference		Reference
<18.5	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.055	1.11 (0.83–1.46)	.475
≥25.0 and <30.0	1.09 (1.04–1.15)	.001	1.15 (1–1.31)	.046
≥30.0	1.33 (1.20–1.47)	<.001	1.69 (1.32–2.14)	<.001
Laboratory findings
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²
≥90	Reference		Reference
≥60 and <90	1.11 (1.05–1.18)	<.001	0.66 (0.58–0.77)	<.001
<60	2.41 (2.22–2.61)	<.001	0.59 (0.47–0.74)	<.001
Hemoglobin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Anemia	1.38 (1.31–1.46)	<.001	1.54 (1.33–1.77)	<.001
WBC counts
Normal	Reference		Reference
Leukopenia	1.79 (1.63–1.97)	<.001	1.9 (1.54–2.33)	<.001
Leukocytosis	1.06 (0.99–1.12)	.079	1.17 (1–1.36)	.043
Serum sodium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hyponatremia	1.49 (1.34–1.65)	<.001	1.74 (1.38–2.17)	<.001
Hypernatremia	1.24 (1.06–1.45)	.006	1.49 (1.03–2.09)	.026
Serum potassium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypokalemia	1.11 (0.99–1.24)	.068	0.95 (0.71–1.24)	.703
Hyperkalemia	2.11 (1.52–2.88)	<.001	3.85 (2.03–6.69)	<.001
Serum albumin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypoalbuminemia	1.89 (1.78–2.02)	<.001	2.42 (2.06–2.83)	<.001
Albuminuria
Normal	Reference		Reference
Albuminuria	1.60 (1.50–1.71)	<.001	1.63 (1.4–1.89)	<.001
Comorbidity
Diabetes mellitus	1.31 (1.22–1.39)	<.001	1.32 (1.12–1.54)	.001
Hypertension	1.12 (1.06–1.18)	<.001	1.15 (0.99–1.32)	.062
Cardiovascular disease	1.15 (1.03–1.28)	.01	0.93 (0.68–1.24)	.622
Cerebrovascular disease	1.05 (0.96–1.16)	.267	0.91 (0.7–1.18)	.493
Malignancy	1.19 (1.13–1.26)	<.001	1.19 (1.04–1.37)	.013
Medication usage
NSAID	0.93 (0.86–1.00)	.052	1.02 (0.83–1.25)	.827
RAAS blocker	1.77 (1.60–1.96)	<.001	1.85 (1.47–2.31)	<.001
Diuretics	1.27 (1.16–1.38)	<.001	1.22 (0.97–1.52)	.083
Anticoagulants/anti-platelet agent	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.049	1.47 (1.12–1.92)	.005
Surgery-related factors
Department
General surgery	Reference		Reference
OBGY	1.21 (1.04–1.4)	.011	1.26 (0.92–1.7)	.138
Urologic surgery	3.28 (3.06–3.52)	<.001	3.94 (3.34–4.63)	<.001
Neurosurgery	0.41 (0.36–0.46)	<.001	0.19 (0.13–0.28)	<.001
Orthopedic surgery	0.83 (0.76–0.89)	<.001	0.37 (0.3–0.47)	<.001
Surgical type
Elective	Reference		Reference
Emergency	1.48 (1.33–1.65)	<.001	1.93 (1.51–2.44)	<.001
Anesthetic type
General	Reference		Reference
Spinal	1.38 (1.28–1.5)	<.001	0.99 (0.76–1.28)	.953
Anesthetic time, h
<2	Reference		Reference
≥2 and <4	1.21 (1.13–1.29)	<.001	1.5 (1.25–1.81)	<.001
≥4	2.83 (2.64–3.03)	<.001	3.45 (2.86–4.18)	<.001
Preoperative BP
Normotensive	Reference		Reference
Hypertensive	1.14 (1.07–1.20)	<.001	1.35 (1.17–1.55)	<.001
Hypotensive	1.01 (0.93–1.09)	.794	0.94 (0.77–1.15)	.58

PO-AKI

S-PO-AKI

Multivariable

OR (95% CI)

Demographic characteristics

Age, years

<40

Reference

≥40 and <59

1.13 (1.02–1.26)

.019

1.05 (0.81–1.38)

.733

≥60 and <79

1.28 (1.15–1.42)

<.001

1.32 (1.02–1.75)

.042

≥80

1.51 (1.31–1.74)

<.001

1.53 (1.05–2.22)

.027

Sex

Male

Reference

Female

0.72 (0.68–0.77)

<.001

0.87 (0.74–1.01)

.071

Smoking

Never

Reference

Current

1.10 (1.03–1.17)

.003

1.11 (0.95–1.3)

.185

Ex-smoker

1.21 (1.07–1.37)

.003

1.29 (0.94–1.73)

.096

BMI, kg/m²

≥18.5 and <25.0

Reference

<18.5

1.13 (1.00–1.27)

.055

1.11 (0.83–1.46)

.475

≥25.0 and <30.0

1.09 (1.04–1.15)

.001

1.15 (1–1.31)

.046

≥30.0

1.33 (1.20–1.47)

<.001

1.69 (1.32–2.14)

<.001

Laboratory findings

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

≥90

Reference

≥60 and <90

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

<.001

0.66 (0.58–0.77)

<.001

<60

2.41 (2.22–2.61)

<.001

0.59 (0.47–0.74)

<.001

Hemoglobin

Normal

Reference

Anemia

1.38 (1.31–1.46)

<.001

1.54 (1.33–1.77)

<.001

WBC counts

Normal

Reference

Leukopenia

1.79 (1.63–1.97)

<.001

1.9 (1.54–2.33)

<.001

Leukocytosis

1.06 (0.99–1.12)

.079

1.17 (1–1.36)

.043

Serum sodium

Normal

Reference

Hyponatremia

1.49 (1.34–1.65)

<.001

1.74 (1.38–2.17)

<.001

Hypernatremia

1.24 (1.06–1.45)

.006

1.49 (1.03–2.09)

.026

Serum potassium

Normal

Reference

Hypokalemia

1.11 (0.99–1.24)

.068

0.95 (0.71–1.24)

.703

Hyperkalemia

2.11 (1.52–2.88)

<.001

3.85 (2.03–6.69)

<.001

Serum albumin

Normal

Reference

Hypoalbuminemia

1.89 (1.78–2.02)

<.001

2.42 (2.06–2.83)

<.001

Albuminuria

Normal

Reference

Albuminuria

1.60 (1.50–1.71)

<.001

1.63 (1.4–1.89)

<.001

Comorbidity

Diabetes mellitus

1.31 (1.22–1.39)

<.001

1.32 (1.12–1.54)

.001

Hypertension

1.12 (1.06–1.18)

<.001

1.15 (0.99–1.32)

.062

Cardiovascular disease

1.15 (1.03–1.28)

.01

0.93 (0.68–1.24)

.622

Cerebrovascular disease

1.05 (0.96–1.16)

.267

0.91 (0.7–1.18)

.493

Malignancy

1.19 (1.13–1.26)

<.001

1.19 (1.04–1.37)

.013

Medication usage

NSAID

0.93 (0.86–1.00)

.052

1.02 (0.83–1.25)

.827

RAAS blocker

1.77 (1.60–1.96)

<.001

1.85 (1.47–2.31)

<.001

Diuretics

1.27 (1.16–1.38)

<.001

1.22 (0.97–1.52)

.083

Anticoagulants/anti-platelet agent

1.13 (1.00–1.27)

.049

1.47 (1.12–1.92)

.005

Surgery-related factors

Department

General surgery

Reference

OBGY

1.21 (1.04–1.4)

.011

1.26 (0.92–1.7)

.138

Urologic surgery

3.28 (3.06–3.52)

<.001

3.94 (3.34–4.63)

<.001

Neurosurgery

0.41 (0.36–0.46)

<.001

0.19 (0.13–0.28)

<.001

Orthopedic surgery

0.83 (0.76–0.89)

<.001

0.37 (0.3–0.47)

<.001

Surgical type

Elective

Reference

Emergency

1.48 (1.33–1.65)

<.001

1.93 (1.51–2.44)

<.001

Anesthetic type

General

Reference

Spinal

1.38 (1.28–1.5)

<.001

0.99 (0.76–1.28)

.953

Anesthetic time, h

Reference

≥2 and <4

1.21 (1.13–1.29)

<.001

1.5 (1.25–1.81)

<.001

≥4

2.83 (2.64–3.03)

<.001

3.45 (2.86–4.18)

<.001

Preoperative BP

Normotensive

Reference

Hypertensive

1.14 (1.07–1.20)

<.001

1.35 (1.17–1.55)

<.001

Hypotensive

1.01 (0.93–1.09)

.794

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

.58

	PO-AKI		S-PO-AKI
Demographic characteristics
Age, years
<40	Reference		Reference
≥40 and <59	1.13 (1.02–1.26)	.019	1.05 (0.81–1.38)	.733
≥60 and <79	1.28 (1.15–1.42)	<.001	1.32 (1.02–1.75)	.042
≥80	1.51 (1.31–1.74)	<.001	1.53 (1.05–2.22)	.027
Sex
Male	Reference		Reference
Female	0.72 (0.68–0.77)	<.001	0.87 (0.74–1.01)	.071
Smoking
Never	Reference		Reference
Current	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	.003	1.11 (0.95–1.3)	.185
Ex-smoker	1.21 (1.07–1.37)	.003	1.29 (0.94–1.73)	.096
BMI, kg/m²
≥18.5 and <25.0	Reference		Reference
<18.5	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.055	1.11 (0.83–1.46)	.475
≥25.0 and <30.0	1.09 (1.04–1.15)	.001	1.15 (1–1.31)	.046
≥30.0	1.33 (1.20–1.47)	<.001	1.69 (1.32–2.14)	<.001
Laboratory findings
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²
≥90	Reference		Reference
≥60 and <90	1.11 (1.05–1.18)	<.001	0.66 (0.58–0.77)	<.001
<60	2.41 (2.22–2.61)	<.001	0.59 (0.47–0.74)	<.001
Hemoglobin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Anemia	1.38 (1.31–1.46)	<.001	1.54 (1.33–1.77)	<.001
WBC counts
Normal	Reference		Reference
Leukopenia	1.79 (1.63–1.97)	<.001	1.9 (1.54–2.33)	<.001
Leukocytosis	1.06 (0.99–1.12)	.079	1.17 (1–1.36)	.043
Serum sodium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hyponatremia	1.49 (1.34–1.65)	<.001	1.74 (1.38–2.17)	<.001
Hypernatremia	1.24 (1.06–1.45)	.006	1.49 (1.03–2.09)	.026
Serum potassium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypokalemia	1.11 (0.99–1.24)	.068	0.95 (0.71–1.24)	.703
Hyperkalemia	2.11 (1.52–2.88)	<.001	3.85 (2.03–6.69)	<.001
Serum albumin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypoalbuminemia	1.89 (1.78–2.02)	<.001	2.42 (2.06–2.83)	<.001
Albuminuria
Normal	Reference		Reference
Albuminuria	1.60 (1.50–1.71)	<.001	1.63 (1.4–1.89)	<.001
Comorbidity
Diabetes mellitus	1.31 (1.22–1.39)	<.001	1.32 (1.12–1.54)	.001
Hypertension	1.12 (1.06–1.18)	<.001	1.15 (0.99–1.32)	.062
Cardiovascular disease	1.15 (1.03–1.28)	.01	0.93 (0.68–1.24)	.622
Cerebrovascular disease	1.05 (0.96–1.16)	.267	0.91 (0.7–1.18)	.493
Malignancy	1.19 (1.13–1.26)	<.001	1.19 (1.04–1.37)	.013
Medication usage
NSAID	0.93 (0.86–1.00)	.052	1.02 (0.83–1.25)	.827
RAAS blocker	1.77 (1.60–1.96)	<.001	1.85 (1.47–2.31)	<.001
Diuretics	1.27 (1.16–1.38)	<.001	1.22 (0.97–1.52)	.083
Anticoagulants/anti-platelet agent	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.049	1.47 (1.12–1.92)	.005
Surgery-related factors
Department
General surgery	Reference		Reference
OBGY	1.21 (1.04–1.4)	.011	1.26 (0.92–1.7)	.138
Urologic surgery	3.28 (3.06–3.52)	<.001	3.94 (3.34–4.63)	<.001
Neurosurgery	0.41 (0.36–0.46)	<.001	0.19 (0.13–0.28)	<.001
Orthopedic surgery	0.83 (0.76–0.89)	<.001	0.37 (0.3–0.47)	<.001
Surgical type
Elective	Reference		Reference
Emergency	1.48 (1.33–1.65)	<.001	1.93 (1.51–2.44)	<.001
Anesthetic type
General	Reference		Reference
Spinal	1.38 (1.28–1.5)	<.001	0.99 (0.76–1.28)	.953
Anesthetic time, h
<2	Reference		Reference
≥2 and <4	1.21 (1.13–1.29)	<.001	1.5 (1.25–1.81)	<.001
≥4	2.83 (2.64–3.03)	<.001	3.45 (2.86–4.18)	<.001
Preoperative BP
Normotensive	Reference		Reference
Hypertensive	1.14 (1.07–1.20)	<.001	1.35 (1.17–1.55)	<.001
Hypotensive	1.01 (0.93–1.09)	.794	0.94 (0.77–1.15)	.58

PO-AKI

S-PO-AKI

Multivariable

OR (95% CI)

Demographic characteristics

Age, years

<40

Reference

≥40 and <59

1.13 (1.02–1.26)

.019

1.05 (0.81–1.38)

.733

≥60 and <79

1.28 (1.15–1.42)

<.001

1.32 (1.02–1.75)

.042

≥80

1.51 (1.31–1.74)

<.001

1.53 (1.05–2.22)

.027

Sex

Male

Reference

Female

0.72 (0.68–0.77)

<.001

0.87 (0.74–1.01)

.071

Smoking

Never

Reference

Current

1.10 (1.03–1.17)

.003

1.11 (0.95–1.3)

.185

Ex-smoker

1.21 (1.07–1.37)

.003

1.29 (0.94–1.73)

.096

BMI, kg/m²

≥18.5 and <25.0

Reference

<18.5

1.13 (1.00–1.27)

.055

1.11 (0.83–1.46)

.475

≥25.0 and <30.0

1.09 (1.04–1.15)

.001

1.15 (1–1.31)

.046

≥30.0

1.33 (1.20–1.47)

<.001

1.69 (1.32–2.14)

<.001

Laboratory findings

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

≥90

Reference

≥60 and <90

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

<.001

0.66 (0.58–0.77)

<.001

<60

2.41 (2.22–2.61)

<.001

0.59 (0.47–0.74)

<.001

Hemoglobin

Normal

Reference

Anemia

1.38 (1.31–1.46)

<.001

1.54 (1.33–1.77)

<.001

WBC counts

Normal

Reference

Leukopenia

1.79 (1.63–1.97)

<.001

1.9 (1.54–2.33)

<.001

Leukocytosis

1.06 (0.99–1.12)

.079

1.17 (1–1.36)

.043

Serum sodium

Normal

Reference

Hyponatremia

1.49 (1.34–1.65)

<.001

1.74 (1.38–2.17)

<.001

Hypernatremia

1.24 (1.06–1.45)

.006

1.49 (1.03–2.09)

.026

Serum potassium

Normal

Reference

Hypokalemia

1.11 (0.99–1.24)

.068

0.95 (0.71–1.24)

.703

Hyperkalemia

2.11 (1.52–2.88)

<.001

3.85 (2.03–6.69)

<.001

Serum albumin

Normal

Reference

Hypoalbuminemia

1.89 (1.78–2.02)

<.001

2.42 (2.06–2.83)

<.001

Albuminuria

Normal

Reference

Albuminuria

1.60 (1.50–1.71)

<.001

1.63 (1.4–1.89)

<.001

Comorbidity

Diabetes mellitus

1.31 (1.22–1.39)

<.001

1.32 (1.12–1.54)

.001

Hypertension

1.12 (1.06–1.18)

<.001

1.15 (0.99–1.32)

.062

Cardiovascular disease

1.15 (1.03–1.28)

.01

0.93 (0.68–1.24)

.622

Cerebrovascular disease

1.05 (0.96–1.16)

.267

0.91 (0.7–1.18)

.493

Malignancy

1.19 (1.13–1.26)

<.001

1.19 (1.04–1.37)

.013

Medication usage

NSAID

0.93 (0.86–1.00)

.052

1.02 (0.83–1.25)

.827

RAAS blocker

1.77 (1.60–1.96)

<.001

1.85 (1.47–2.31)

<.001

Diuretics

1.27 (1.16–1.38)

<.001

1.22 (0.97–1.52)

.083

Anticoagulants/anti-platelet agent

1.13 (1.00–1.27)

.049

1.47 (1.12–1.92)

.005

Surgery-related factors

Department

General surgery

Reference

OBGY

1.21 (1.04–1.4)

.011

1.26 (0.92–1.7)

.138

Urologic surgery

3.28 (3.06–3.52)

<.001

3.94 (3.34–4.63)

<.001

Neurosurgery

0.41 (0.36–0.46)

<.001

0.19 (0.13–0.28)

<.001

Orthopedic surgery

0.83 (0.76–0.89)

<.001

0.37 (0.3–0.47)

<.001

Surgical type

Elective

Reference

Emergency

1.48 (1.33–1.65)

<.001

1.93 (1.51–2.44)

<.001

Anesthetic type

General

Reference

Spinal

1.38 (1.28–1.5)

<.001

0.99 (0.76–1.28)

.953

Anesthetic time, h

Reference

≥2 and <4

1.21 (1.13–1.29)

<.001

1.5 (1.25–1.81)

<.001

≥4

2.83 (2.64–3.03)

<.001

3.45 (2.86–4.18)

<.001

Preoperative BP

Normotensive

Reference

Hypertensive

1.14 (1.07–1.20)

<.001

1.35 (1.17–1.55)

<.001

Hypotensive

1.01 (0.93–1.09)

.794

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

.58

Table 4:

Open in new tab

Risk of PO-AKI and S-PO-AKI analyzed by multivariable logistic regression according to clinicodemographic factors.

	PO-AKI		S-PO-AKI
	Multivariable		Multivariable
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Demographic characteristics
Age, years
<40	Reference		Reference
≥40 and <59	1.13 (1.02–1.26)	.019	1.05 (0.81–1.38)	.733
≥60 and <79	1.28 (1.15–1.42)	<.001	1.32 (1.02–1.75)	.042
≥80	1.51 (1.31–1.74)	<.001	1.53 (1.05–2.22)	.027
Sex
Male	Reference		Reference
Female	0.72 (0.68–0.77)	<.001	0.87 (0.74–1.01)	.071
Smoking
Never	Reference		Reference
Current	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	.003	1.11 (0.95–1.3)	.185
Ex-smoker	1.21 (1.07–1.37)	.003	1.29 (0.94–1.73)	.096
BMI, kg/m²
≥18.5 and <25.0	Reference		Reference
<18.5	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.055	1.11 (0.83–1.46)	.475
≥25.0 and <30.0	1.09 (1.04–1.15)	.001	1.15 (1–1.31)	.046
≥30.0	1.33 (1.20–1.47)	<.001	1.69 (1.32–2.14)	<.001
Laboratory findings
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²
≥90	Reference		Reference
≥60 and <90	1.11 (1.05–1.18)	<.001	0.66 (0.58–0.77)	<.001
<60	2.41 (2.22–2.61)	<.001	0.59 (0.47–0.74)	<.001
Hemoglobin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Anemia	1.38 (1.31–1.46)	<.001	1.54 (1.33–1.77)	<.001
WBC counts
Normal	Reference		Reference
Leukopenia	1.79 (1.63–1.97)	<.001	1.9 (1.54–2.33)	<.001
Leukocytosis	1.06 (0.99–1.12)	.079	1.17 (1–1.36)	.043
Serum sodium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hyponatremia	1.49 (1.34–1.65)	<.001	1.74 (1.38–2.17)	<.001
Hypernatremia	1.24 (1.06–1.45)	.006	1.49 (1.03–2.09)	.026
Serum potassium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypokalemia	1.11 (0.99–1.24)	.068	0.95 (0.71–1.24)	.703
Hyperkalemia	2.11 (1.52–2.88)	<.001	3.85 (2.03–6.69)	<.001
Serum albumin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypoalbuminemia	1.89 (1.78–2.02)	<.001	2.42 (2.06–2.83)	<.001
Albuminuria
Normal	Reference		Reference
Albuminuria	1.60 (1.50–1.71)	<.001	1.63 (1.4–1.89)	<.001
Comorbidity
Diabetes mellitus	1.31 (1.22–1.39)	<.001	1.32 (1.12–1.54)	.001
Hypertension	1.12 (1.06–1.18)	<.001	1.15 (0.99–1.32)	.062
Cardiovascular disease	1.15 (1.03–1.28)	.01	0.93 (0.68–1.24)	.622
Cerebrovascular disease	1.05 (0.96–1.16)	.267	0.91 (0.7–1.18)	.493
Malignancy	1.19 (1.13–1.26)	<.001	1.19 (1.04–1.37)	.013
Medication usage
NSAID	0.93 (0.86–1.00)	.052	1.02 (0.83–1.25)	.827
RAAS blocker	1.77 (1.60–1.96)	<.001	1.85 (1.47–2.31)	<.001
Diuretics	1.27 (1.16–1.38)	<.001	1.22 (0.97–1.52)	.083
Anticoagulants/anti-platelet agent	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.049	1.47 (1.12–1.92)	.005
Surgery-related factors
Department
General surgery	Reference		Reference
OBGY	1.21 (1.04–1.4)	.011	1.26 (0.92–1.7)	.138
Urologic surgery	3.28 (3.06–3.52)	<.001	3.94 (3.34–4.63)	<.001
Neurosurgery	0.41 (0.36–0.46)	<.001	0.19 (0.13–0.28)	<.001
Orthopedic surgery	0.83 (0.76–0.89)	<.001	0.37 (0.3–0.47)	<.001
Surgical type
Elective	Reference		Reference
Emergency	1.48 (1.33–1.65)	<.001	1.93 (1.51–2.44)	<.001
Anesthetic type
General	Reference		Reference
Spinal	1.38 (1.28–1.5)	<.001	0.99 (0.76–1.28)	.953
Anesthetic time, h
<2	Reference		Reference
≥2 and <4	1.21 (1.13–1.29)	<.001	1.5 (1.25–1.81)	<.001
≥4	2.83 (2.64–3.03)	<.001	3.45 (2.86–4.18)	<.001
Preoperative BP
Normotensive	Reference		Reference
Hypertensive	1.14 (1.07–1.20)	<.001	1.35 (1.17–1.55)	<.001
Hypotensive	1.01 (0.93–1.09)	.794	0.94 (0.77–1.15)	.58

	PO-AKI		S-PO-AKI
	Multivariable		Multivariable
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Demographic characteristics
Age, years
<40	Reference		Reference
≥40 and <59	1.13 (1.02–1.26)	.019	1.05 (0.81–1.38)	.733
≥60 and <79	1.28 (1.15–1.42)	<.001	1.32 (1.02–1.75)	.042
≥80	1.51 (1.31–1.74)	<.001	1.53 (1.05–2.22)	.027
Sex
Male	Reference		Reference
Female	0.72 (0.68–0.77)	<.001	0.87 (0.74–1.01)	.071
Smoking
Never	Reference		Reference
Current	1.10 (1.03–1.17)	.003	1.11 (0.95–1.3)	.185
Ex-smoker	1.21 (1.07–1.37)	.003	1.29 (0.94–1.73)	.096
BMI, kg/m²
≥18.5 and <25.0	Reference		Reference
<18.5	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.055	1.11 (0.83–1.46)	.475
≥25.0 and <30.0	1.09 (1.04–1.15)	.001	1.15 (1–1.31)	.046
≥30.0	1.33 (1.20–1.47)	<.001	1.69 (1.32–2.14)	<.001
Laboratory findings
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²
≥90	Reference		Reference
≥60 and <90	1.11 (1.05–1.18)	<.001	0.66 (0.58–0.77)	<.001
<60	2.41 (2.22–2.61)	<.001	0.59 (0.47–0.74)	<.001
Hemoglobin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Anemia	1.38 (1.31–1.46)	<.001	1.54 (1.33–1.77)	<.001
WBC counts
Normal	Reference		Reference
Leukopenia	1.79 (1.63–1.97)	<.001	1.9 (1.54–2.33)	<.001
Leukocytosis	1.06 (0.99–1.12)	.079	1.17 (1–1.36)	.043
Serum sodium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hyponatremia	1.49 (1.34–1.65)	<.001	1.74 (1.38–2.17)	<.001
Hypernatremia	1.24 (1.06–1.45)	.006	1.49 (1.03–2.09)	.026
Serum potassium
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypokalemia	1.11 (0.99–1.24)	.068	0.95 (0.71–1.24)	.703
Hyperkalemia	2.11 (1.52–2.88)	<.001	3.85 (2.03–6.69)	<.001
Serum albumin
Normal	Reference		Reference
Hypoalbuminemia	1.89 (1.78–2.02)	<.001	2.42 (2.06–2.83)	<.001
Albuminuria
Normal	Reference		Reference
Albuminuria	1.60 (1.50–1.71)	<.001	1.63 (1.4–1.89)	<.001
Comorbidity
Diabetes mellitus	1.31 (1.22–1.39)	<.001	1.32 (1.12–1.54)	.001
Hypertension	1.12 (1.06–1.18)	<.001	1.15 (0.99–1.32)	.062
Cardiovascular disease	1.15 (1.03–1.28)	.01	0.93 (0.68–1.24)	.622
Cerebrovascular disease	1.05 (0.96–1.16)	.267	0.91 (0.7–1.18)	.493
Malignancy	1.19 (1.13–1.26)	<.001	1.19 (1.04–1.37)	.013
Medication usage
NSAID	0.93 (0.86–1.00)	.052	1.02 (0.83–1.25)	.827
RAAS blocker	1.77 (1.60–1.96)	<.001	1.85 (1.47–2.31)	<.001
Diuretics	1.27 (1.16–1.38)	<.001	1.22 (0.97–1.52)	.083
Anticoagulants/anti-platelet agent	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	.049	1.47 (1.12–1.92)	.005
Surgery-related factors
Department
General surgery	Reference		Reference
OBGY	1.21 (1.04–1.4)	.011	1.26 (0.92–1.7)	.138
Urologic surgery	3.28 (3.06–3.52)	<.001	3.94 (3.34–4.63)	<.001
Neurosurgery	0.41 (0.36–0.46)	<.001	0.19 (0.13–0.28)	<.001
Orthopedic surgery	0.83 (0.76–0.89)	<.001	0.37 (0.3–0.47)	<.001
Surgical type
Elective	Reference		Reference
Emergency	1.48 (1.33–1.65)	<.001	1.93 (1.51–2.44)	<.001
Anesthetic type
General	Reference		Reference
Spinal	1.38 (1.28–1.5)	<.001	0.99 (0.76–1.28)	.953
Anesthetic time, h
<2	Reference		Reference
≥2 and <4	1.21 (1.13–1.29)	<.001	1.5 (1.25–1.81)	<.001
≥4	2.83 (2.64–3.03)	<.001	3.45 (2.86–4.18)	<.001
Preoperative BP
Normotensive	Reference		Reference
Hypertensive	1.14 (1.07–1.20)	<.001	1.35 (1.17–1.55)	<.001
Hypotensive	1.01 (0.93–1.09)	.794	0.94 (0.77–1.15)	.58

Hypertensive and hypotensive BP was defined as those with BP ≥130/80 and <100/60 mmHg, respectively.

eGFR was calculated using the creatinine-based CKD-EPI equation developed in 2009.

BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; BP, blood pressure.

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